Tin monosulfide (SnS) is a promising sodium-ion battery anode due to its high theoretical capacity, yet its practical appligation is hindered by poor electronic conductivity and substantial volume changes. Although conventional carbon-composite strategies improve electrical conductivity and structural stability, carbon is typically viewed as a passive conductive scaffold. It is worth noting that the potential active role of carbon in regulating reaction pathways and interfacial electronic structures remains insufficiently explored. Herein, we propose a mechanochemically driven, graphite-triggered reaction-reconstruction strategy that transforms graphite into multifunctional component, serving simultaneously as a conductive framework, an electron donor, and ar interfacial regulator. Theoretical and experimental analyses reveal that defective graphite generated during ball milling creates localized x-electron enrichment zones. The x-electrons of graphite can interact with CBS and facilitate interfacial electron transfer to its Co-6 antibonding orbitals, which may weaken the Co-S bongis and convert the stable product into a metastable intermediate. This intermediate further transforms into Coss, and Co under mechanical energy, which together with Co3Sn152, in situ anchors onto the graphite surface, constructing a stable CoSn252/CoS/Co/G (CSS-2/GN) multi-phase heterostructure. Benefiting from multi-phase interfacial synergy and continuous conductive/ionic channels, the CSS-2/GN anode achieves exceptional cycling stability, retaining a reversible capacity of 280.9 mAh g after 1000 cycles at 2 A g. Remarkably, the assembled CSS-2/GN || Na V2(PO4)3 full cell delivers a reversible capacity of 215.5 mAh safter 500 cycles at 1.0 A g. This work unveils the active role of graphite in triggering solid-state reactions and provides new insights for designing high-performance sodium-ion battery materials.

Highly conductive hydrogels have been drawing increasing attention due to their potential use in flexible devices. However, the conventional strategies involving direct mixing of hydrogel networks with conductive fillers often result in non-uniform and unstable dispersions, thus hindering the formation of effective percolated networks. In addition, the intrinsic chemical crosslinking structures of traditional hydrogels restrict biodegradation, creating environmental concerns. In this work, we propose a BYK-assisted dispersion strategy for carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (c-CNTs) and graphene to enable the fabrication of hydrogel-based flexible sensors and supercapacitors via digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing. By employing BYK as a hydrogen-bond anchoring dispersant, graphene and c-CNTs are uniformly dispersed and form an interpenetrated conductive framework, which effectively enhances the electronic conductivity of the printed hydrogel to 2.0 S/m. Using a peanut-shaped design as an example, the DLP-printed hydrogel sensor delivers a gauge factor of 2.5 and excellent reproducibility during repeated human-motion detection. Furthermore, the DLP-printed hydrogel-based supercapacitor delivers high-density capacitance (approximate to 10.43 mF cm-2) and maintains 66.7% of its initial capacitance after long-term cycling. Remarkably, a mono-functional resin-curing system is employed to endow the hydrogel with promising biodegradability. This work provides a sustainable strategy for developing biodegradable flexible sensing and energy storage devices.

The development of noble-metal-free electrodes for water splitting is essential for advancing industrial hydrogen production. Transition metal oxides, hydroxides, and oxyhydroxides based on Fe, Co, and Ni have been widely studied as catalysts for water electrolysis. However, research on growing catalysts on bubble-managing substrates remains limited. In this work, Fe0 & sdot;6Ni0.2Co0.2 was optimized for coating on a porous Ti-6Al-4V substrate, followed by electrochemical oxidation, yielding a bifunctional catalyst layer composed of Fe2O3, NiO, CoO, Fe0.3Co0.7Ox, Fe0.25Ni0.75Ox, along with their hydroxides and oxyhydroxides. Moreover, aligning the pore axis with gravity promotes buoyancy-driven bubble release, thus reducing electrode polarization. When employed for overall water splitting in this optimized orientation, the electrode with a pore cross-section of 1040 mu m achieved a current density of 100 mA/cm2 at a voltage of only 1.634 V. This study provides valuable insights and a reference framework for the design and development of efficient, low-cost electrodes for water electrolysis.

