Precision fertilization is an important cultural practice to balance between plant nutritional needs and environmental sustainability. More importantly, it contributes to maintain sustainability that achieves more and consumes less. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium are essential elements for orchard productivity. Conventional fertilization is not able to meet the needs of simultaneous application of various amounts and ratios of each nutrient element at different growth stages, and therefore a simple and accurate precision fertilization technology is needed. In this study, in order to obtain scientifically accurate amounts and ratios of different nutrient elements, a precise fertilization technology, the '5416' experimental field design scheme, has been proposed. The '5416' design scheme was tested based on fruit quality analysis, of the fruit trees in 'Cabernet sauvignon' grape field in Penglai County, Shandong Province (China) using the cumulative variance of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium as the target function. The experimental results indicated that the '5416' precision fertilization technology could reasonably predict the accurate fertilizer application amounts and ratios in each growth period to produce better quality fruit based on fixed yield. It is a more accurate precision fertilization modeling approach and provides a modern tool for solving interactive effects among soil nutrients, plant nutrients, fertilization and fruit quality.
Composting is an environment-friendly and sustainable way to transform grape branches (GBs) into a useful product. Different parameters can differently affect fertilizer quality. Here, the compost product nutrient content was evaluated using an L9 orthogonal array (parameters, nitrogen source: chicken manure, sheep manure, urea; stirring temperature: 50, 60, 70 °C; initial pH: 6, 7, 8; conditioning agent: calcium superphosphate, zeolite, and copper sulfate). Among the treatments, the T3 (chicken manure, 70 °C, pH = 8, copper sulfate), T2 (chicken manure, 60 °C, pH = 7, zeolite), and T9 (urea, 70 °C, pH = 7, calcium superphosphate) had high gray relational grades (0.7424, 0.7132, 0.7110, respectively). The nitrogen source type (R = 0.1140) had the greatest influence on the nutrient content of the final product, followed by the stirring temperature (R = 0.1104), the conditioning agent (R = 0.0522), and the initial pH (R = 0.0408). Finally, the best nitrogen source of the grape branch compost was chicken manure, the best stirring temperature was 70 °C, the best initial pH was 7, and the best conditioning agent was zeolite. An experimental verification showed that the weighted correlation degree of the optimal treatment predicted by the orthogonal experiment increased by 3.63%.
以河北定州栽培的'赤霞珠'为试材,通过实施5416配方施肥方案,研究该方案对葡萄果实性状和酚类物质含量的影响,以筛选出N、P、K、Ca、Mg元素合适的施用比例.结果表明,T8处理对百粒质量和籽粒数的提升作用明显;T4处理对籽总酚和籽单宁含量有明显的提升作用;T5处理对皮黄烷醇和皮总黄酮有提升作用;T6处理对皮总酚和花色苷提升作用明显.主成分分析表明,T4是5416配方施肥中综合评价最佳的处理,可使'赤霞珠'葡萄籽中的总酚和单宁含量分别达到43.61、26.70 mg·g-1,显著高于其他处理.为继续获得'赤霞珠'葡萄的最佳综合品质,施用P2O523.3 kg·hm-2、K2O 56.3 kg·hm-2、CaO 168.8 kg·hm-2、MgO 69.8 kg·hm-2是本试验条件下的最佳理论施肥量.
为了研究葡萄枝条堆肥对设施栽培葡萄园土壤和87-1葡萄生长发育的影响,以不施有机肥(CK)和施用生物有机肥(SF)为对照组,施用葡萄枝条堆肥(PF)为试验组,比较了在不施有机肥、施用葡萄枝条堆肥和施用生物有机肥3种条件下土壤的理化性质、叶片质量以及果实品质的有关指标.结果表明:在土壤理化性质方面,施用葡萄枝条堆肥比CK0~40 cm 土层土壤容重下降0.08 g/cm3,土壤电导率降低0.158 ms/cm,pH值升高0.18,有机质含量提高227.59%;相比于CK,施用葡萄枝条堆肥后土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁的含量分别提高了 170.38%、72.56%、158.85%、57.24%、157.92%;叶片质量方面,施用葡萄枝条堆肥后,叶面积增加33.95%,比叶重增加16.59%,叶绿素含量增加24.69%,净光合速率提高45.41%;果实品质方面,施用葡萄枝条堆肥与CK相比,单粒重和维生素C含量没有明显变化,单穗重增加12.52%,可溶性固形物含量增加11.45%,可滴定酸含量升高33.76%,花青素含量提高49.38%,果实硬度增加7.06%.综上,葡萄枝条堆肥能够有效改良土壤理化性质,促进87-1葡萄叶片发育,提高葡萄果实品质.
