To investigate the effects of different seedless treatments on grape coloring and fruit quality, Vitis vinifera × Vitis labrusca cv. ‘Jumeigui’ were treated with different concentrations of forchlorfenuron (CPPU) (0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/L), thidiazuron (TDZ) (0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/L), and 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) (10, 20 and 30 mg/L) in combination with 18 mg/L gibberellic acid (GA3) during the seedless-fruit-setting period. After the grapes ripened, multiple quality indicators were measured to analyze and evaluate the effects of different treatments on the fruit coloration and quality of ‘Jumeigui’ grapes. The results showed that increasing concentrations of CPPU and TDZ gradually reduced the comprehensive fruit quality of ‘Jumeigui’ grapes. The treatments with 18 mg/L GA3 + 0.5 mg/L CPPU/TDZ were relatively effective in improving the comprehensive quality of ‘Jumeigui’ grapes. With increasing concentrations of 6-BA, the comprehensive effect initially increased and then decreased. The treatment with 18 mg/L GA3 + 20 mg/L 6-BA resulted in a soluble solids content of 20.03% and a coloring index of 4.10, demonstrating the best overall improvement in the comprehensive quality of ‘Jumeigui’ grapes. Based on practical production considerations, it is recommended to apply 18 mg/L GA3 + 20 mg/L 6-BA during the seedless-fruit-setting period of ‘Jumeigui’ grapes to enhance coloring effects and improve fruit quality.

Actinidia deliciosa is a globally important economic fruit crop, and its fruit quality and yield are profoundly influenced by light and environmental conditions. Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), a key rate-limiting enzyme in the sucrose biosynthesis pathway, plays a central role in regulating carbon metabolism and sucrose accumulation in plants. However, comprehensive studies of the SPS gene family in A. deliciosa are still lacking, particularly regarding its expression in response to different light qualities. In this study, genome-wide identification of the SPS gene family in A. deliciosa was conducted using bioinformatics approaches. A total of 31 SPS genes were identified and named AdSPS1 to AdSPS31 on the basis of their chromosomal positions. The encoded proteins were predicted to be acidic, hydrophilic, and primarily localized in the chloroplast. All the AdSPS proteins contained the conserved domains Sucrose_synth, Glyco_trans_1, and S6PP, indicating potential roles in sucrose metabolism. Phylogenetic analysis classified the 31 AdSPS members into three subfamilies, A, B, and C, comprising 20, 5, and 6 members, respectively. Collinearity analysis revealed extensive syntenic relationships among AdSPS genes across different chromosomes, suggesting that gene duplication events contributed to the expansion of this gene family. Promoter cis-acting element analysis revealed that light-responsive elements were the most abundant among all the detected elements in the upstream regions of the AdSPS genes, implying potential regulation by light signals. Different light qualities significantly affected the contents of sucrose, glucose, and fructose, as well as SPS activity in kiwifruit leaves, with the highest activity observed under the R3B1 (red–blue light 3:1) treatment. Spearman’s correlation analysis indicated that AdSPS3 was significantly negatively correlated with sucrose, fructose, glucose, and SPS activity, suggesting a potential role in negatively regulating sugar accumulation in kiwifruit leaves, whereas AdSPS12 showed positive correlations with these parameters, implying a role in promoting sucrose synthesis. To further explore the light response of the AdSPS genes, eight representative members were selected for qRT‒PCR analysis under red light, blue light, and combined red‒blue light treatments. These results demonstrated that light quality significantly influenced SPS gene expression. Specifically, AdSPS6 and AdSPS24 were highly responsive to R1B1 (1:1 red‒blue light), AdSPS9 was significantly upregulated under R6B1 (6:1 red‒blue light), AdSPS21 was strongly induced by blue light, and AdSPS12 expression was suppressed. This study systematically identified and analyzed the SPS gene family in A. deliciosa, revealing its structural characteristics and light-responsive expression patterns. These findings suggest that AdSPS genes may play important roles in light-regulated carbon metabolism. These results provide a theoretical foundation and valuable genetic resources for further elucidating the molecular mechanisms of sucrose metabolism and light signal transduction in kiwifruit.