High-energy aqueous metal batteries are promising candidates for the next-generation energy storage systems but face critical challenges of dendrite and corrosion in metal negative electrodes. To address these issues, we report an aqueous cadmium-metal battery employing a fast-kinetics structure-breaking electrolyte composed of CdCl2 and NH4Cl. The addition of NH4Cl induces the formation of dual structure breakers, NH4+ and tetrachlorocomplex ([CdCl4]2-), which facilitate fast charge transfer kinetics in aqueous cadmium-metal batteries and endow dendrite-free/corrosion-resistant capabilities to Cd negative electrodes. This tailored electrolyte realizes a convincing Coulombic efficiency (99.93%) for Cd plating/stripping behavior at a high Cd utilization of 55%, making it suitable for practical applications. Moreover, the fast-kinetics aqueous cadmium-metal batteries exhibit remarkable compatibility with diverse types of positive electrodes, including conversion-, coordination-, intercalation- and capacitance-type, offering enhanced rate performance and durable rechargeable stability. These results establish a robust and scalable aqueous battery design for sustainable energy storage systems.

Electrothermal heaters are gaining attention for their excellent electrical conductivity in the application of articular thermotherapy. However, many types of heaters, particularly water-based heaters, often have slow thermal response, leading to excessive power usage and poor efficiency. Additionally, when they are used for practical applications, they suffer from mechanical failures, resulting in a limited lifetime. Moreover, many conventional heaters are non-biodegradable, posing a significant risk to environmental pollution. Herein, we propose a fast-thermal-response water-based heater that is fabricated using a rapid direct ink writing (DIW) three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. The introduction of boron nitride (BN) in the heater increases the ionic conductivity of the flour by 62.3 times. The resulting heater exhibits a rapid thermal response of 69 s from the room temperature (27.4 degrees C) to saturation temperature (70.2 degrees C, 20 V). Notably, effective heating to 40.8 degrees C is achieved at a safe voltage of only 10 V, in contrast to previous ion-type heating systems requiring over 50 V, thereby significantly improving the operational safety. Our computational analysis results demonstrate the existence of hydrogen bonds between BN and flour, suggesting their potential role in forming an ordered brick-like structure and improving electrothermal behavior. Moreover, the heater shows inherent self-healing capability and complete biodegradability on soil within 20 days. This work presents a novel approach for designing multifunctional aqueous heaters, offering valuable insights for the development of next-generation heating devices.

Organohydrogel-based strain sensors are gaining attention for real-time health services and human-machine interactions due to their flexibility, stretchability, and skin-like compliance. However, these sensors often have limited sensitivity and poor stability due to their bulk structure and strain concentration during stretching. In this study, we designed and fabricated diamond-, grid-, and peanut-shaped organohydrogel based on positive, near-zero, and negative Poisson's ratios using digital light processing (DLP)-based 3D printing technology. Through structural design and optimization, the grid-shaped organohydrogel exhibited record sensitivity with gauge factors of 4.5 (0-200% strain, ionic mode) and 13.5/1.5 x 106 (0-2%/2%-100% strain, electronic mode), alongside full resistance recovery for enhanced stability. The 3D-printed grid structure enabled direct wearability and breathability, overcoming traditional sensor limitations. Integrated with a robotic hand system, this sensor demonstrated clinical potential through precise monitoring of paralyzed patients' grasping movements (with a minimum monitoring angle of 5 degrees). This structural design paradigm advanced flexible electronics by synergizing high sensitivity, stability, wearability, and breathability for healthcare, and human-machine interfaces. The influence of structural design on the mechanical and sensing characteristics of organohydrogels has been revealed.The grid-shaped organohydrogel exhibited excellent sensing and cycling stability for over 5500 cycles.High sensitivities of 4.5 for 0-200% strain and 13.5/1.5x106 for 0-2% and 2%-100% strain were achieved for ionic and electronic conductive types, respectively.The three-dimensional grid-shaped sensor integrated into a robotic hand allowed for accurate control down to a 5 degrees detection threshold.

