Fish skin gelatin (FSG), a natural functional protein obtained from the partial hydrolysis of fish skin collagen, has gained increasing attention as a sustainable and value-added alternative to mammalian gelatin. Its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and potential bioactivities, including antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, make it suitable for food, pharmaceutical, biomedical, and packaging applications. Moreover, the utilization of fish skin, a byproduct of aquatic processing, aligns with circular economy principles and green and halal-compliant product development. Despite these advantages, the widespread industrial application of FSG remains limited due to weaknesses such as poor thermal stability, low gel strength, and highly variable functional properties influenced by fish species and processing conditions. This review systematically summarizes the current understanding of the structural characteristics and functional limitations of FSG and explores the strategies for its functional enhancement. The amino acid composition of FSG is characterized by a relatively low proline and hydroxyproline content, two amino acids essential for stabilizing the collagen triple-helix structure. Consequently, the molecular chains in FSG are more flexible and loosely associated, leading to weak gel-forming ability, reduced storage modulus, and limited mechanical strength. Comparative data show that the bloom value of FSG from cold-water species is significantly lower than that of porcine and bovine gelatin, which typically exhibit superior gelation and thermal properties. For instance, the gelling and melting points of FSG are generally 20–25 ℃ and 30–32 ℃, respectively, whereas mammalian gelatins gels at 28–30 ℃ and melt above 34 ℃, making them more suitable for heat-processed products. Regarding emulsification, FSG exhibits amphiphilic characteristics that allow it to adsorb at the oil-water interface and form protective layers around oil droplets. The interfacial adsorption behavior depends on processing parameters such as pH, temperature, gelatin concentration, and emulsification method. Optimal emulsification is typically achieved at pH values away from the isoelectric point, where electrostatic repulsion promotes uniform molecular distribution at the interface. However, owing to structural deficiencies such as shorter peptide chains and lower β-sheet content, FSG often forms unstable emulsions with larger droplet sizes and limited long-term stability. Therefore, improving the emulsifying capacity of FSG is critical in modification research. Several modification strategies have been developed to overcome these structural and functional bottlenecks. Physical methods, including ultrasound treatment, microwave processing, freeze–thaw cycling, and subcritical water hydrolysis (SWH), alter the molecular conformation and enhance thermal stability and emulsifying performance. SWH produces low-molecular-weight gelatin fragments that exhibit improved interfacial activity and better dispersion in emulsion systems. Chemical modifications such as cross-linking with glutaraldehyde, glycosylation with saccharides, and reactions with food-grade cross-linkers such as transglutaminase (TGase) have been used to reinforce gel networks and elevate the gelling temperature. In particular, TGase-catalyzed cross-linking forms irreversible protein networks that significantly enhance gel strength and emulsifying properties. Blending FSG with polysaccharides (pectin, alginate, carrageenan) or proteins (whey protein isolate) offers an effective route to compensate for its limitations. Such composites exhibit improved rheological properties, emulsion stability, and environmental resistance. For example, combining fish gelatin with galacto-oligosaccharides or γ-polyglutamic acid enhances emulsion stability under high temperatures and acidic conditions. Moreover, esterification or conjugation with hydrophobic molecules can increase surface hydrophobicity, further enhancing emulsification capacity. In addition to functional enhancement, FSG is a promising bioactive delivery carrier. Fish gelatin nanoparticles, prepared by desolvation or coacervation techniques, have been successfully used to encapsulate lipophilic compounds such as curcumin, astaxanthin, and benzyl isothiocyanate. These nanosystems improve bioavailability, protect active ingredients from degradation, and allow for controlled release. Furthermore, gelatin-based hydrogels derived from FSG are being increasingly applied in wound healing, drug delivery, and tissue engineering due to their tunable gelation, high water content, and biodegradability. In conclusion, FSG presents a renewable, versatile biopolymer with significant potential across multiple high-value application fields. Although its native performance is inferior to that of mammalian gelatin in terms of gelation and thermal behavior, advances in physical, chemical, enzymatic, and composite modification technologies have markedly expanded its functionality and industrial applicability. Moving forward, research should focus on the synergistic integration of multiple modification methods, development of environmentally friendly and food-safe agents, and elucidation of structure–function relationships. Moreover, focus should be given to process optimization, product standardization, and safety evaluation to support large-scale industrial adoption. Promoting the high-value utilization of FSG will enhance the sustainability of aquatic resource use and contribute to the development of safe, functional, and environmentally responsible materials.