以北醇葡萄为试材,通过"5416"配方施肥处理,研究其对果实品质的影响,旨在筛选出适宜的肥料配方,为河北地区酿酒葡萄合理施肥提供科学依据.结果表明:各施肥处理的可溶性固形物含量为13.3%(T16处理)-19.4%(T1、T9处理);除T15处理外,T4处理的百粒重显著高于其他处理,为337.2 g;除T1、T5、T9、T11处理外,T3处理皮果比显著高于其他处理;T13处理籽果比最高,为4.57%,显著高于其他处理;除T8、T10、T13、T16处理外,T15处理的籽粒数显著高于其他处理;T4处理对皮黄烷醇和皮总黄酮提升作用明显,T13处理对皮总酚、皮花色苷、皮单宁提升作用明显;籽总酚含量为2.82(T5处理)-10.21mg/g(T14处理);除T3处理外,T2处理籽黄烷醇含量显著高于其他处理,为208.07 mg/g;籽总黄酮含量的最高值和最低值施肥处理分别为T2、T16,其值分别为26.87、7.58 mg/g;除T2、T3、T7处理外,T8处理的籽单宁含量显著高于其他处理,为3.93 mg/g.通过主成分分析,共提取4个主成分,各主成分Y1、Y2、Y3和Y4贡献率分别为39.540%、23.835%、12.621%和11.017%,其累计贡献率达87.013%.在综合评分中,T2处理的主成分得分最高,即N 0 kg/hm2、P2O5 23.3 kg/hm2、K2O 56.3 kg/hm2、CaO 56.3 kg/hm2、MgO 23.3 kg/hm2是本试验条件下提高北醇葡萄果实综合品质的最佳施用量.
[目的]探明赤霞珠植株矿质元素与果实品质的关系,筛选影响赤霞珠品质的主要矿质元素,为实现赤霞珠的合理营养施肥和优质生产提供参考.[方法]以赤霞珠为试材,连续3 a(年)进行5416配方施肥处理,研究16个配方肥处理的赤霞珠不同生育期/组织部位矿质元素含量及果实基本理化指标和多酚物质含量等变化.基于Topsis分析对各品质指标进行综合评价,形成品质指数.依据各矿质元素含量分布特性,对高优品质指数的果园进行划分,对低优果园进行营养诊断,并初步制定施肥方案及注意事项.[结果]各酚类物质含量和品质指数的极值在年际间具有明显的组织特异性.有效积温(T)与降雨量(P)是造成相同施肥条件下品质年际差异的主要因素之一,各处理赤霞珠皮/籽黄烷醇、皮/籽总黄酮、皮单宁含量平均累积量均与T/P值呈正比.以相关性最强为原则,选择盛花期叶片N元素、转色期叶柄P元素、盛花期花序K、Ca和Mg元素可作为蓬莱产区赤霞珠品质指数的植株营养诊断因子.依据高优园植株矿质元素含量范围确定上述营养诊断因子的适宜值分别为N(12.9~31.3)mg·g-1、P(4.0~11.6)mg·g-1、K(6.4~35.9)mg·g-1、Ca(15.7~69.9)mg·g-1、Mg(3.3~18.7)mg·g-1.赤霞珠低优园的需肥顺序为Mg>K>Ca>P>N,其中Mg、K、Ca元素表现偏低.为获得高优品质指数的赤霞珠,建议每公顷施肥量分别为N 186.8 kg、P2O570.0 kg、K2O 112.5 kg、CaO 112.5 kg、MgO 0 kg.[结论]加强果园水肥管理,提高树体对Mg元素的吸收.其他肥料的施用应采取少量多次原则,避开降雨量较大的季节.