Vat photopolymerization (VPP) enables the fabrication of hydroxyapatite (HAp) with high resolution, complex geometry and interconnected porous structures. However, the inherent property characterization of the VPP-printed HAp as a comparative benchmark for peer studies is still lacking. This study systematically analyzed the performance of VPP-printed HAp with a 55 vol% solid loading, focusing on printability, fabrication quality, mechanical performance limits, reliability, and biological response. The optimized HAp slurry presented high polymerization reactivity and efficient, precise photocuring performance at 17 mJ/cm2. With a high density of 98.98 % and compacted grain boundaries, the bending strength of the HAp reached 127 MPa, surpassing the highest reported value for 3D-printing HAp by 23.3 %. In vitro studies demonstrated that the VPP-printed HAp promoted osteoblast proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. The HAp fabricated via VPP with efficient printability, controllable fabrication accuracy (within 1 %) and quality, good mechanical performance and osteogenic activity showcased its promising potential in implant fabrication for bone tissue repair.

Electrolyzing water for hydrogen generation consumes a significant amount of electricity. Minimizing bubble accumulation on the electrodes can reduce the overpotential, thereby enhancing the efficiency of water electrolysis. In this work, Co 1.8 Mn 1.2 S 4 as the catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) was optimized from 54 compounds of oxides and sulfides of Ni, Co, and Mn, then designed a three-dimensional electrode with a pumplike function to expel bubbles from the electrodes. Using laser-assisted curing 3D printing technology, a capillary array with side holes was fabricated and utilized as a support structure for the Co 1.8 Mn 1.2 S catalyst. During water electrolysis, the electrolyte enters the interior of the capillary through the side holes, and the bubbles inside the capillary are released from both ends of the capillary. The optimized electrode achieved 10 mA cm-2 at an overpotential of 345 mV during the OER, and reached 100 mA cm- 2 at an overpotential of 435 mV. In-situ optical microscopy observations and fluid dynamics simulations demonstrated that bubbles were effectively released through the main outlet of the capillary. In overall water splitting, the current density reached 10 mA cm- 2 at 1.646 V, without significant current decay after 60 h continuous operation. The electrode design presented holds promise for broader applications in catalytic reactions, such as CO2 reduction, electrochemical ammonia synthesis, and electrochemical treatment of water pollutants.

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) are an increasingly popular high-safety and eco-friendly energy storage solution. However, the development of high-performance zinc (Zn) anodes remains a formidable challenge, primarily due to dendrite formation and poor reversibility. To address these challenges, this study harnesses the potential of digital light process (DLP) 3D printing technology to fabricate reduced graphite oxide-based 3D gyroid structure (3DP-rGG) as zinc anode frameworks for aqueous zinc batteries. The 3D-printed structure effectively regulates local current density distribution, offering ample nucleation sites and free space for inducing uniform zinc deposition and accommodating diminutive zinc nodules. Consequently, the 3D-printed graphite framework demonstrates remarkable reversibility in zinc plating and stripping processes, resulting in commendable coulombic efficiency and low voltage hysteresis. The full battery with a 3D-printed anode structure, incorporating a polyaniline-intercalated vanadium oxide cathode (PVO), exhibits high specific capacity and superior long-term cycling stability. Remarkably, the robust 3DP-rGG structure can be reused over ten times without any discernible impact on its electrochemical performance, thereby underscoring the potential of this controllable and efficient fabrication of 3D graphite current collectors as a promising solution to develop reusable 3D frameworks for high-performance metal batteries.

