Background and ObjectiveAcne vulgaris is a prevalent dermatological condition with significant psychosocial impacts. While Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising non-invasive treatment, the global research landscape, particularly the shifts in immune mechanisms and clinical applications over the past two decades, lacks a comprehensive quantitative synthesis. This study aims to map the evolving intellectual structure and developmental trajectory of PDT for acne research from 2006 to 2026.MethodsA bibliometric analysis was conducted using data sourced exclusively from the PubMed database. The R package bibliometrix was employed to analyze annual output, geographic distribution, institutional collaboration, authorship networks, and keyword dynamics. To ensure data integrity amidst the "Time Lag" of database indexing, a "Lag Window" adjustment was applied, focusing on publications available online before April 1, 2026.ResultsThe analysis included 361 documents, revealing a 50-fold increase in publication volume, peaking in 2024. A distinct "dual-core" structure was identified: China dominates large-scale clinical validation and output, while the United States leads in fundamental photochemical innovation. Keyword burst analysis highlighted a paradigm shift from empirical methodology towards mechanism-driven research. Notably, "Animals" (2024–2026) and "Prospective Studies" (2023–2024) emerged as the strongest burst terms, indicating a surge in preclinical safety validation (often linked to nanotechnology) and rigorous clinical trial designs.ConclusionThe field of acne PDT is maturing from a clinical specialty into a mechanism-driven discipline. The integration of nanotechnology has transitioned from a distinct research hotspot into an "invisible" engineering infrastructure. Future advancements require bridging the gap between China's clinical scale and the US's fundamental innovation to optimize PDT as a precision, mechanism-based therapeutic strategy.

BACKGROUND:Wound healing is a complex process, and numerous factors affect the healing of skin ulcers. OBJECTIVES:In order to identify the factors associated with wound healing, it is necessary to establish a visualized predictive model for evaluating the risk factors of patients with skin ulcers and to validate its effectiveness. METHODS:A retrospective observational study was conducted on 453 patients with skin ulcers admitted to the Dermatology ward of the Army Medical Center (Daping Hospital) in Chongqing, China, from January 2011 to July 2022. The nomogram was formulated according to a multivariate logistic regression analysis identifying seven potential predictors of prognosis, including age, area, pre-admission course, etiology, diabetes, medical treatment, and self-medication. This nomogram model was validated by bootstrap internal validation (1000 replicated samplings). RESULTS:Logistic regression analysis showed that age, skin ulcer area, pre-admission course, etiology, comorbidity of diabetes, medical treatment, and self-medication were independently related to skin ulcer prognosis. These indicators were utilized to develop nomogram models. The predictive ability for skin ulcer prognosis was 0.814 based on the area under the curve values. The calibration curve showed a close match between the actual and predicted probabilities. Decision-making analysis demonstrated the clinical application value of this nomogram. CONCLUSION:The prediction nomogram developed in this study exhibits good accuracy in predicting the risk factors of skin ulcers and provides an objective tool for clinical staff to assess and target the risk factors concerning the prognosis of skin ulcers.

Sweat glands (SGs) play pivotal roles in systemic and skin homeostasis. However, due to the extremely limited regenerative capacity of SGs, burns and traumas often result in irreversible SGs loss. Recent advancements in three-dimensional (3D) cell culture technology and stem cell research have highlighted the potential of organoid technology in regenerative medicine. This review summarizes the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying SG development and focuses on the latest progress in sweat gland organoid (SGO) construction. By examining various cell sources, including SG stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and reprogrammed cells, as well as the influence of 3D culture microenvironments on SGO assembly, we highlighted the promising applications of SGOs in post-burn SG regeneration. Despite challenges in cell induction efficiency and functional reconstruction, SGO technology offers a novel therapeutic strategy for restoring SG function in burn patients.

Psoriasis affects a significant proportion of the worldwide population and causes an extremely heavy psychological and physical burden. The existing therapeutic schemes have many deficiencies such as limited efficacies and various side effects. Therefore, novel ways of treating psoriasis are urgently needed. A large-scale meta-analysis of psoriasis genome-wide association studies (GWAS) totaling 20 105 cases and 842 975 controls was conducted. Based on the GWAS results, Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were then performed on three cis-protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) data in blood. Furthermore, druggability verification and mouse knock-out models were utilized to explore the clinical value of screened proteins. We identified 42 genome-wide significant psoriasis risk variants (P < 5 × 10-8), of which 33 were previously unreported. MR analyses unveiled 19 unique circulating proteins that were associated with psoriasis, among which only AIF1, FCGR3A, NEU1, HSPA1A, TNXB, and ABO were the potential proteins that interacted with psoriasis risk after being analyzed with high evidence of colocalization (PP.H4 > 0.9). In addition, AIF1, FCGR3A, and HSPA1A have been finally determined to be feasible therapeutic targets for psoriasis after being confirmed by druggability verification and specific mouse knock-out models. This large-scale GWAS meta-analysis identified 33 new variants for psoriasis. This study announced that AIF1, FCGR3, and HSPA1A were the unexplored but material variants of psoriasis, thus providing novel and valuable targets for psoriasis treatment and broadening new orientation of drug development for psoriasis.