灌溉水是设施葡萄栽培生产过程中唯一的水分来源.随着设施栽培面积的不断增加,设施栽培对水分的需求越来越大,但不合理的灌水不仅会影响葡萄果实品质和产量,还会造成水资源浪费.为了明确设施葡萄水分需求特点,该数据整理了2019年设施葡萄'87-1'全生育期内茎流速率日变化量,以及不同生育期(萌芽至花期、幼果发育期、果实转色期、果实成熟期)茎流速率日变化量.数据表明全生育期内茎流速率日变化最大值出现在10:30,而最低值则出现在23:30;幼果发育期茎流速率峰值明显高于其他生育阶段茎流速率峰值.用户可以参照年份对这一数据进行检索.辽宁省设施葡萄全生育期内水分需求特征检测数据集的建立与共享,能够为设施葡萄科学、合理、精准灌溉提供数据基础,同时为节水农业的发展提供了理论依据.
针对我国鲜食葡萄栽培中存在的突出问题,开展科技攻关,将生产各环节的关键技术进行集成,包括优质苗木,改良土壤、改良品种结构,精准施肥、精准灌溉、精准病虫害防控,高标准建园、高光效树形叶幕形、高标准花果管理和高效益改形,构建了涵盖品种、栽培和植保领域的"一优二改三准四高"轻简、优质、高效、绿色生产技术体系,以期为葡萄的绿色高质量发展提供技术支撑.
[目的]探讨不同施肥处理对酿酒葡萄果实基本性状和酚类物质含量的影响,为酿酒葡萄果园科学合理施肥提供依据.[方法]以赤霞珠为研究对象,在蓬莱产区的君顶酒庄有限公司葡萄园内连续4 a(年)实施5416试验.测定成熟期果实单穗质量、百粒质量、可溶性固形物含量、皮果比、籽果比、籽粒数及果皮和种子酚类物质含量等品质指标,并利用主成分分析法对其进行综合评价.利用SAS软件计算各品质指标达到最佳时的元素影响力排序和施肥配比.[结果]不同施肥处理对赤霞珠单穗质量和酚类物质含量有显著影响,对其他品质指标影响不显著.当施肥总量降低6.8%~11.2%时,其单穗质量及皮总酚、皮总黄酮、皮单宁含量等指标分别增加16.8%~33.8%、17.4%~26.4%、29.3%~33.1%、18.1%~35.5%.在相同施肥总量条件下,不同施肥配比对果实品质影响不同,与T9相比,T10处理更适合用于提升赤霞珠果实酚类物质含量.Mg元素对皮果比和果皮中总酚、花色苷、总黄酮、单宁含量影响力最大;K元素对籽果比和种子中总酚、总黄酮、黄烷醇、单宁含量影响力最大.通过主成分分析共提取5个主成分,其特征值分别为4.573、3.221、1.960、1.727、1.212,累积贡献率为84.612%.T9,T8,T2,T6处理分别对皮果比、总酚、花色苷、总黄酮、单宁含量,籽总酚、总黄酮、黄烷醇、单宁含量,可溶性固形物含量、百粒质量、皮黄烷醇含量,单穗质量的提高作用较强.除T6处理外,施肥处理的综合评价均高于不施肥处理(T1),T9处理的综合评分最高.[结论]N 124.5 kg?hm-2、P2O50.0 kg?hm-2、K2O 112.5 kg?hm-2、CaO 168.8 kg?hm-2、MgO 23.3 kg?hm-2是本试验条件下提高赤霞珠果实综合品质的最佳施用量.
[Objective] This study analyzed different grapevine rootstocks storage and mineral nutrition content in juvenile branch and aimed to provide data for selection and usage of rootstocks. [Method] Nineteen grapevine rootstocks were collected by fruit research institute, Chinese academy of agricultural sciences and soluble sugar(SS), starch,free amino acid(FAA), soluble protein(SP), nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), potassium(K), and magnesium(Mg)content were measured and analyzed in juvenile branch and clustering analysis was used to study similarity of different cultivars.[Result] SS was the main component of storage nutrient in all rootstocks ranging from 44 to 93mg/g, and the difference was significant between treatments. FAA content was fluctuated from 0.8 to 3.5mg/g, meanwhile, SP content had little change. K and P content were significant higher than N and Mg content in branch. K and Mg contents had significant difference between different cultivars, however, the amplitude of variation of nitrogen and P content were smaller. nineteen grapevine rootstocks were subjected cluster analysis and divided to seven class groups, in which 140R was self-contained and SS and starch content was equal, as well as, FAA content was highest but N and P were lower; the class group consisting of 101-14, 420A, and kangzhen No 1 had higher SS, SP, and N content; 34EM, 225Ru, 5BB and 1103P had higher absorption efficiency of K, Mg and P.[Conclusion] SS was the main component of storage nutrient in grape branch, and K content was highest in mineral nutrient. The storage and mineral nutrient had significant difference among rootstocks, and different features showed from rootstock maybe provide basis for rootstock usage.