Electrolysis of water has emerged as a prominent area of research in recent years. As a promising catalyst support, copper foam is widely investigated for electrolytic water, yet the insufficient mechanical strength and corrosion resistance render it less suitable for harsh working conditions. To exploit high-performance catalyst supports, various metal supports are comprehensively evaluated, and Ti6Al4V (Ti64) support exhibited outstanding compression and corrosion resistance. With this in mind, a 3D porous Ti64 catalyst support is fabricated using the selective laser sintering (SLM) 3D printing technology, and a conductive layer of nickel (Ni) is coated to increase the electrical conductivity and facilitate the deposition of catalysts. Subsequently, Co0.8Ni0.2(CO3)0.5(OH)center dot 0.11H2O (CoNiCH) nanoneedles are deposited. The resulting porous Ti64/Ni/CoNiCH electrode displayed an impressive performance in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and reached 30 mA cm-2 at an overpotential of only 200 mV. Remarkably, even after being compressed at 15.04 MPa, no obvious structural deformation is observed, and the attenuation of its catalytic efficiency is negligible. Based on the computational analysis, the CoNiCH catalyst demonstrated superior catalytic activity at the Ni site in comparison to the Co site. Furthermore, the electrode reached 30 mA cm-2 at 1.75 V in full water splitting conditions and showed no significant performance degradation even after 60 h of continuous operation. This study presents an innovative approach to robust and corrosion-resistant catalyst design. A comprehensive evaluation of several types of metals is conducted for the development of robust and corrosion-resistant catalyst support for the first time. The designed Ti64/Ni/CoNiCH electrode exhibited promising electrochemical stability and mechanical stability, making it potentially applicable in extreme environments. DFT calculations revealed the catalytically active sites of the electrocatalysts. image

Hydrogel‐based wearable strain sensors have recently gained considerable interest due to their promising applications in real‐time health monitoring and motion detection. However, achieving integrated high‐stretchability, self‐adhesiveness, and long‐term water‐retaining property simultaneously in hydrogel systems remains a big challenge, which limits their applications in wearable electronics. Herein, a multifunctional hydrogel material designed is proposed for wearable strain sensors that can be manufactured by digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technology. By tailoring the composition of chemically cross‐linked networks (ploy(acrylamide)/poly(acrylic acid)/poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate), physically cross‐linked networks (ploy(acrylamide)/poly(acrylic acid)/poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate/silk fibroin/glycerol/water) and microstructures on the surface, the 3D printed hydrogel exhibits promising superior and adjustable mechanical properties, tunable adhesion and good water‐retaining property simultaneously. In addition, through adding conductive ions, high ionic conductivity can also be achieved for stretchable sensing applications. Based on these integrated multifunctionalities, the 3D printed hydrogel is suitable for wearable strain sensors to detect various body motions. This work provides a prospect for 3D printable hydrogel systems with broad applications in wearable electronics.

Improving the long-term cycling stability and energy density of all-solid-state lithium (Li)-metal batteries (ASSLMBs) at room temperature is a severe challenge because of the notorious solid–solid interfacial contact loss and sluggish ion transport. Solid electrolytes are generally studied as two-dimensional (2D) structures with planar interfaces, showing limited interfacial contact and further resulting in unstable Li/electrolyte and cathode/electrolyte interfaces. Herein, three-dimensional (3D) architecturally designed composite solid electrolytes are developed with independently controlled structural factors using 3D printing processing and post-curing treatment. Multiple-type electrolyte films with vertical-aligned micro-pillar (p-3DSE) and spiral (s-3DSE) structures are rationally designed and developed, which can be employed for both Li metal anode and cathode in terms of accelerating the Li+ transport within electrodes and reinforcing the interfacial adhesion. The printed p-3DSE delivers robust long-term cycle life of up to 2600 cycles and a high critical current density of 1.92 mA cm−2. The optimized electrolyte structure could lead to ASSLMBs with a superior full-cell areal capacity of 2.75 mAh cm−2 (LFP) and 3.92 mAh cm−2 (NCM811). This unique design provides enhancements for both anode and cathode electrodes, thereby alleviating interfacial degradation induced by dendrite growth and contact loss. The approach in this study opens a new design strategy for advanced composite solid polymer electrolytes in ASSLMBs operating under high rates/capacities and room temperature.

