There are evidences indicate that culling strategy can affect a farm’s economic beneifts in dairy cattle. Data related to culling information from 2011 to 2013 in three scaled Holstein farms in Shanxi province were analyzed. Results showed that, the culling rate averages at around 10%. Compared to dairy developed countries, the culling rate from current study was low, and almost no voluntary culling was observed. Analysis of culling reasons indicated that, dairy cows culled due to reproductive problems took the largest proportion (30.74%), and most of them were eliminated before 30 days in milk or after 360 days in milk, number of dairy cows culled due to udder problems (16.45%) ranked at the second place, and most of them were culled between 150 to 180 days in milk, which should be the middle stage of a lactation. Our results may provide references to scientiifc advices for improving dairy farm management.

To assess the importance of teat length and teat-ends condition in dairy production, we scored teat-length and teat-ends condition of 514 lactating cows in a Holstein dairy farm in Shanxi. DHI data measured on June 24th, 2013 was also collected. A ifxed model was employed to analyze the impact of four factors (lactation stage, parity, teat-length and teat-end condition) on milk yield and somatic cell count. A random sample analysis of teat length indicated that the most of teat length were within a range of 4~6cm. The number of cows with teat shorter than 4cm was 22 (6.6%), and 53 (15.8%) cows had the longest teat over 6cm. There were signiifcant differences (P<0.05) of health status between teat-end health status with different teat-lengths. Compared with the 4~6cm teat ,teats longer than 6cm or shorter than 4cm have a signiifcant increase in the probability of teat injury. The mean score of the teat-end condition of this population was 2.25.The average teat-end health status indicated that the teat-end of the whole dairy farm was in good health condition, based on the published standards of scoring teat-end health condition. The teat-end condition showed signiifcant difference (P<0.01) between the rear teats and front teats, and front teats were much more health than rear teats. The effect of the teat length and teat-end condition were not signiifcant on the milk yield and SCC(P>0.05). The average SCC of milking cow with longer teat were 58 000/mL higher than that of normal individuals. The mean SCC of individual with injured teats were 22 000/mL higher than that of individuals with healthy teats. Evaluating the teat length and teat-end condition helps ifnding out the health status of the dairy herd and provides useful suggestions for dairy herd management.

依据我国医护教育教学大纲和医护执业资格考试新大纲的要求，对生物化学基础课程改革中，教材编写的指导思想、教学性质、教学任务、学生学习的预期目标等进行阐述。

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