In this study, microwave treatment was employed for the disinfestation of coix seeds. The effects of microwave power and treatment time on Sitophilus zeamais populations were evaluated at 30 and 60 days of storage. Physicochemical changes in the coix seeds before and after treatment were characterized via scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and texture analysis. The increase in the microwave power and treatment time significantly reduced S. zeamais populations (p < 0.05) and concurrently increased the burst rate of the coix seeds (p < 0.05). Regarding the physicochemical properties, increasing the microwave power and treatment time led to a gradual decrease in the relative crystallinity and gelatinization enthalpy; this was attributed to the disruption of the starch crystalline structures, which promoted gelatinization. The hardness of the steamed seeds initially increased and subsequently decreased as the microwave conditions were intensified. Based on the comprehensive evaluation of disinfestation efficacy and physicochemical properties, both 1.6 kW for 30 s and 1.2 kW for 40 s were optimal conditions. Under these conditions, only one S. zeamais individual was detected after 60 days storage, with reasonable burst rates of 14.3% and 11.3%, respectively. Additionally, the treated samples also had significantly lower relative crystallinity and gelatinization enthalpy than untreated ones. In conclusion, microwave treatment under optimized conditions enabled the disinfestation of S. zeamais, extending the shelf life and facilitating the cooking of coix seeds. These findings suggest that microwave treatment is a promising, environmentally friendly, and efficient approach for the preservation of coix seeds.

A cell line derived from golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus splenic fibroblasts (TOSF) was established, its application in toxicology and virus susceptibility was demonstrated in this study. The TOSF cells grew fastest with the L-15 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum concentration at 28 degrees C. The chromosomal number of normal TOSF cells was 2N = 48. TOSF cells showed high sensitivity to grouper iridovirus (SGIV) and nervous necrosis virus (NNV). Cadmium and copper had toxic effects on TOSF cells, which could cause an oxidative stress response in TOSF cells and activate the antioxidant system to regulate the reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GSH) level in the cells. Cadmium and copper had an impact on the replication of SGIV and NNV in the TOSF cells, and copper could limit the proliferation of Aeromonas hydrophila in TOSF cells. Generally, the TOSF cell line can apply for heavy metal toxicity mechanisms study and environment monitoring, as well as the pathogen infection mechanism research.

As the main highly pathogenic pathogen of grouper, Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) can give rise to significant economic losses in grouper aquaculture. Epicatechin (EC) belongs to flavonoids, which primarily derived from the traditional Chinese medicinal plants, green tea. In this study, the role of EC in SGIV infection was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In the meantime, the mechanism of EC worked on SGIV was also explored, including the impact of EC on SGIV virus particles, the effects of EC on SGIV infection process, and the influence of EC on host immune response. The results showed that EC had concentration dependent antiviral effects against SGIV both in vitro and in vivo. EC could limit SGIV infection by interacting with SGIV virus particles, interfering with the invasion and replication process of SGIV infection. Moreover, EC was able to upregulate the expression of genes involved in interferon system (IFN, TRAF6, ISG15, IRF3, IRF7, TLR9, and myd88), downregulate the expression of TNF-α and IL1-β related to inflammation, and inhibit the cell apoptosis induced by SGIV to exert antiviral effects. Our finding revealed that EC probably is a potential excellent anti-SGIV drug with a clear antiviral mechanism, which provides a theoretical basis for the development of environmentally friendly fishing drugs for the prevention and control of SGIV.