Hydrogel-based strain sensors have attracted considerable interest in real-time healthcare and motion detection because of their remarkable flexibility, extensibility, and skin-like compatibility. To reduce the cost and accelerate the preparation of hydrogels, digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technology presents a promising strategy. However, current photosensitive resin systems primarily use aqueous slurries, which slow down the 3D printing process due to high water content. Herein, we selected three non-aqueous resins for hydrogel preparation and adopted a two-step strategy involving UV curing through 3D printing followed by water spraying. We systematically investigated the curing kinetics and rheological properties of resins, as well as water absorption behavior, mechanical characteristics, and tensile-fracture mechanisms of the resulting hydrogels. Our findings established the poly (Nacryloylmorpholine) hydrogel as the reliable substrate material, NaCl aqueous solution was sprayed to endow the hydrogel with promising ionic conductivity and sensing properties. This work paves the way for the rapid fabrication of 3D printed ionically conductive hydrogels from non-aqueous resins.

In an era where clean energy and sustainability are prioritized, water electrolysis for hydrogen production has become a focus of research. Ti-6Al-4 V alloy (Ti64) may support the catalyst due to its high mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and resistance to alkali corrosion. However, its poor catalyst adhesion limits its application. Herein, a carbon layer was deposited on Ti64 (Ti64/C), before depositing the Co0.8Ni0.2(CO3)0.5(OH)0.11H2O (CNCH) nanoneedles. The porous Ti64-H/C/CNCH electrode performs exceptionally well in the oxygen evolution reaction, achieving a current of 10 mA cm-2 at an overpotential of 131 mV with 90% IR compensation. Furthermore, the cell achieves a density of 10 mA cm-2 at 1.83 V and slow degradation after 45 h of continuous operation under overall water-splitting conditions. This study presents a method of fabricating high-performance water electrolysis electrodes by coating the metal surface with a carbon layer under the catalysts.

Owing to superior electrical conductivity, stretchability, and biocompatibility, electrically conductive hydrogels have been widely applied in flexible wearable strain sensors. Generally, conductive fillers are required to be modified to enhance the dispersion stability in hydrogels, increasing the complexity of the experiment. Additionally, due to the intrinsic chemical and physical crosslinking networks, traditional hydrogels are not degradable, resulting in severe environmental pollution problems. Herein, we designed an electrically conductive and degradable hydrogel for the epidermal strain sensor through a facile digital light processing (DLP) three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. A three-step strategy of ultraviolet (UV) curing, ion sputtering, and water spraying was innovatively developed for alleviating the complexity and difficulty in preparing electronic-based hydrogels, and a mono-functional resin curing system was employed to endow hydrogels with promising degradability. This work opens a new path for the preparation of electrically conductive hydrogels and addresses the issues of environmental pollution caused by electronic waste.

