The reactions of dermal structures to subcutaneous injections of gold nanoparticles were studied in CBA mice. Routes of the nanoparticles migration after injection and the mechanisms of their effects on the adjacent tissues were studied. Injected nanoparticles were phagocytosed by macrophages; some of them migrated to lymphoid follicles of the lymph node, while others migrated into blood vessels, where the particles were released from the macrophage cytoplasm into circulating blood. The endothelium was destroyed as a result of the toxic activity of macrophages loaded with nanoparticles. Two mechanisms of angiogenesis inhibition and death of blood vessels in tissues after injection of nanoparticles were distinguished. One mechanism consisted in deactivation of macrophages producing vascular endothelium growth factor inducing the formation of endothelium in the growing blood vessels, but not in direct inhibition of this factor. The other mechanism was realized through direct death of the endothelium in migration of macrophages through the vascular wall.

Все организмы находятся под непрерывным влиянием окружающей среды, в том числе минеральных частиц различного размера и формы, присутствующих в атмо-, гидро- и литосфере. Для человека контакт с нано- и микрочастицами минералов заметно возрастает в последнее время. Поэтому изучение биологических эффектов минеральных частиц является актуальной междисциплинарной проблемой, стоящей на границе биологии, геологии, химии и физики. В настоящей работе представлены результаты по исследованию агрегации тромбоцитов и ферментативного окисления глюкозы из серии работ in vitro, посвященных изучению влияния нано- и микрочастиц α-кварца, полевого шпата, вулканического стекла и апатита на биологические системы. Выявлено, что внесение в плазму исследуемых минералов в виде суспензий in vitro препятствует агрегации тромбоцитов человека, а также препятствует окислению глюкозы сыворотки крови под действием глюкозоксидаз. Антиагрегантный эффект минералов возможен за счет сорбции некоторых белков на поверхности частиц и сорбции самих частиц на поверхности тромбоцитов. В совокупности это может приводить к необратимой адгезии клеток к минералам, и одновременно нарушению работы интегринового комплекса, что в итоге препятствует адгезии и агрегации тромбоцитов между собой.

Старшие возрастные группы стоматологических больных нуждаются в протезировании гораздо чаще других пациентов, при этом преимущественно у них имеется отягощённый анамнез в плане соматических заболеваний и эндокринопатий. Для прогнозирования положительных исходов проведённых вмешательств необходимо разработать морфологические критерии состояния иммунного гомеостаза, соответствующие успешной и эффективной имплантации. Контроль и коррекция иммунного гомеостаза могут играть важную роль в комплексном лечении при имплантации зубов у пациентов старших возрастных групп. На материале 26 больных в возрасте от 40 до 70 лет с помощью морфологических методов исследования проведён анализ результатов дентальной имплантации как на фоне соматической патологии, так и в условиях развившегося сахарного диабета для установления морфологических критериев оценки риска развития ранних и поздних послеоперационных осложнений дентальной имплантации у пациентов группы риска. Установлено, что иммунокомпетентные иммуноциты в структурах слизистой оболочки являются отражением эффективности проводимых мероприятий по имплантации зубов и могут быть использованы для прогнозирования успешности проводимых лечебных мероприятий.

Physically transparent cornea, lens, and vitreous body are not transparent from histophysiological viewpoint and hence, cannot directly transmit light to the retina. The lens forms from two primordia in the course of the eye development: ectodermal (for capsular epithelium) and neuroglia (for lenticular stroma). These data suggest that the neuroglia migrating from the internal leaflet of the ocular goblet is a source of stromal fibroblasts of the corneal proper substance and also presents the fibroblast differons in the human ocular vitreous body and in the lenticular posterior pole. The common source in the development of the stroma of the transparent structures of the eye is explained and confirmed by the fact that the cornea, lens, vitreous body, and the retinal and brain neuroglia contain special proteins common for all these structures, crystallins. The structural relationship and origin of fibroblasts of the transparent ocular media underlie the identical functions of crystallin production; the physical and chemical characteristics of crystallins prevent the diffusion of light and cumulate it in one direction. In addition, our data on the neuroglial origin of the lenticular stroma suggest that the lenticular cells can act as Muller’s glia, regulating the transformed energy flow. Hence, the fibers and stromal cells of the cornea, lens, vitreous body, and retinal glia can serve as components of the universal conduction system perceiving light, transforming it into another type of energy (presumably into electromagnetic waves or some motor pulse), and only then sending it to the photosensor cells. As a result, we have one-way light conduction due to stromal cells of transparent eye structures and inability of the retina to identify these cells. We therefore conclude that the cells located in front of the retina are invisible for the photoreceptors, because they conduct stimulation being not transparent in the physical sense, but just physiologically. We see only what this unique conduction system allows us to see.

Known that the leading mechanisms in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is vascular disorders. With the induction of vascular of vascularization shell will be able to develop an informed treatment pathogenetically diseases associated with angiodisgenesis. Study on mechanisms of vascularization of choroid is most relevant at the present stage, the knowledge of the mechanisms of melanogenesis in vascular clad eyes may shed light on human development problem AMD and neoplasms not only within the structures of the eye, but also solve the problem of oncogenesis. Therefore, using modern methods of research examined the role of immune histochemical effector cells immune phagocytes levels in the development of the choroid. Studied a variety of phenotypes of CD-effectors,are marked in the early stages of development, the human eye choroid in the structures. Monitoring not only the formation of vascular pool and melanes structures provided a choroidal vascular development pool algorithm in human ontogenesis and install a different cluster of differentiation to effector immunocytes in angiogenesis of IRIS, ciliares body and choroid.