It is challenging to fabricate uniform starch microspheres (SMs) with sub-10 mu m diameters in starch-polyethylene glycol (PEG) aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). To address this issue, a refined approach using starchpolyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) ATPS is presented in this work. Phase diagrams were constructed for ATPSs containing PVPs of varying molecular weights, which provided crucial insights into the influence of PVP on SM formation. The results revealed that increasing both the molecular weight and concentration of PVP led to higher starch and PVP contents within the dispersed phase, significantly influencing the final yield of SMs. The morphology, size, crystallinity, and swelling behavior of SMs prepared in the starch-PVP ATPS were comprehensively characterized. Increasing PVP molecular weight resulted in smaller SMs with enhanced crystallinity and reduced swelling capacity. Notably, SMs prepared with 58 kDa PVP exhibited an average particle size (D[4,3) of 5.13 mu m, a narrow size distribution (Span value = 1.33), a B + V crystal type, and a relative crystallinity of 20.9 %. Furthermore, no residual PVP was detected in the final SMs. This innovative starch-PVP ATPS approach offers a promising route for the controlled fabrication of sub-10 mu m SMs with tightly controlled size distributions. This method holds significant potential for applications demanding well-defined starch-based materials in various fields. This innovative starch-PVP ATPS approach offers a promising route for controlled fabrication of uniform SMs with sub-10 mu m diameters, which could be advantageous for drug encapsulation and delivery systems requiring high structural stability.

This study comparatively studied the effects of three thermal pretreatment methods, i.e., wet-heat (WT), roasting (RT) and microwave (MT), on the quality attributes and irradiation markers of sesame oil obtained from sesame seeds without and with gamma irradiation. Results showed that gamma irradiation had negligible effect on the quality of sesame seeds and their extracted oils. The effects of thermal pretreatments on irradiated and non-irradiated sesame seeds and their oils were similar, little synergistic effects were observed. The RT-treated oils had more carotenoids, chlorophyll, total phenols, tocopherols, and heterocyclic volatiles content, as well as longer oxidation induction time, but darker color compared with their WT- and MT-treated counterparts. All oil samples had identical FTIR spectra. Eight radiolytic hydrocarbons were identified in the irradiated sesame oils. Thermal pretreatments reduced the content of radiolytic hydrocarbons, but did not significantly change their composition. Our study helps to identify products from irradiated sesame seeds.

面向地方经济发展的食品质量与安全专业实践教学体系的优化对培养该专业适应岗位需求的高质量综合创新型人才十分重要.文章以"基础知识扎实、综合技能突出、创新应用有能力"为主线进行实践教学体系优化,采用"校企共培、课群规整、任务教学"等手段推进实践教学改革,通过"校企共评"分析实践教学优化效果明显.

Exo-polygalacturonase (exo-PG) hydrolyzes pectin acids and liberates mono-galacturonate, which plays an important role in juice extraction, and has rarely been reported. Exo-PG (AfumExoPG28A) from Aspergillus fumigatus belongs to the glycoside hydrolase 28 family. In this study, its gene was cloned and the protein was expressed and secreted in Pichia pastoris with a maximal activity of 4.44 U/ml. The optimal temperature and pH of AfumExoPG28A were 55°C and 4.0, respectively. The enzyme exhibited activity over almost the entire acidic pH range (>20.0% activity at pH 2.5-6.5) and remained stable at pH 2.5-10.0 for 24 h. The Km and Vmax values of AfumExoPG28A were calculated by the substrate of polygalacturonic acid as 25.4 mg/ml and 23.6 U/mg, respectively. Addition of AfumExoPG28A (0.8 U/mg) increased the light transmittance and juice yield of plantain pulp by 11.7% and 9%, respectively. Combining AfumExoPG28A (0.8 U/mg) with an endo-PG (0.8 U/mg) from our laboratory, the enzymes increased the light transmittance and juice yield of plantain pulp by 45.7% and 10%, respectively. Thus, the enzyme's potential value in juice production was revealed by the remarkable acidic properties and catalytic activity in fruit pulp.