The vigorous growth of new shoots can significantly reduce grape yield and compromise fruit quality. In order to explore the effects of prohexadione calcium (Pro-Ca) and mepiquat chloride (MC) on the control effect of new shoot growth and fruit quality of grape, ‘Shine Muscat’ grapevine (Vitis labruscana × V. vinifera) was used as the test material, and different concentrations of Pro-Ca and a combination of Pro-Ca and MC were sprayed four times before flowering of ‘Shine Muscat’ grapevines, and the effects of the different treatments on the new shoot growth and fruit quality of ‘Shine Muscat’ grape were analyzed and evaluated. The results demonstrated that low concentrations of Pro-Ca had limited efficacy in controlling shoot growth. However, the combined treatment of Pro-Ca 300 mg/L + MC 300 mg/L not only effectively inhibited shoot elongation but also significantly enhanced the chlorophyll content of the leaves opposite to the clusters and increased branch density. Additionally, this treatment improved berry size (single berry weight, vertical and horizontal diameter) and elevated the soluble solids content (SSC). These findings suggest that the combined application of Pro-Ca (300 mg/L) and MC (300 mg/L) is the most effective strategy for balancing vegetative growth and enhancing fruit quality in ‘Shine Muscat’ grapevines.

Biostimulants have been increasingly investigated as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic fruit enlargement agents in horticulture. In this study, two commercially cultivated kiwifruit cultivars, Zhongmi No. 2 and Jintao, were used as experimental materials. Three biostimulant products with distinct functional compositions were investigated: Benefit PZ (BPZ), which is rich in potassium humate and organic nitrogen; Shengcai A (SCA), containing amino acids and trace elements; and Puluosaiting (PLST), a natural seaweed extract-based formulation rich in bioactive compounds. Their effects on fruit development and internal quality attributes were compared with those of two fruit enlargement agents, 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and forchlorfenuron (CPPU). Field experiments were conducted in two orchards located in Dancheng and Xixia, Henan Province, China, and treatments were applied during early fruit development. Growth traits (longitudinal and transverse diameters, single-fruit weight and firmness) and quality indicators (Soluble Solids Content, Titratable Acidity and Dry Matter Content) were measured at commercial maturity. CPPU and 6-BA substantially increased fruit size and weight compared with the control, whereas biostimulants produced moderate improvements without excessive enlargement. Notably, biostimulant treatments consistently enhanced internal quality attributes, indicating their potential to improve fruit quality without the drawbacks of excessive enlargement. Environmental and management differences between sites may also have contributed to treatment variability. These results suggest that biostimulants can improve internal quality traits while avoiding excessive fruit enlargement, representing a promising option for sustainable kiwifruit production.

Excessive shoot vigor in grapevines negatively impacts plant growth and fruit quality, necessitating the use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) for canopy management. This study investigated the effects of mepiquat chloride (MC) and chlormequat chloride (CCC) on shoot growth (including new shoot length, relative chlorophyll content, leaf area, etc.) and fruit quality in Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Shine Muscat’. Different concentrations of MC (100, 300, 500, 700 mg/L) and CCC (100, 300, 500, 700 mg/L) were applied via foliar spraying at multiple stages before flowering. The results demonstrated that both PGRs effectively suppressed shoot elongation, with CCC exhibiting superior inhibitory efficacy compared to MC. However, high concentration of either compound also restricted leaf and cluster development. Optimal treatments MC (500 mg/L) and CCC (100 mg/L) significantly enhanced berry size, soluble solids content (SSC), and solid–acid ratio while maintaining effective shoot control. For practical application, we recommend spraying MC (500 mg/L) or CCC (100 mg/L) during the new shoot growth, flower-cluster separation, and flowering stages of ‘Shine Muscat’ grapevines to improve the new shoot control effect and fruit quality.

This study investigated the physiological responses of Actinidia eriantha Benth. cv. ‘Zaoxu’ to water-soluble fertilizer (OWS) and microbial fertilizer (MF) under field conditions from 2022 to 2023. Utilizing a randomized block design, four sequential applications of OWS (T1, T2, and T3) and MF (T4 and T5) were applied at distinct dilution ratios during the shoot elongation phase. A multivariate analytical framework was employed to assess treatment effects on growth dynamics and fruit quality. Experimental data revealed that OWS applied at 1000× dilution significantly enhanced the growth of mother-bearing shoots and the bearing branch group. During the fruit development stage, both the longitudinal and transverse diameters exhibited differential expansion patterns, with the maximal dimensional increases observed under the 1000× and 1500× dilution OWS treatments. The 1000× dilution OWS treatment demonstrated a superior single-fruit weight, achieving a mean single-fruit weight of 57.07 g—a 32.23% increase relative to the control. Fruit quality analyses further indicated elevated concentrations of sugar components, ascorbic acid, and total phenols in the 1000× dilution OWS treatment group. Principal component analysis (PCA) generated a composite quality index (Z-value) yielding the following treatment ranking: T2 > T3 > T5 > T1 > T4 > control. These findings collectively indicate that the 1000× dilution OWS application demonstrated superior efficiency in enhancing both plant growth and fruit quality in ‘Zaoxu’, providing empirical support for optimized fertilization protocols in commercial cultivation systems.