This work was designed to study changes in the nervous apparatus of the blood vessels in the brain and spinal cord with a view to developing methods for the determination of the biological age in man. Pial and intramedullary vascular systems of the brain and spinal cord were examined in different periods of postnatal ontogenesis (between the age of 1 and 90 years) using histological, fluorescent-histochemical, and immunohistochemical methods as well as by ink injections into the blood vessels, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The data obtained on the age-related rearrangement of the nervous apparatus of the arterial vessels in the brain and spinal cord have not only theoretical significance but can also be used for the solution of practical problems encountered in the practical work of forensic medical experts.

Гистологическими и иммуногистохимическими методами на выявление иммуноцитов маркёрами CD4, CD8, CD 68, CD 163, CD204 изучены клетки иммунофагоцитарного звена в слизистой оболочке стенки желудка у детей в возрасте от 5 месяцев до 3-х лет. Рассмотрена роль клеток иммунофагоцитарного звена слизистой оболочки желудка в патогенезе вторичной гиполактазии. Установлено, что у детей с вторичной гиполактазией в слизистой оболочке желудка в 95 % иммуногистохимическими маркёрами выявлено присутствие HbP и установлено изменение соотношений иммуноцитов клеточного и гуморального звена в зависимости от клинических проявлений и стадии заболевания. Полученные данные способствуют раскрытию механизмов альтерации и репаративной регенерации при вторичной гиполактазии у детей до 3-х лет, могут служить моделью для разработки алгоритма иммуномодулированного ответа при примененении лечебных препаратов, а также для мониторинга морфологического анализа состояния слизистой оболочки желудочно-кишечного тракта у детей при различных патологических процессах, сопровождающихся мальабсорбцией и гиполактазией.

By means of indirect immunofluorescent method vasopressin localization has been defined in neurons of the locus coeruleus, in terminals, converging to the substantia nigra cells and the sylvian aqueduct area, as well as in the granule-containing cells of the human cerebral blood vessels. The granule-containing cells are identified as melanocytes, when investigated by comparative light-optic and electron microscopical technique. The melanocytes of the cerebral vessels have various size and form in accordance to their different functional state. In some melanocytes peptide vesicles are revealed. This demonstrates a possible synthesis of vasopressin. It is supposed that local endocrine regulation of the cerebral hemocirculation is performed by cooperation of granule-containing cells, producing hormones with oppositely++ directed constrictor and dilatator action to the vessels.

In an immunochemical study of the melanocytes of the brain blood vessels in man, the presence of vasopressin has been demonstrated. The endings of cholinergic axons terminate on the surface of these cells. It is assumed that the melanocytes participate in regulation of the motility of the arteries of the brain.

By means of immunochemical method the presence of vasopressin in the melanocytes of the man's brain arteries was found. The terminals of the cholinergic axons come to an end on the surface of these cells. It is suggested that the melanocytes take part in the regulation of the brain arteries mobility.

By an indirect immunohistochemical method with fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC) and horse radish peroxidase as markers (HRP) the presence of vasopressin was shown in cells of dura mater in white rats. Mast cells were identified after staining with methylene blue by the metachromatic granularity of the cytoplasm. It was shown that the number of cells found by means of FITC luminescence corresponds with their number found by means of methylene blue. The use of conjugate with HRP unveils a lesser number of vasopressin-containing cells.

At investigating brains of humans, rabbits and pigeons by means of the cytochemical method, using peroxidase-++--antiperoxidase complex, an immune positive reactivity to ++leu enkephalin has been revealed in neurons of the substantia nigra, in the grey substance of the aqueduct area, in the posterior nucleus of the cochlear nerve, in the ventral part of the giant-cellular reticular nucleus in the nucleus of the solitary tract and in capillaries of the brain also. By means of some ultrastructural investigations certain places have been determined where synapsis and deposition of neuropeptides take place. These are specialized endotheliocytes, pericytes and neurons, situating especially close to the capillary wall.

Receptor glomeruli have been studied in the arterial walls of the pia mater of the human brain and spinal cord by means of the light and electron microscopy methods. Zone of their high concentration have been stated; three types of receptor glomeruli have been determined, as well as 3 types of ultrastructural organization of sensitive terminals.

Fluorimetric methods were used to determine adrenaline, dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin and tryptamine in the pia mater of the brain and spinal cord of various vertebrates (fishes, birds, mammals) and of man. The histochemical method using glyoxylic acid showed the presence of biogenic monoamines in adrenergic nerve fibres and in the monoaminocytes. Their total amount in the pia mater is roughly the same, except in man, in whom it is significantly lower. From the higher adrenergic axon concentration on the one hand and the lower number of monoaminocytes on the other, it can be concluded that the neuronal factor has a more important role in the regulation of brain haemodynamics in man.

Fluorimetric studies have been made on the content of adrenalin, noradrenaline, serotonin, dopamine, and tryptamine in the pial matter of the brain and spinal cord of fishes, birds and mammals including man. Using histochemical method with glyoxylic acid, biogenic monoamines were revealed in the adrenergic nerve fibers and monoaminocytes. Their total content in the pial matter of the brain is approximately the same in all vertebrates, being significantly lower in man. Higher concentration of adrenergic axons and lower amount of monoaminocytes in human subjects reveal the key role of the nervous influences in regulation of hemodynamics of the brain.