A filamentous fungus producing polygalacturonase (29.2 U/mL) was isolated from orchard soil in northern Guangxi, and identified as Trichoderma koningiopsis. Using polygalacturonic acid as the substrate, the optimum reaction temperature of the enzyme was 50 ℃, and it maintained more than 70% of the maximum activity at 50 ℃ for 1 h, which was identified as a medium-high temperature tolerant enzyme. The enzyme had unique weakly acidic catalytic characteristics. The optimum reaction pH was 5.0, and it retained 73% of its maximum activity at pH 6.0, and was tolerant to pH 2.5–8.0. Zn2+ partially activated the enzyme activity, while Mn2+ inhibited the enzyme. It could depectinize five weakly acid fruit pulps (papaya, banana, banana, and white- and red-fleshed pitaya) but to different extents. The yield of juice of banana pulp increased by 24.4%, the viscosity of papaya pulp decreased by 82.5%, and the transmittance of red-fleshed pitaya pulp increased by 31.9%, indicating good depectinization efficiency for the three fruits. The polygalacturonase-producing strain has good prospects for its application in juice production from tropical and subtropical perishable fruits.

Currently, aquaculture is a relatively mature industry; however, disease problems are continuously threatening the industry and hindering its development to a certain extent. Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the zoonotic bacteria widely present in different hosts and has caused some degree of harm to the aquaculture industry, posing a potential threat to the water environment and indirectly also affecting human food safety issues. In this study, K. pneumoniae was isolated from the aquaculture environment, named as ELD, and subjected to pathogenic and immunological related studies. The results of the study showed that the strain carries at least four virulence-related genes, magA, wabG, ureA and uge, and has developed resistance to at least seven antibacterial drugs, such as amoxicillin, doxycycline, rifampicin, and so on. Moreover, the strain is highly pathogenic and is capable of causing systemic clinical foci in Procypris merus. In addition, after infection with K. pneumoniae, the expression of IL-1β, IL-8, HSP70 and C2 was upregulated in P. merus as a whole, whereas the expression of TNF-α did not change significantly in any of the tissues, which might be a kind of immune response of P. merus against K. pneumoniae infection. This study provides an important theoretical basis for the in-depth exploration of the pathogenic mechanism of K. pneumoniae in fish and the immune response that occurs after the disease is contracted in fish, as well as theoretical support for the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies against K. pneumoniae-infected aquatic animals in the future.

本研究以广西马山老黑糖及水牛乳为主要原料,乳酸菌种YO-MIX883 LYO 50DCU为发酵剂,以酸奶感官品质评分和酸奶酸度的综合评分作为考察指标,采用单因素及正交试验方法对凝固型黑糖酸奶发酵工艺进行优化,得到最佳的发酵黑糖酸奶的工艺与配方.结果表明,在黑糖添加量8%、菌种添加量3%、发酵时间8h、发酵温度43℃、水牛奶85%,发酵后在4℃条件下冷藏24h,获得的发酵酸奶的感官品质评分为92分,产品组织状态均匀,口感细腻,略带有黑糖独特风味,感官评价最佳.最佳发酵条件下制备的凝固型黑糖酸奶酸度为90.5°T、乳酸菌数为1.3×107CFU/g,蛋白质含量3.4%,脂肪含量4.6%,均符合中国乳制品工业行业规范发酵水牛乳(RHB703-2012)的要求.