Brassinosteroids (BRs) play pivotal roles in improving plant stress tolerance. To investigate the mechanism of BR regulation of salt tolerance in kiwifruit, we used ‘Hongyang’ kiwifruit as the test material. We exposed the plants to 150 mmol/L NaCl stress and irrigated them with exogenous BR (2,4-epibrassinolide). The phenotypic analysis showed that salt stress significantly inhibited photosynthesis in kiwifruit, leading to a significant increase in the H2O2 content of leaves and roots and a significant increase in Na+/K+, resulting in oxidative damage and an ion imbalance. BR treatment resulted in enhanced photosynthesis, reduced H2O2 content, and reduced Na+/K+ in leaves, alleviating the salt stress injury. Furthermore, transcriptome enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to BR treatment are involved in pathways such as starch and sucrose metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and plant hormone signal transduction, among others. Among the DEGs involved in plant hormone signal transduction, those with the highest expression were involved in abscisic acid signal transduction. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the expression of the AcHKT1 gene, which regulates ion transduction, and the antioxidant enzyme AcFSD2 gene, which is a key gene for improving salt tolerance. The data suggest that BRs can improve salt tolerance by regulating ion homeostasis and reducing oxidative stress.

软枣猕猴桃人工栽培年限较短,整形修剪技术还不完善,其栽培架式主要有棚架、T形架和篱壁架.我们探索的"多层垂直栽培"架式是一种垂直于地面的多层结果架式,即在同一种架形中兼有平棚架和篱壁架两种架式.这种架式的架面面积比棚架、T形架和篱壁架提高1倍以上,理论上可实现产量翻倍,而且通过整形修剪方法创新,2～3年可使枝蔓布满架面,提早1～2年进入丰产期.

以"阳光玫瑰"葡萄为试验材料,采用在"阳光玫瑰"不同生育期冲施海藻酸、聚谷氨酸和矿源黄腐酸钾3种生物刺激剂(清水作对照)的方法,研究了不同生物刺激剂对"阳光玫瑰"葡萄果实品质提升的影响,以期为其在葡萄生产上的合理应用提供参考依据.结果表明:施用海藻酸、聚谷氨酸和矿源黄腐酸钾均提高了"阳光玫瑰"葡萄果实的综合品质,其中以5个时期全程使用矿源黄腐酸钾处理的综合效果最好.使用生物刺激剂的不同处理果粒质量较对照提高了 11.46％～13.14％,以5个时期全程使用矿源黄腐酸钾的果粒质量最大;在前3个时期使用海藻酸的果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、维生素C等指标含量最高;在5个时期全程使用矿源黄腐酸钾的果实固酸比、糖酸比、葡萄糖、果糖等指标含量最高.

Kiwifruit is loved by consumers for its unique taste and rich vitamin C content. Kiwifruit are very sensitive to adverse soil environments owing to fleshy and shallow roots, which limits the uptake of water and nutrients into the root system, resulting in low yield and poor fruit quality. Lateral roots are the key organs for plants to absorb water and nutrients. Improving water and fertilizer use efficiency by promoting lateral root development is a feasible method to improve yield and quality. Expansin proteins plays a major role in lateral root growth; hence, it is important to identify expansin protein family members, screen key genes, and explore gene function in root development. In this study, 41 expansin genes were identified based on the genome of kiwifruit ('Hongyang', Actinidia chinensis). By clustering with the Arabidopsis thaliana expansin protein family, the 41 AcExpansin proteins were divided into four subfamilies. The AcExpansin protein family was further analysed by bioinformatics methods and was shown to be evolutionarily diverse and conserved at the DNA and protein levels. Based on previous transcriptome data and quantitative real-time PCR assays, we screened the candidate gene AcEXPA23. Overexpression of AcEXPA23 in kiwifruit increased the number of kiwifruit lateral roots.