Bacterial wound infection has emerged as a pivotal threat to human health worldwide, and the situation has worsened owing to the gradual increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria caused by the improper use of antibiotics. To reduce the use of antibiotics and avoid the increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria, researchers are increasingly paying attention to  photodynamic therapy, which uses light to produce reactive oxygen species to kill bacteria. Treating bacteria-infected wounds by photodynamic therapy requires fixing the photosensitizer (PS) at the wound site and maintaining a certain level of wound humidity. Hydrogels are materials with a high water content and are well suited for fixing PSs at wound sites for antibacterial photodynamic therapy. Therefore, hydrogels are often loaded with PSs for treating bacteria-infected wounds via antibacterial photodynamic therapy. In this review, we systematically summarised the antibacterial mechanisms and applications of PS-loaded hydrogels for treating bacteria-infected wounds via photodynamic therapy. In addition, the recent  studies and the research status progresses of novel antibacterial hydrogels are discussed. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of PS-loaded hydrogels are reviewed.

Background: Effective management of cutaneous nocardiosis is hampered by the lack of defined treatment recommendations and frequently requires prolonged antibiotic therapy. Case presentation: This report describes a case of cutaneous nocardiosis who was effectively treated in a brief amount of time with three sessions of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) in conjunction with antibiotics. Conclusion: ALA-PDT combined with antibiotics may effectively treat refractory cutaneous nocardiosis.

BACKGROUND:Frequently, recurrence of genital herpes imposes significant physical and psychological burdens on patients, and existing treatments are often ineffective in preventing recurrence. Previous studies have indicated that photodynamic therapy (PDT) showed promising outcomes in the treatment of labial herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections; however, its efficacy for genital herpes remained unclear. METHOD:The study screened patients with genital herpes at Daping Hospital from July 2020 to May 2024. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether they received PDT treatment. Over a one-year follow-up period, patients' healing time and recurrence rates were compared between the two groups. The cumulative incidence of recurrence and restricted mean survival time (RMST) were used to assess outcomes. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to minimize bias. RESULT:A total of 41 patients enrolled in our study, with 8 (19.5 %) received PDT. The non-PDT group exhibited a slower skin lesion healing time, averaging at 7.2 days compared to 5.4 days in the PDT group. A significant difference was observed in the cumulative incidence of recurrence between the PDT and non-PDT groups (37.5 % versus 71.4 %) after PSM. The RMST in the PDT group was 9.94 days, compared to 5.13 days in the non-PDT group before PSM, and 4.14 after PSM. CONCLUSION:Our study demonstrated that the PDT effectively reduced lesion recovery time and delayed recurrences of genital herpes. We recommend considering PDT as a potential treatment option for patients with recurrent genital herpes.

BACKGROUND:Mycobacterium abscessus skin infections have emerged as a major medical issue. Traditional antibiotic treatments are challenging, prolonged, and often lead to recurrence, creating an urgent need for new therapies. This study investigates the effectiveness of aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) combined with antibiotics in treatmenting M. abscessus, using both in vitro and in vivo methods. METHODS:We treated eight patients with M. abscessus skin infections following cosmetic surgery, using ALA-PDT (ALA concentration: 20 %; red light: 80 J/cm2) combined with oral or intravenous antibiotics,including clarithromycin, moxifloxacin and amikacin, to treat 8 patients with M. abscessus skin infection after medical cosmetic surgery, and assessed the treatment outcomes. Additionally, four bacterial strains (MAB-A1, MAB-A2, MAB-B1, and MAB-B2) isolated from patients were tested in vitro for ALA-PDT efficacy to determine the optimal ALA-PDT dosage. Furthermore, the strains' single colony morphology, biofilm formation, and genome characteristics of were analyzed to explore the factors influencing ALA-PDT's bactericidal effects. Finally, a combined ALA-PDT and antibiotics sterilization experiment was conducted in vitro. RESULTS:Clinically, ALA-PDT combined with antibiotics showed strong efficacy in treating M. abscessus skin infections, with no recurrence observed during follow-up. In vitro, ALA-PDT effectively killed M. abscessus, although MAB-B1 and MAB-B2 required a higher ALA-PDT dose compared with MAB-A1 and MAB-A2. Compared to MAB-A1 and MAB-A2, MAB-B1 and MAB-B2 exhibited stronger biofilm formation capabilities and bacterial virulence as well as genome mutations primarily affecting fatty acid synthesis and metabolism, potentially explaining their increased ALA-PDT dosage requirement. Notably, the combination of ALA-PDT and antibiotics exerted markedly higher bactericidal effects in vitro compared with antibiotics alone. CONCLUSIONS:ALA-PDT combined with antibiotics emerged as an effective treatment for M. abscessus skin infections. However, optimal dosage and antibiotic combinations should be tailored to the characteristics of specific clinical strains.