Effect of steam pretreatment on the microstructure of tiger nut as well as the yield and quality properties of tiger nut oil (TNO) were investigated. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to demonstrate that steam pretreatment caused the cell structure of tiger nut to rupture and starch granules to aggregate, which resulted in 8.72%–18.85% increase in oil yield. Furthermore, steam pretreatment at 120 °C for 60 min was found to significantly (P < 0.05) increase the induction time (3.47 vs. 1.10 h), total phenolic (88.85 vs. 48.58 mg/kg) and vitamin E (237.94 vs. 166.47 mg/kg), and decrease the levels of acid value (1.14 vs. 2.00 mg KOH/g) and carotenoids (5.12 vs. 6.09 mg/kg) in comparison to untreated TNO. The gas chromatography analysis indicated that steam pretreatment had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on the fatty acid composition of TNO. A total of 60 volatile compounds were detected in TNO samples, with aldehydes being the most abundant compounds in all samples, followed by esters and phenols. Steam pretreatment had a marked influence on the profiles of volatile compounds in TNO. In conclusion, steam pretreatment may be a feasible approach to enhance the oil yield and quality of TNO.

An endo-polygalacturonase (endo-PGase) exhibiting excellent performance during acidic fruit juice production would be highly attractive to the fruit juice industry. However, candidate endo-PGases for this purpose have rarely been reported. In this study, we expressed a gene from Penicillium oxalicum in Pichia pastoris. The recombinant enzyme PoxaEnPG28C had an optimal enzyme activity at pH 4.5 and 45°C and was stable at pH 3.0-6.5 and < 45°C. The enzyme had a specific activity of 4,377.65 ± 55.37 U/mg towards polygalacturonic acid, and the Km and Vmax values of PoxaEnPG28C were calculated as 1.64 g/l and 6127.45 U/mg, respectively. PoxaEnPG28C increased the light transmittance of orange, lemon, strawberry and hawthorn juice by 13.9 ± 0.3%, 29.4 ± 3.8%, 95.7 ± 10.2% and 79.8 ± 1.7%, respectively; it reduced the viscosity of the same juices by 25.7 ± 1.6%, 52.0 ± 4.5%, 48.2 ± 0.7% and 80.5 ± 2.3%, respectively, and it increased the yield of the juices by 24.5 ± 0.7%, 12.7 ± 2.2%, 48.5 ± 4.2% and 104.5 ± 6.4%, respectively. Thus, PoxaEnPG28C could be considered an excellent candidate enzyme for acidic fruit juice production. Remarkably, fruit juice production using hawthorn as an material was reported for the first time.

目的 优化木聚糖酶与纤维素酶组成的复合酶法提取木瓜果皮果胶工艺,并对其产品性质进行初步分析.方法 以木瓜果皮为原料,采用单因素实验分析单一酶用量、复合酶比例、复合酶量、料液比、pH、酶解温度和酶解时间因素对粗果胶得率的影响,在单因素实验基础上设计正交实验获得最佳提取工艺参数.结果 优化得到的粗果胶最佳提取工艺为:酶解温度为60℃、酶解时间为3 h、料液比为1:50(g:mL)、复合酶量为120 U/g,最终粗果胶得率为28.67％.在此条件下所得木瓜果皮粗果胶制品达到国家标准要求,酯化度为62.4％,属于高酯果胶.结论 本研究首次使用复合酶对木瓜果皮中的粗果胶提取进行了工艺优化,所建立的木瓜果皮果胶提取方法高效、环保.

To investigate the changes in chemical composition of flaxseed oil during thermal-induced oxidation and the resultant effect on thermal properties, samples with different oxidation levels were obtained by being heated at 180 °C for two hours and four hours. The oxidation degree was evaluated using peroxide value (PV), extinction coefficient at 232 nm and 268 nm (K232 and K268), and total polar compounds (TPC). Using chromatography, the fatty acid profile and triacylglycerol (TAG) profile were examined. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the crystallization and melting profiles. Thermal-induced oxidation of flaxseed oil led to a significant increase (p < 0.05) in PV, K232, K268, and TPC, but the relative content of linolenic acid (Ln) and LnLnLn reduced dramatically (p < 0.05). TPC derived from lipid degradation affected both crystallization and melting profiles. Statistical correlations showed that the onset temperature (Ton) of the crystallization curve was highly correlated with K232, TPC, and the relative content of LnLnLn (p < 0.05), whereas the offset temperature (Toff) of the melting curve was highly correlated with the relative content of most fatty acids (p < 0.05). This finding provides a new way of rapid evaluation of oxidation level and changes of chemical composition for flaxseed oils using DSC.