Unreasonable fertilization problems such as excessive fertilization and partial fertilization are common in grape production, which seriously restricts the healthy and sustainable development of the grape industry. Soil testing and formula fertilization technology is an important way to achieve rational and precise fertilization. Proving the soil background nutrients in grape-producing areas is a necessary condition to guide formula fertilization. In this study, soil samples were collected in the vineyards of Beizhen, Gaizhou, Liaoyang, Huludao Taijitun in the four main grape production areas of Kyoho grapes in Liaoning Province for three consecutive years from 2019 to 2021 during the annual fruit ripening period. Six indicators of soil nitrate nitrogen content, ammonium nitrogen content,available phosphorus content, available potassium content, exchangeable calcium content and exchangeable magnesium content in each sample were determined. Mainly used electronic balance, automatic flow chemistry analyzer, flame spectrophotometer and automatic atomic absorption spectrometer for measurement. The dataset includes the soil available macroelements content of more than 100 vineyard areas in the four main producing areas of Kyoho grapes in Liaoning Province, which can provide data support for the formula fertilization of local Kyoho grapes, thereby promoting efficient nutrient management of Kyoho grapes and realizing green and high-quality development of Kyoho grapes in Liaoning Province.
随着人民生活水平日益提高,人们对鲜食葡萄果实品质的要求也明显提升.设施葡萄作为我国设施栽培规模最大的果树之一,设施内稳定的水热环境条件能够实现葡萄的优质、高产、高效.但是我国设施栽培生产中常采用肥大水勤的管理模式以达到葡萄高产和高质的目的,水肥的长期过度投入已经造成了我国设施土壤板结、酸化、次生盐渍化等一系列土壤问题.为了探明设施葡萄周年水肥需求特征,该数据收集整理了2019-2020年设施葡萄'87-1'果实性状特征,更直观地识别葡萄果实的年际变化,包括单粒重、单穗重、可溶性固形物含量和果皮强度.用户可以参照年份对以上4个果实性状数据进行检索.辽宁省设施葡萄果实性状长期监测数据集的建立与共享,可为农业现代化精准施肥和灌溉提供数据基础,为深入研究设施葡萄栽培模式改良优化提供理论依据.
旨在为梅乐葡萄优质生产和精准施肥提供理论基础,通过对各生育期、不同组织部位矿质元素含量的测定,并依据果实酚类物质所形成的品质指数进行营养诊断分析.利用Topsis分析法,计算果实酚类物质的综合品质指数,即CI值,通过比较不同生育期各组织各矿质元素含量与CI值的相关性,确定营养诊断因子;采用CND法对高优品质指数的果园进行划分,对低优果园进行营养诊断.结果表明,蓬莱产区梅乐葡萄叶片、叶柄与果实各矿质元素间存在显著的协同与拮抗关系.转色期果实N、成熟期果实P、转色期果实K、转色期叶片Ca、盛花期花序Mg、转色期果实Fe、盛花期叶片Mn、成熟期果实Zn、盛花期叶柄Cu、转色期叶柄B、盛花期叶片Mo被选为植株营养诊断因子.高优园的品质指数拐点值为0.735 5,其中有7个果园满足此条件,占总体样本的14.58%.依据高优园植株矿质元素含量范围确定营养诊断因子的适宜值分别为:N(8.85~11.81)mg/g、P(1.98~4.26)mg/g、K(14.97~20.70)mg/g、Ca(35.57~68.83)mg/g、Mg(3.69~15.51)mg/g、Fe(70.96~103.26)mg/kg、Mn(166.20~277.67)mg/kg、Zn(10.71~20.27)mg/kg、Cu(9.54~14.90)mg/kg、B(11.44~17.07)mg/kg、Mo(0.69~1.60)mg/kg.低优园营养诊断表明,其植株的K、Ca、Mn、Mg表现偏低.以获得最高果实品质指数为目标,每公顷建议施肥量分别为N 62.25 kg、P2O5 46.50 kg、K2O 0.00 kg、CaO 56.25 kg、MgO 46.50 kg.Ca和Mg肥施应采用少量多次的原则;加强果园水肥管理,提高树体对K元素吸收;通过叶面喷施,适当补充缺乏的Mn元素.