The Editors of Medical Science Monitor wish to inform you that the above manuscript has been retracted from publication due to concerns with the credibility and originality of the study, the manuscript content, and the Figure images. Reference: Yihua Zhang, Yang Tan, Hao Wang, Minhui Xu, Lunshan Xu. Long Non-Coding RNA Plasmacytoma Variant Translocation 1 (PVT1) Enhances Proliferation, Migration, and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) of Pituitary Adenoma Cells by Activating ß-Catenin, c-Myc, and Cyclin D1 Expression. Med Sci Monit, 2019; 25: 7652-7659. DOI: 10.12659/MSM.917110.

Objective To determine the effect of low-dose 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) on the polarity switch of M1 macrophages and explore its mechanism primarily. Methods RAW264.7 cells were cultured with 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h to induce M1 macrophages.The control group was cultured in the medium without LPS for 24 h.CCK-8 assay was used to detect the toxic effect of low-dose ALA-PDT therapy with different light doses on M1 macrophages, and the expression of M1 type marker, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was measured with Western blotting.Then M1 macrophages were divided into M1 group, ALA group, red light group and ALA-PDT group (ALA treatment followed by red light irradiation).The mRNA expression levels of inducible M1 type markers iNOS and interleukin 6(IL-6), and M2 type markers interleukin 10(IL-10) and arginase 1(Arg-1) were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR, and the secretions of IL-6 and IL-10 were detected by ELISA.Western blotting was applied to detect the protein levels of iNOS, interleukin 1β(IL-1β), Arg-1, and autophagy-related proteins, ubiquitin-binding protein P62 and tubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3). Results Compared with the control group, the mRNA levels of iNOS and IL-6 were higher (P < 0.05), the protein levels of iNOS and IL-1β were higher (P < 0.05), and that of Arg-1 was lower (P < 0.05), and the secretion level of IL-6 was higher in the M1 group (P < 0.05).With the increase of light intensity, the toxic effect of ALA-PDT therapy on M1 macrophages was gradually increased (P < 0.05), and when the intensity higher than 2 J/cm2, the expression of iNOS was inhibited.The mRNA levels of Arg-1 and IL-10 were increased, while that of iNOS was decreased (P < 0.05), the protein expression of Arg-1 was elevated while those of iNOS and IL-1β were decreased (P < 0.05), the secretion level of IL-10 was increased (P < 0.05) but that of IL-6 decreased (P < 0.05), and the protein level of P62 was decreased (P < 0.05) and the ratio of LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ was increased (P < 0.05) in the ALA-PDT group when compared with the M1 group, ALA group and red light group. Conclusion Low-dose ALA-PDT therapy can promote the conversion of M1-type macrophages to M2-type macrophages, and its mechanism may be related to autophagy.

Background: The skin infection caused by Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus) is extremely difficult to treat in clinical practice. PDT (photodynamic therapy) is a promising antibacterial treatment. We evaluated the effect of photodynamic therapy using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) as a photosensitizer on M. abscessus and its antibiotic resistance in this study. Methods: M. abscessus and biofilm were treated with different concentrations of ALA and then irradiated with LED light (635 nm, 80 J/cm(2)), while there were ALA-only group, light-only group, and negative control group. The effects were observed by colony counting, crystal violet staining, confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The changes of drug susceptibility of M. abscessus at sublethal doses were detected by micro-broth dilution method, and the possible mechanism was explored by fluorometer and real-time fluorescence quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: ALA-PDT showed a significant killing effect on M. abscessus at ALA concentrations greater than 50 mu g/ml and the effect increased with increasing photosensitizer concentrations. ALA-PDT also showed a notable scavenging effect on M. abscessus biofilm, which was also enhanced with increasing ALA concentrations. At sublethal doses, the susceptibility of M. abscessus to antibiotics was increased, and ALA-PDT greatly increased the cell wall permeability of M. abscessus and decreased the mRNA expression of drug resistance genes whiB7 and erm (41), as well as efflux pump genes MAB_1409c and MAB_3142c at the transcriptional level. Conclusions: ALA-PDT has a significant killing effect on M. abscessus and can increase its antibiotic susceptibility.