油菜素甾醇(brassinosteroids,BRs)是20世纪后期发现的一类新型植物激素,参与调控植物生长发育的诸多方面,其中对植物根系发育过程具有重要的调控作用.油菜素内酯(brassinolide,BL)是最先确定结构的高活性BR.首先介绍了BR的发现、BR调控根系生长信号通路的进展,进一步阐述了BR通路转录因子与生长素(auxin)、细胞分裂素(cytokinin,CTK)、乙烯(ethylene,ETH)及其他信号分子互作对调控根系干细胞生态位、根尖分生区、根细胞生长、侧根、根毛以及根系向地性的作用机制,并对BR调控植物根系发育的深入研究提出问题及展望,为BR在调控植物根系发育中的应用提供理论依据.

Kiwifruit is popular among consumers, but its roots are sensitive to the surrounding environment and cannot efficiently use water and nutrients, leading to weak plant growth and relatively lower fruit yield and quality. Although brassinosteroid (BR) plays a critical role in promoting kiwifruit root growth, its regulatory mechanism is still unclear. Here we reported the inhibition of root growth at the physiological level when endogenous brassinosteroid level was reduced by its biosynthesis inhibitor brassinazole (BRZ), whereas exogenous application of BR increased root elongation and lateral root and root hair growth. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis results indicated that BR and BRZ altered the expression levels of some genes in kiwifruit roots. The data show that BR promotes root development by regulating genes involved in auxin signal transduction. Our study demonstrates the important role of BR in kiwifruit root growth.

为探究"厂"字形克瑞森无核葡萄适宜的负载量,于2021年在新疆第二师223团以9年生克瑞森无核为试材,设置6组负载量,测定并分析不同负载量下的果实质量和产量.结果表明,负载量对果实的外在品质影响较小,而对可溶性固形物含量、总酸值、固酸比等指标影响较大,其中,定穗20穗/株的可溶性固形物含量最大,为21.65％,16穗/株的总酸值最高,为0.86％,12穗/株的固酸比最大,为33.31,定穗14～16穗/株的果实着色指数较浅,为粉红色,其他处理颜色为红色.以18穗/株的实际产量最大,为274.5 kg/hm2,果实品质综合得分最高.

以'克瑞森无核'葡萄为试验材料,于萌芽期使用不同种类的有机水溶肥,观测其对植株新梢生长、不同时期的叶绿素含量及果实质量的变化,探究出一套适用于干旱区葡萄栽植的省力化早期促长技术研究方案.结果表明,经"墨尔厚""海思力加"和"土之道"等有机水溶肥处理的葡萄,其3～4叶节间长度均显著缩短."墨尔厚"处理对增加果实粒重有显著效果,"土之道"处理有利于促进穗重的增加.此外,"海思力加""土之道"处理过的葡萄果实可滴定酸含量降低,固酸比显著高于对照,风味有所提高.各处理对果粒着色影响不大,对果实不同发育期的叶片叶绿素含量影响不一.

The color and berry size of ‘Crimson Seedless’ play vital role in their marketability. In the present study, eight-year-old ‘Crimson Seedless’ was used as the experimental material to investigate the effect of plant growth regulators on the fruit weight, quality and color. Several dilutions of “Pro-Gibb” (20% gibberellic acid (A 3 )) and “Promalin” (1.8% 6-BA & 1.8% gibberellic acid (A 4 + A 7 )) were applied to the ‘Crimson Seedless’ plants during the swelling period, and the results showed that the cluster weight and berry weight were significantly increased by 46.77% and 20.64% respectively when treated with 6000 times diluted solution of “Promalin”. Except for application of 15,000 times diluted solution of “Pro-Gibb”, 4000 times and 5000 times diluted solution of “Promalin”, there were no significant differences between control and other treatments in soluble solid content (SSC). The titratable acid content (TA) of the berries was also significantly reduced under various treatments of plant growth regulators. The Vc content of the berries under T2 treatment increased up to 6.40 mg/100 g compared with the control. The color of berries with 20,000 times diluted solution of “Pro-Gibb” treatment was pink, and the color of berry with other treatments was red. In conclusion, application of 6000 times diluted solution of “Promalin” improved fruit quality, texture and berry weight more effectively compared with other applied treatments. Overall, the results of the present study showed that optimized doses of the plant growth regulators could significantly improve the ‘Crimson Seedless’ fruit quality.