为了研究我国鲜食葡萄叶片自然含硒量的情况,初步明确葡萄叶片硒含量与果实品质的相关性,探究硒元素对果实品质的影响,以我国葡萄主产区的7个鲜食主栽品种为试材,测定叶片硒含量和果实品质相关指标,通过Topsis综合评价法结合消费者调研得出的权重值对7个葡萄品种的品质进行综合评价分析,再结合SPSS软件对品质指标与叶片硒含量进行Pearson相关性分析.结果表明,7个葡萄品种叶片硒含量在0.030~0.186 mg/kg范围内,硒含量最高的品种是红地球,最低的品种是无核白鸡心.在果实品质指标分析中,单粒重最大和最小的品种分别是红地球和玫瑰香,分别为10.206 g和3.260 g;可溶性固形物含量最高和最低的品种分别是无核红宝石(20.209%)和白牛奶(14.833%);糖酸比最大的品种是夏黑,且与其他6个品种的糖酸比差异均显著.相关性分析结果显示,葡萄叶片的硒含量与果实品质有显著相关关系.夏黑和无核白鸡心的叶片硒含量与单粒重均呈现极显著正相关;巨峰的可溶性固形物含量和糖酸比均与叶片硒含量呈显著或极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.807和0.930;玫瑰香的叶片硒含量与其果实可溶性固形物含量在0.05水平上相关系数达0.998;无核红宝石的果实糖酸比与叶片硒含量表现为显著正相关,相关系数为0.653.综上,7个葡萄品种叶片富硒能力差异不大,且叶片含硒量整体不高,根据不同组织富硒能力特点初步推测我国鲜食葡萄果实硒含量处于安全范围内,且整体含量处于略低水平,且叶片硒含量与果实品质有显著正相关关系,初步得出在硒含量安全范围内,果实品质随叶片硒含量的升高而逐渐提升.
探讨了山东省蓬莱产区霞多丽葡萄植株矿质元素含量与果实品质的关联性,筛选出影响果实品质特性的主要矿质元素,建立了霞多丽优质果园的植株矿质元素含量优化方案,为改善霞多丽果实品质和指导果园精准施肥奠定基础.2018-2020年连续实施5416施肥方案,共累计调查分析48个霞多丽果园的品质指标与植株矿质元素含量,应用CND叶营养诊断分析法建立品质指数与植株矿质元素的函数关系,确定基于品质指数的高优园植株矿质元素含量适宜值.结果表明,各矿质元素含量在不同生育期、不同组织部位的各处理平均值差异显著,且其变化规律存在相似性和特异性.根据各生育期不同组织矿质元素含量与品质指数的相关系数,成熟期果实N、转色期果实P、盛花期叶片K、转色期果实Ca、成熟期叶柄Mg、转色期果实Fe、成熟期果实Mn、转色期叶柄Zn、转色期果实Cu、盛花期花序B、盛花期叶片Mo被选作为植株营养诊断因子.基于品质指数的高优园临界值为0.596 8,则高优园有6个,占总体采样园的12.5%,各矿质元素含量适宜范围为N 10.15~18.46 mg/g、P 6.03~9.24 mg/g、K 8.65~22.90 mg/g、Ca 8.38~46.91 mg/g、Mg 16.21~22.02 mg/g、Fe 88.30~281.58 mg/kg、Mn 15.00~343.25 mg/kg、Zn 69.39~100.40 mg/kg、Cu 20.14~1 405.50 mg/kg、B 14.00~63.03 mg/kg、Mo 0.67~2.28 mg/kg.低优园需肥顺序为 Mn>Cu>Ca>B>P>N>Mo>Zn>Mg>K>Fe,其中 Mn、Cu、Ca含量表现偏低,其他元素含量充足.建议蓬莱产区霞多丽低优园的Ca施用采用少量多次的果面喷施原则,花期适当增加Mn、Cu元素叶面肥的施用.