光动力疗法作为一种新兴的非侵入性治疗方法,由于其高度的选择性、良好的美容效果、可重复性以及低副作用,受到了越来越多的关注.虽然光动力疗法研究已经取得了很多进展,但是由于光敏剂的靶向问题、光的穿透性缺陷、肿瘤组织内缺氧环境等因素局限了光动力疗法的效果.近年来许多研究者对突破光动力的限制,增强其功效进行了研究.本综述主要从光敏剂的改进、光源的发展、缺氧的应对等方面总结了光动力增效的最新进展,以期为未来研究光动力疗法增效提供一些参考和思路.

The dermal fibroblast is a crucial executor involved in wound healing, and lipopolysaccharide is a key factor in initiating the migration and proliferation of the dermal fibroblasts, followed by wound healing. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that stathmin increased concomitantly with p38/MAPK pathway activation by lipopolysaccharide stimulation of the human dermal fibroblast (HDF), which induced microtubule (MT) depolymerization followed by increased HDF migration and proliferation. In contrast, the application of taxol, the small interfering RNA transfection of stathmin, or the application of the p38/MAPK inhibitor SB203580 suppressed MT depolymerization and HDF migration and proliferation. Additionally, the overexpression of a MKK6(Glu) mutant, which constitutively activated p38/MAPK, resulted in MT depolymerization and, subsequently, promoted HDF migration and proliferation. Our data reveal a crucial role of stathmin in HDF migration and proliferation. These findings will provide new targets and strategies for clinical interventions in wound healing.

目的 探讨皮肤病患者感染病原菌分布及耐药菌情况,为临床医师治疗皮肤感染提供治疗依据.方法 收集该科室2014年1月至2019年12月患者来源的细菌,菌株鉴定和药敏实验采用法国生物梅里埃公司VITEK-60全自动微生物分析仪及其配套的相应鉴定卡与药敏卡,按照美国临床实验室标准化协会(CLSI)M100-S27标准进行判定.采用WHONET5.6软件进行数据分析.结果 共分离出517株细菌,其中革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌、真菌分别占51.45％、41.39％、7.16％.检出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)39株,占金黄色葡萄球菌的23.64％.检出碳青霉烯类耐药铜绿假单胞菌4株,占铜绿假单胞菌的6.35％.结论 皮肤感染病原菌种类繁多,细菌耐药率逐渐升高,皮肤科临床医师要更加重视病原菌变化,合理使用抗生素.

非结核分枝杆菌（nontuberculous mycobacteria, NTM）是一类广泛存在于各种环境中的微生物,可引起人体多种器官和组织的感染。由于人口老龄化,美容、移植手术的广泛开展以及HIV感染的增加,近年来皮肤NTM病的发生率一直呈逐渐升高的趋势,小范围内爆发的报道也不少。由于临床和病理表现多不典型以及医疗机构检测能力的限制,皮肤NTM病极易被漏诊和误诊。同时各种NTM对药物敏感性差异很大、部分菌种极易对抗生素产生耐药,需联合多种抗生素长疗程治疗,但药物之间的相互作用及副作用使治疗效果往往不尽如人意。随着近年来研究的深入,人们对于皮肤NTM病的诊断和治疗等方面有了新的认识,在治疗手段、新型药物、噬菌体疗法、疫苗等领域的研究都有了新的进展。本文对皮肤NTM病诊断和治疗等方面的进展进行了综述。