[目的]研究赤霉酸(gibberellinacid,GA3)和噻苯隆(thidiazuron,TDZ)对'红艳无核'葡萄果实品质的影响,筛选适宜'红艳无核'品质提升的植物生长调节剂类型和浓度配比,为'红艳无核'葡萄合理施用植物生长调节剂提供理论依据,为其优质化栽培提供参考.[方法]以4 a(年)生'红艳无核'葡萄为试材,在果实膨大初期分别用不同浓度的GA3、TDZ以及二者混合液浸蘸果穗,在果实成熟期对不同处理的果实外观品质和内在品质指标进行测定.[结果]经GA3和TDZ处理后,果实的果穗质量、单果质量、纵横径、固酸比等均得到显著提升,其中以GA3处理和混合液处理的值相对较高;此外,GA3处理的果实着色指数达3.91,着色一致性显著优于其他处理,病果率较低(6.67％).综合评价不同处理的果实品质,结果为GA3处理＞混合液处理＞TDZ处理＞对照.[结论]GA,对'红艳无核'葡萄综合品质的提升效果最好,其中以25mg·L-1GA3处理的效果最佳.

Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch) is suitable for neutral acid soil. However, soil salinization is increasing in kiwifruit production areas, which has adverse effects on the growth and development of plants, leading to declining yields and quality. Therefore, analyzing the salt tolerance regulation mechanism can provide a theoretical basis for the industrial application and germplasm improvement of kiwifruit. We identified 120 NAC members and divided them into 13 subfamilies according to phylogenetic analysis. Subsequently, we conducted a comprehensive and systematic analysis based on the conserved motifs, key amino acid residues in the NAC domain, expression patterns, and protein interaction network predictions and screened the candidate gene AvNAC030. In order to study its function, we adopted the method of heterologous expression in Arabidopsis. Compared with the control, the overexpression plants had higher osmotic adjustment ability and improved antioxidant defense mechanism. These results suggest that AvNAC030 plays a positive role in the salt tolerance regulation mechanism in kiwifruit.

As one of the largest transcription factor family, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family plays an important role in plant metabolism, physiology and growth. Berry color is one of the important factors that determine grape quality. However, the bHLH transcription factor family’s function in anthocyanin synthesis of grape berry has not been studied systematically. We identified 115 bHLH transcription factors in grape genome and phylogenetic analysis indicated that bHLH family could be classified into 25 subfamilies. First, we screened six candidate genes by bioinformatics analysis and expression analysis. We found one of the candidate genes VdbHLH037 belonged to III (f) subfamily and interacted with genes related to anthocyanin synthesis through phylogenetic analysis and interaction network prediction. Therefore, we speculated that VdbHLH037 participated in the anthocyanin synthesis process. To confirm this, we transiently expressed VdbHLH037 in grape and Arabidopsis transformation. Compared with the control, transgenic materials can accumulate more anthocyanins. These results provide a good base to study the function of the VdbHLH family in anthocyanin synthesis of grape berry.

猕猴桃根为肉质根,根系分布浅,大多品种叶片大而薄,输导组织和气孔发达,蒸腾强烈,这些生物学特征决定了其抗逆性较差,表现为怕盐碱、怕干旱、怕涝渍、怕高温、怕低温、怕强光、怕大风.另外,生产中缺乏抗性砧木和优质苗木.这些都是影响猕猴桃种植成功的因素,商业化种植时要选择背风向阳的地块建园,并为其创造适宜的土壤条件,选用抗性砧木嫁接优良品种,采用根系较多、芽体饱满的裸根苗或塑料钵、美植袋培育的营养袋苗进行建园;非适栽区种植时,需搭设遮阳网、避雨棚等辅助设施,尽量避免强光、高温、低温、大风、霜冻、盐碱、干旱、涝渍等影响,加强土壤和肥水管理,培养健壮树体,控制产量、提高质量,方可种好猕猴桃、创造好效益.

克瑞森无核葡萄(Crimnson Seedless),别名克里森无核、克伦生无核、淑女红无核、绯红无核(图1),欧亚种,由美国育成,1998年引入我国,同年引种到新疆干旱戈壁地.由于克瑞森无核葡萄具有果实含糖量较高、采前不裂果、采后不落粒、耐贮运、商品性状佳、经济效益可观等优点,得到了快速发展,在新疆干旱区戈壁地已大面积推广.但在干旱戈壁地生产的克瑞森无核葡萄普遍存在果穗小、果粒小、产量低、着色差、品质低、风味淡等现象,个别地方栽培的克瑞森无核葡萄穗质量只有200克,粒质量仅有3克左右,可溶性固形物含量14％～15％,达不到克瑞森无核葡萄品种的固有风味及商品性,致使售价低,严重影响了广大果农的经济收入.因此,管理观念亟需更新,栽培技术水平需要进一步提高.