The genus Artedia L. (Apiaceae) is represented in Turkey by 485 species and altogether 511 taxa. The rate of species endemism in Turkey is 37.7%. The plant material was collected from the province of Kahramanmaras, Turkey. The essential oils from fruits and aerial parts were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger type apparatus. Chemical compositions of the oils were analysed using the GC-FID and GC-MS techniques. The main components of fruits oil were characterized as 1-octadecanol (16.4%), hexadecanoic acid (16.2%), 1-hexadecanol (6.0%), spathulenol (5.5%), caryophyllene oxide (5.0%), bicyclogermacrene (4.1%) and dillapiol (3.0%). Major compounds of the oil from aerial parts were determined as α-pinene (39.0%), sabinene (36.0%) and terpinen-4-ol (3.2%).

The essential oil of air dried fruits of Prangos pabularia Lindl (Apiaceae) was obtained by hydrodistillation and its chemical profile was determined using GC-FID and GC-MS. Bicyclogermacrene (21%), (Z)-β-ocimene (19%), α-humulene (8%), α-pinene (8%) and spathulenol (6%) were the main constituents of the oil. The identification of the separated volatile organic compounds was accomplished through comparison of mass spectra of peaks with those stored in the in-house “Baser Library of Essential Oil Constituents.” Additional confirmation was achieved by comparison of retention indices from compound peaks. From inspection of chromatograms in the GC-MS analysis, there was an unknown compound at RI 2931 with a mass spectrum similar to suberosin in the Wiley GC-MS Library. Since this compound was not present in the Baser Library, we could only tentatively identify this compound based on similarity of the mass spectrum to the one in the Wiley GC/MS Library. Due to insufficient oil yield, we synthesized suberosin in two steps and confirmed its structure by 1D NMR and GC-MS analyses. As part of our continued research to discover botanical insecticides for use in mosquito control as repellent and larvicides, suberosin was investigated for mosquito biting deterrent and larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti. Suberosin showed good but lower biting deterrent than DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide). In larval bioassays, suberosin had good activity against 1-d-old Ae. aegypti larvae. These results indicate that this compound may be useful as a mosquito control agent. Acknowledgements. This study was supported by USDA, ARS grant No. 56 – 6402 – 1-612. and Deployed War-Fighter Protection (DWFP) Research Program and the U.S. Department of Defense through the Armed Forces Pest Management Board (AFPMB).

Essential oils of Tordylium syriacum collected from different localities of Turkey were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The fruits of T. syriacum were submitted for hydrodistillation and the essential oils were obtained in 0.1–0.7% yield. The compounds characterized represented 91.7–94.7% of the oils. The main constituent was found to be octyl hexanoate (46.2–80.5%).

A study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition and insecticidal activity of two subspecies of Heracleum pastinacifolium C. Koch (Apiaceae). Fruits of subsp. transcaucasicum (Manden.) Davis and subsp. incanum (Boiss. et Huet) Davis were subjected separately to hydrodistillation followed by analysis by GC-FID and GC/MS. Fruit oils were found to be rich in esters with octyl acetate (35.5% and 5.6%), octyl butyrate (4.3% and 33.8%), hexyl butyrate (8% and 30.3%), hexyl isobutyrate (4.2% and 0.6%) and hexyl-2-methyl butyrate (9.1% and 0.9%) as major constituents of subsp. transcaucasicum and subsp. incanum, respectively. These oils were evaluated for their biting deterrent effects using K & D module and larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti. L. and subsp. transcaucasicum with proportion not biting (PNB) value of 0.80at 100µg/cm2 dose was similar to DEET (PBN=0.90) at 25 nmol/cm2 whereas subsp. incanum showed PNB value of 0.54at 100µg/cm2. In order to verify whether any single major compound of subsp. transcaucasicum is responsible for this biting deterrent activity, octyl acetate, hexyl-2-methyl butyrate, hexyl butyrate and hexyl isobutyrate were further evaluated. All the pure compounds were significantly higher than ethanol and lower than DEET (P=0.05). In larval bioassays, LD50's were 69.72 and 71.85 ppm and LD90 values were 151.92 and 179.98 ppm for subsp. transcaucasicum and subsp. incanum, respectively. LD50's, were 107.7, 148.9, 74.9 and 106.3 ppm for hexyl- 2-methyl butyrate, octyl acetate, hexyl butyrate and hexyl isobutyrate, respectively. Since subsp. transcaucasicum showed potential biting deterrent activity, further work will be continued to explore the repellency of compounds in subsp. transcaucasicum oil. Acknowledgements. This study was supported in part by a grant from the Deployed War-Fighter Protection (DWFP) Research Program, the U.S. Department of Defense through the Armed Forces Pest Management Board (AFPMB) and USDA, ARS grant No. 56–6402–1-612.

Two new Umbelliferae species from S Anatolia are described and illustrated: Chaerophyllum aksekiense A. Duran & Duman and Tordylium ketenoglui Duman & A. Duran.

Prangos Lindl. (Apiaceae) is represented in the world by 40 species and altogether 43 taxa. 17 taxa belonging to 16 species are recorded in Turkey. Herbal parts of these species called caksir are used as fodder and the roots are used as aphrodisiac like members of some other related genera such as Ferula L., Ferulago W. Koch andPeucedanum L. We have analyzed essential oils of different parts of the following species: Prangos bornmuelleriHub.-Mor. et Reese (New name: Ekimia bornmuelleri (Hub.-Mor. et Reese) H. Duman et M.F. Watson, P. ferulacea(L.) Lindl., P. turcica A. Duran, M. Sagiroglu et H. Duman, P. pabularia Lindl., P. platychlaena Boiss. et Tchihat., P. ilanae Pimenov, Akalin et Kljuykov, P. uechtritzii Boiss. et Hausskn., P. heyniae H. Duman et M.F. Watson, P. denticulata Fisch. et Mey., P. baseri A. Duran et M. Ozturk.