目的 探讨复方甘草酸苷和他克莫司软膏联合薇诺娜舒敏保湿修复霜治疗面部激素依赖性皮炎的临床效果.方法 收集于2017年12月～2019年12月期间收治的98例面部激素依赖性皮炎患者为研究对象,随机分为观察组(49例)和对照组(49例).对照组给予凡士林治疗,观察组采用复方甘草酸苷、他克莫司软膏、薇诺娜舒敏保湿修复霜联合治疗.对两组患者的总有效率、皮肤屏障功能、不良反应发生率、复发率进行统计对比.结果 观察组总有效率为89.80％(44/49),高于对照组患者的73.47％(36/49)(P<0.05).治疗后观察组患者的经皮水丢失(TEWL)低于对照组,角质层含水量、皮脂量高于对照组(P<0.05).治疗期间观察组、对照组不良反应发生率分别为18.37％(9/49)、12.24％(6/49),组间对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).随访6个月期间观察组复发率为8.17％(4/49),低于对照组的24.49％(12/49)(P<0.05).结论 复方甘草酸苷和他克莫司软膏联合薇诺娜舒敏保湿修复霜治疗面部激素依赖性皮炎的疗效显著,能够提升患者的皮肤屏障功能,降低复发率,治疗安全性良好.

目的:探讨ALA-PDT对巨噬细胞极化的影响,并探讨相关机制.方法:采用免疫荧光、PCR、WB等试验检测巨噬细胞极化特征蛋白CD86、CD206、iNOS、ARG-1的表达水平变化,NF-kB激活-核转运检测试剂、WB试验检测NF-kB通路激活情况,WB试验检测抑制NF-kB通路后CD86、iNOS蛋白表达水平.结果:免疫荧光、PCR、WB实验结果显示,PDT处理后,巨噬细胞M1特征蛋白CD86、iNOS表达水平增高,M2特征蛋白表达水平下降(P＜0.05).NF-kB激活-核转运检测、WB实验结果表明PDT处理后,NF-kB通路被激活.给予NF-kB通路抑制剂处理,PDT处理后巨噬细胞M1特征蛋白CD86、iNOS表达水平增高现象被抑制.结论:ALA-PDT通过激活NF-kB通路促进巨噬细胞向M1极化.

目的:探讨用CO2点阵激光联合光动力疗法治疗囊肿性痤疮的疗效及安全性.方法:将2018年3月至2020年3月期间陆军特色医学中心收治的92例囊肿性痤疮患者随机分为联合治疗组和常规治疗组(46例/组).为常规治疗组患者采用光动力疗法进行治疗,在此基础上为联合治疗组患者采用CO2点阵激光疗法进行治疗.治疗后,对比两组患者的临床疗效、皮损积分、DLQI评分、皮肤油脂含量和不良反应的发生率.结果:1)联合治疗组患者治疗的总有效率〔89.13％(41/46)〕高于常规治疗组患者治疗的总有效率〔71.74％(33/46)〕,P<0.05.2)治疗期间,联合治疗组患者、常规治疗组患者不良反应的发生率分别为15.22％(7/46)、8.70％(4/46),二者相比,P>0.05.3)治疗后,两组患者的皮损积分、皮肤油脂含量均较治疗前明显下降,其DLQI评分均较治疗前明显升高,P<0.05.治疗后,联合治疗组患者的皮损积分、皮肤油脂含量均低于常规治疗组患者,其DLQI评分高于常规治疗组患者,P<0.05.结论:用CO2点阵激光联合光动力疗法治疗囊肿性痤疮的疗效显著,能够改善患者的皮损症状,降低其皮肤油脂含量,提高其生活质量,且安全性较高.

目的:探讨氨基酮戊酸(5-aminolevulinic acid,5-ALA)光动力疗法(photodynamic therapy,ALA-PDT)对大鼠细菌感染创面的治疗效果和机制.方法:健康雄性Wistar大鼠18只,建立创面细菌感染模型,随机分为模型对照组、ALA-PDT治疗大肠埃希菌感染皮肤创面组、ALA-PDT治疗金黄色葡萄球菌感染皮肤创面组,每组6只.治疗后,检测各组的创面愈合率、治疗前后痂下细菌量、HE染色观察组织学愈合情况;结果:ALA-PDT能显著减少创面组织中两种细菌的数量,改善大鼠创伤组织的炎症,促进肉芽新生,加快创面愈合的速度,缩短创面愈合时间.结论:ALA-PDT可以治疗皮肤创面感染,为其临床治疗感染性皮肤病提供了进一步的实验证据.

光动力疗法(Photodynamic Therapy,PDT)是指利用光敏剂在病变组织内聚集,在特定的波长的光或者激光的照射下被激活,产生单态氧或者其他自由基,造成病变组织坏死,不损伤正常组织的疗法[1].这些年来,PDT已经得到了广泛的应用,越来越多的研究者开始关注着它的机制.近年来许多研究发现PDT对巨噬细胞吞噬活性及其极化具有重大作用.本文就拟对PDT对巨噬细胞的作用及机制进行阐述.