The commercialization of aqueous zinc ion batteries requires good reversibility and high zinc utilization of zinc anode. For commonly applied 2D zinc anodes (zinc foils), its electrochemical performance and reversibility are often negatively correlated with the zinc utilization owing to the formation of zinc dendrites at the electrode-separator interphase. To overcome the disadvantages of 2D geometric design of zinc anode, this work fabricated two types of 3D printing graphene arrays (3DGs), tube arrays and pilar arrays, to simultaneously improve the reversibility and zinc utilization of zinc anodes. The highly ordered 3D printed tubes/pillars array structures can accommodate the significant volume change during zinc reversibly deposition/dissolution process and realize a vertical gradient zinc deposition through regulating the electrical field near the arrays. The arrays structures can also buffer the interaction between the metallic zinc and separator to protect AZIBs from short circuit. Consequently, the 3DGs showed considerable columbic efficiencies at current densities of 10–80 mA cm -2 . The 3DGs@Zn anode delivered lifespan of 1100 h in zinc symmetric cell at 2 mA cm -2 (1 mAh cm -2 ). The pouch cells fabricated with 3DGs@Zn anodes and V 2 O 5 cathode delivered areal capacity (3.76 mAh cm -2 ) and zinc utilization (47.12%) under practical N/P ratio (1.74:1). This work will overcome the limitations of the 2D geometric design of anodes for next-generation battery technologies.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have been widely considered to be used in advanced membranes for their excellent separation efficiencies. The filtration performance of lamellar membrane will be further improved after overcoming the stacking defects of 2D materials in membrane fabrication. Herein, a novel layer-by-layer repair method was proposed to fabricate MXene lamellar membranes with few defects via serial layer-by-layer compaction, crosslinking, glass rod rolling treatment and self-crosslinking. The method reduced the irregular arrangement of MXene nanosheets, repaired the wrinkled surface of every few-layer MXene nanosheets and enhanced the link between adjacent MXene nanosheets. The thickness of the layer-by-layer repaired MXene membranes was 50 nm. The layer-by-layer repaired MXene membranes possessed the rejection rates of NaCl, MgCl2 and methylene blue of 72.6%, 93.8% and 99.8% respectively associating with water flux of 5.9 L center dot m(-2)center dot h(-1), 7.4 L center dot m(-2)center dot h(-1) and 9.8 L center dot m(-2)center dot h(-1) due to their regular nanochannels. They represented high stability in nanofiltration for 120 h. The swelling of MXene nanosheets was weakened in the filtration. The repair strategy is potentially applied in fabrication of other 2D lamellar membranes and their enhancement of filtration performance.

Organohydrogel-based strain sensors have gained increasing attention in the fields of real-time healthcare and motion detection due to their excellent flexibility, stretchability, and skin-like compliance. However, the fundamental attributes, such as mechanical elasticity, self-adhesiveness, and biocompatibility, are challenging to be simultaneously obtained in organohydrogels, limiting their applications in wearable electronics. Additionally, traditional organohydrogels need to be fixed to the surface of the human skin and suffer from inferior breathability, resulting in complicated operations and severe uncomfortableness, respectively. Herein, a multifunctional organohydrogel is designed for wearable strain sensor by a facile digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technology. By rationally tailoring the chemical (poly(N-acryloylmorpholine)/poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate) and physical (poly(N-acryloylmorpholine)/poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and glycerin/water) cross-linking networks, the organohydrogel exhibits promising water absorption/retention, high stretchability, impressive elasticity, and promising fatigue resistance. Additionally, good ionic conductivity, inherent self-adhesiveness, and biocompatibility are simultaneously achieved. On the basis of the multi-functionalities, 3D multihole organohydrogels are designated as wearable and breathable strain sensors, facilitating the manipulation without any fixation and increasing the wear comfortableness. It is believed that 3D printed multihole organohydrogels show great potential in wearable flexible electronics.

Porous metal foams (e.g., Ni/Cu/Ti) are applied as catalyst supports extensively for water splitting due to their large specific area and excellent conductivity, however, intrinsic bubble congestion is unavoidable because of the irregular three-dimensional (3D) networks, resulting in high polarization and degraded electrocatalytic performances. To boost the H2O decomposition kinetics, the immediate bubble removal and water supply sequential in the gas-liquid-solid interface is essential. Inspired by the high efficiency of water/nutrient transport in the capillaries plants, this work designs a graphene-based capillary array with side holes as catalyst support to manage the bubble release and water supply via a Z-axis controllable digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technology. Like planting rice, a low-cost, high-active CoNi carbonate hydroxide (CoNiCH) is planted on support. A homemade cell can reach 10 mA cm(-2) in 1.51 V, and be kept at 30 mA cm(-2) for 60 h without noticeable degradation, surpassing most of the known cells. This research provides a promising avenue to design and prepare advanced catalysts in various fields, including energy applications, pollutant treatment, and chemical synthesis.