Astragalus L. is a perennial herbaceous genus belonging to the family Fabaceae. Chromosome morphology was defined for the first time in four species of Astragalus namely; A. antalyensis A.Duran & Podlech, A. nezaketae A.Duran & Aytaç, A. cariensis Boiss. & A. schizopterus Boiss. All species contained diploid chromosome numbers of 2n = 16. However, polyploid cells (4x = 32) were also observed in A. schizopterus and A. antalyensis. Astragalus nezaketae species had two double satellite chromosomes. Karyotypes of species were made using an Image Analysis System. Chromosome numbers are all first reports, except for that of A. schizopterus.

Plant material of Salvia heldrichiana Boiss. Ex Bentham was collected from the locality: C4 12th km on Konya, Hadimkizilkaya-Karaman road. Aerial parts of plants was dried in shadow then the leaves were separated from the stems. The essential oil was extracted from the leaves by hydro distillation method. The average content of essential oil was obtained as 0.22%. The water-distilled essential oil from dried leaves of this species was analyzed by GC-MS. Total 60 components, representing 92.7% of the oil, were characterized. The main component of essential oil was alpha-pinene with 13.35%. The other important compounds were identified such as spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, alpha-cadinol, linalool and alpha-terpineol.

The component composition of essential oils produced by steam distillation from flower heads, leaves, and stems of Salvia anatolica (Lamiaceae), a recently described new species endemic from Turkey, was studied by GC/FID and GC/MS. A total of 127 volatile components representing 96% of the oil was identified in essential oil from flower heads and leaves. It was found that the principal oil components of flower heads and leaves were α -pinene (10.9%), β -pinene (6.7%), α -copaene (6.3%), heptacosane (6.2%), and hexadecanoic acid (5.0%). A total of 109 volatile compounds representing 87.9% of the oil was characterized in essential oil isolated from stems. The principal oil components of stems were identified as hexadecanoic acid (27.2%), tetradecanoic acid (15.2%), dodecanoic acid (5.5%), and α -copaene (5.0%).

The volatile constituents of Prangos pabularia Lindl. fruits (Umbelliferae) were obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and microdistillation (MD) techniques, and then analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) methods. One hundred and twenty-eight compounds have been characterized representing 90.5% of hydrodistilled oil (HDO). In the microdistilled oil (MDO), 115 compounds constituting 93.0% of the oil were detected. α-Humulene (16.6% and 15.5%), bicyclogermacrene (16.1% and 7.9%), spathulenol (10.6% and 5.7%), germacrene D (5.7% and 2.9%) and α-pinene (4.2% and 23.9%) were found to be the major constituents of HDO and MDO, respectively. Antimicrobial activity of the oil was tested via microdilution broth technique. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans were used as the test microorganisms.

The microdistilled oil of the fruits of Chaerophyllum, macropodum Boiss. was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Forty-one constituents were characterized. The main components were found to be p-cymene (39.3%), spathulenol (7.3%), p-cymen-8-ol (5.9%), octanal (5.2%), (E)-beta-ocimene (4.5%), (E)-2-decenal (3.2%) and (Z)-beta-famesene (3.1%).

Abstract An essential oil obtained from the crushed seeds of Matthiola anchoniifolia Hub.-Mor. (Cruciferae) was obtained by microdistillation and analyzed by both GC and GC/MS. Octyl acetate (21.2%) was identifed as the main constituent in the oil. Sulfur compounds responsible for the foul odor of the oil comprised 34.7%. They consisted of isopropyl isothiocyanate (16.9%), dimethyl trisulfde (8.8%), dimethyl disulfde (4.7%) and isobutyl isothiocyanate (4.3%).

Ethanol and aqueous extract of Heracleum sphondylium subsp. artvinense was investigated for their antimicrobial activities against eight bacterial species (Enterococcus feacalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Corynobacterium diphtheria) and two yeast (Candida albicans and C. krusei). Both ethanol and aqueous extract of H. sphondylium subsp. artvinense showed antimicrobial activity against the gram-positive bacterium (S. aureus).

The essential oils from fruits of Prangos turcica A. Duran, M. Sagiroglu et H. Duman were obtained by hydrodistillation (HD), microdistillation (MD), micro-steam distilled solid-phase microextraction (MSD-SPME) techniques and then analyzed by GC and GC/MS methods. The oils showed similar composition with some quantitative differences. The main components of the oils were found to be alpha-humulene, germacrene D, naphthalene, terpinolene, p-cymene, gamma-elemene and bornyl acetate.

The essential oil of Xanthogalum purpurascens Lallem. was obtained by hydrodistillation (HD), microdistillation (MD) and micro-steam distilled solid-phase micro extraction (MSD-SPME) techniques. The oils were then analyzed by GC and GUMS. The composition of oils depended on the extraction method employed. The main components of the hydrodistilled oil were found to be alpha-phellandrene (32%), beta-phellandrene (23%), isopropyl hexanoate (6%), limonene (5.3%), p-cymene (3.7%), alpha-pinene (3.2%) and bicyclogermacrene (3%).