综述了果树枝条堆肥的相关工艺及主要因素对堆肥的影响.同时,针对果树枝条堆肥高效菌剂缺乏的现状,浅述了果树枝条堆肥菌剂制备的关键要素,为果树枝条高效堆肥菌剂的制备以及果树枝条堆肥化利用提供理论参考,同时也为改善果园环境、改良土壤状况、缩减生产成本提出了有效的解决方法.
项目组经过多年科研攻关,使中国成为世界上第一个桃无土栽培取得成功的国家,筛选出了桃无土栽培的适宜品种,研制出了配套的无土栽培设备,研发出了桃无土栽培的营养液和配套管理技术,以期为桃无土栽培的健康发展提供技术支撑.
为分析山东省蓬莱地区配方施肥条件下梅乐葡萄不同生育期、组织部位的矿质营养与土壤养分的关系,为制定梅乐葡萄植株和土壤营养诊断标准奠定基础.以不同施肥条件下的梅乐葡萄为研究对象,使用相关分析法研究叶片、叶柄、土壤矿质养分与果实矿质元素的相关性.结果表明,各生育期土壤N含量分别与果实N/P/K/Ca、叶片N/P/K/Ca含量间至少存在一种显著或极显著相关关系,土壤P含量分别与果实N/P/Ca/Mg、叶片N含量间至少存在一种显著相关关系,土壤K含量分别与果实N/P/K/Ca/Mg、叶片N/P/Ca/Mg含量间至少存在一种显著或极显著相关关系,土壤Ca含量分别与果实P/Ca、叶片N/P含量间至少存在一种显著相关关系,土壤Mg含量分别与果实P/K/Ca、叶片N/P/K含量间至少存在一种显著或极显著相关关系.土壤N、P、Ca含量分别与叶柄N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量间至少存在一种显著或极显著相关关系,末花期土壤K含量与盛花期叶柄P含量呈显著负相关,土壤Mg含量分别与叶柄N、P、K、Ca含量间至少存在一种显著或极显著相关关系.
[目的]挖掘各生育期不同组织矿质元素和根系层土壤肥力因子与美乐葡萄果实品质的关系,拟定基于果实综合品质最佳的施肥方案,为指导蓬莱产区的美乐葡萄合理施肥和品质改善奠定基础.[方法]以美乐为研究对象,使用相关分析法研究各生育期叶片/叶柄/果实矿质元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)、土壤肥力因子(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)与果实品质的相关性.应用非完全正交方差分析法制定果实综合品质最佳的施肥方案.[结果]T8处理的果实品质指数为0.557,综合品质最高.在不同组织矿质营养与美乐葡萄果实品质的相关关系中,花序/果实矿质元素主要与酚类物质含量呈显著相关,叶片矿质元素多与品质呈显著正相关.盛花期/成熟期叶柄K与百粒重、籽总酚和籽总黄酮含量之间均呈极显著正相关,转色期/成熟期叶柄Ca与百粒重、皮单宁含量之间均呈极显著负相关.转色期果实中的N、P和成熟期果实中的K对果实综合品质的影响较大.初花期土壤N和成熟期土壤K对果实综合品质影响较大.[结论]土壤肥力因子对果实最佳综合品质的影响力排序为P>N>Mg>Ca>K,最佳配比为N2P3K3Ca4Mg3,即每公顷施肥用量分别为N 62.5 kg、P2O546.9 kg、K2O 112.5 kg、CaO 168.8 kg、MgO 46.9 kg 时,果实综合品质最佳.
针对我国设施葡萄产业中存在的突出问题,项目组开展科研攻关,创新集成构建了设施葡萄的"一丰两改三高四精"轻简优质高效栽培技术体系,该技术体系主要包括丰产稳产(连年丰产)、改良土壤、改良品种结构、高标准建园、高光效省力化整形修剪、高效环境调控、精准施肥、精准灌溉、精细化花果管理、精准产期调控等10类关键技术.对其关键技术进行了详细阐述,以期为设施葡萄生产的绿色高质量发展提供技术支撑.