从桂北果园土壤中筛选到一株产聚半乳糖醛酸酶(酶活力为29.2U·mL -1 )的丝状真菌，鉴定该菌为拟康宁木霉（Trichoderma koningiopsis）。以聚半乳糖醛酸为底物，测得该酶最适反应温度为50 ℃，且在50 ℃条件下保温1 h，仍能保持70%以上最大酶活力，属于中高温酶。该酶具有独特的弱酸性催化特征，最适反应pH 5.0，且在pH 6.0仍具有73%最大酶活力，并在pH 2.5～8.0条件下具有一定耐受性。Zn 2+ 对酶活性具有部分激活作用，Mn 2+ 则对该酶有一定抑制作用。针对5种弱酸性水果果浆（木瓜、香蕉、芭蕉及火龙果（红心和白心））脱胶实验结果显示，该酶对五种水果的脱胶效果都有不同程度的提高，其中芭蕉果浆出汁率提高了24.4%，木瓜果浆粘度下降了82.5%，红心火龙果果浆透光率提高了31.9%，三种水果脱胶效果显著。本研究挖掘出一种新型产聚半乳糖醛酸酶菌株，对于热带、亚热带易腐烂水果的果汁生产具有较好的应用前景。

目的:提高火龙果冻干品酥脆度.方法:以美龙1号红肉火龙果为研究对象,通过pearson分析选出与感官评价相关性最高的多孔率为检测指标,考察切片厚度、预冻时间、干燥气压和干燥时间对火龙果冻干品品质的影响,并采用Box-Behnken响应面分析法优化火龙果真空冷冻干燥工艺.结果:切片厚度、预冻时间和干燥时间与火龙果冻干品的多孔率线性相关显著;最佳工艺条件为切片厚度7 mm、预冻时间30 h、干燥气压43 Pa、干燥时间40 h,此工艺生产的火龙果冻干品多孔率最高、表面平整、口感酥脆、颜色均匀鲜艳.结论:利用响应面法改进切片厚度、预冻时间、干燥气压和干燥时间工艺参数可以提高火龙果冻干品品质.

对不同贮藏时间的鲜切淮山,采用3.0 kJ/m2剂量的短波紫外线(short-wave ultraviolet,UV-C)照射与质量浓度1.0％壳聚糖涂膜协同处理,研究两种保鲜方法对鲜切淮山营养品质的影响.研究发现,与对照组相比,在短波紫外线照射与壳聚糖涂膜保鲜处理过程中,鲜切淮山中的可溶性固形物、多糖、VC、淀粉、可溶性蛋白质均保持较高含量.研究表明,短波紫外照射与壳聚糖涂膜保鲜处理,有助于提升鲜切淮山的营养品质.

中高职衔接、职普渗透,不同职业教育层次的一体化衔接培养,成为现代职业教育发展的重要任务。随着"质量时代"的推进,为了更好服务社会经济的发展,我国掀起了质量人才培养的热潮。本文探索跨学科的质量人才培养,以食品类专业为例,以"纵向延伸,横向拓展"的职业能力提升为主线,探索中职-高职-应用型本科质量人才一体化培养课程体系的构建,为工科类专业衔接性质量人才培养提供思路和借鉴。

促进创新创业教育与专业教育深度融合是新时代高校教学模式创新的永恒主题,也是社会经济发展培养创新人才的客观要求.针对创新创业教育实践教学中面临的诸多困境,系统阐述了具体应对实施路径,促进创新创业教育模式在专业教育中广泛应用,以期为创新创业教育与专业教育深度融合提供可持续发展思路.