It is essential to search for sustainable alternatives to develop controlled-release systems for nutrients and pesticide-based polymers to eliminate the losses of agrochemicals caused by surface runoff. This study developed new hydrogels based on PDG and lignite to enhance their use in pesticide formulations. The hydrogels were synthesized via the free radical copolymerization and characterized using FTIR, C-1(3) NMR, FESEM, XRD, and TGA techniques. The swelling ratios were 299.21, 120.34, and 90.58 g.g(-1) for Lt-g-SAH, Lt-PDG-g-SAH, and PDG-g-SAH, respectively. The effect of pH showed that the highest swelling occurred at pH 7.2. The Korsmeyer-Peppas, Weibull, and Higuchi models were used to investigate release of thiamethoxam in distilled water (DW). Pesticide demonstrated 34.25%, 31.64%, and 28.84% release from Lt-g-SAH, Lt-PDG-g-SAH, and PDG-g-SAH, respectively, over a time duration of 92 h. Water evaporation was reduced in the following order: Blank soil > PDG-g-SAH > Lt-PDG-g-SAH > Lt-g-SAH after 12 days. These results indicate the potential of the synthesized hydrogels as a sustainable solution to reduce environmental issues arising from the use of conventional pesticides. Overall, this work establishes PDG and Lignite grafted hydrogels as an effective tool for the development of sustainable agriculture.

An enzymatic biosensor based on poly-ortho-phenylenediamine (PoPD) coated with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) was developed for the detection of xanthine (Xn). Microscopic and spectroscopic analyses confirmed the successful incorporation of TiO₂ into the g-C₃N₄@PoPD nanohybrid. The resulting nanocomposite exhibited excellent sensing performance, achieving a wide linear detection range from 1 pM to 1 µM and an ultralow detection limit of 0.2 pM. The biosensor demonstrated good stability for up to 5 weeks, high reproducibility, and strong selectivity toward Xn even in the presence of potential interfering analytes. Validation using real samples from Rohu (Labeo rohita) fish further confirmed its potential applicability for xanthine detection in meat freshness assessment.

Sustainability, which addresses the challenges of agricultural issues, requires the development of hydrogel-based systems. For this purpose, new hydrogels have been synthesized via free radical copolymerization using Iraqi Prunus domestica gums (IPDG) and lignosulfonic acid sodium salt (LS), and were analyzed by FTIR, 13C NMR, FESEM, XRD, and TGA techniques. The swelling capacities are 165.357 g.g(-1) of LS-IPDG-g-SAH, 159.267 g.g(-1) of LS-g-SAH, and 156.469 g.g(-1) of IPDG-g-SAH hydrogel formulations. The pH 7.2 exhibited the maximum swelling in distilled water compared to alkali and acidic media. The release behaviour of thiamethoxam in distilled water has been modeled using the Korsmeyer-Peppas, Weibull, and Higuchi models. Up to 92 h, 27.793%, 25.447%, and 23.538% of the pesticide are released from LS-IPDG-g-SAH, LS-g-SAH, and IPDG-g-SAH, respectively. For soil application, the trend of water evaporation is in the decreasing sequence: blank soil > IPDG-g-SAH >LS-g-SAH >LS-IPDG-g-SAH after 12 days. These results generally present the prospects of hydrogels as environmentally friendly materials for agrochemical applications, providing opportunities for the controlled delivery of pesticides and increased resource efficiency. Additionally, the novel approach by incorporating IPDG and lignin-based hydrogels makes it of fantastic value in the field of potential agricultural development.

Early diagnosis and efficient monitoring of cancer biomarkers depend on the fabrication of sensitive, quick and affordable technologies. In this study, we present a novel electrochemical paper-based immunosensor that combines PEDOT:PSS and Ag-CuO nanocomposite for the sensitive detection of EpCAM antigen, a clinically significant biomarker linked to a variety of epithelial cancers. Ag-CuO boosted the surface area and catalytic activity of PEDOT:PSS-based conducting paper in order to improve the electron transfer kinetics and mechanical stability. Further, electrical conductivity and electrochemical performance were improved by doping the fabricated electrode, Ag-CuO@CP with EG (60

Monitoring organophosphorous pesticides (OPs) is indispensable for ensuring food safety, protecting human health, and upholding ecological balance. In this study, ZnS-grafted Ti3C2Tx nanohybrid was synthesized by using a one-pot hydrothermal method and deposited electrophoretically onto an indium tin oxide (ITO) coated substrate, which was further immobilized with a mixture of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme and chitosan (CS) in the presence of glutaraldehyde to construct AChE-CS/ZnS@Ti3C2Tx/ITO biosensor for chlorpyrifos (CPE) detection. The structural and morphological characterization of the synthesized material was conducted by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and Raman spectroscopy, which confirms a successful grafting of zinc sulfide nanoparticles (ZnS NPs) and predominant –OH surface terminations on Ti3C2Tx that encourage enzyme immobilization. The constructed sensor demonstrates a linear range of 1 pM – 100 nM, a low limit of detection (0.11 pM) and sensitivity (11.28 µA pM− 1 cm− 2) with good reproducibility, stability, and appreciable recoveries (91.17-104.72

Organophosphate pesticide, fenitrothion (FNT), is being used in agriculture to protect the crops and improve their yields. However, an extensive use of FNT has raised concerns due to its persistence in the environment, which creates toxicity, leading to a ban in several countries. In this study, an innovative and cost-effective electrochemical sensor based on CeO2 nanoparticles-grafted Ti3C2Tx has been utilized to detect the FNT in real samples using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique. A simple electrophoretic deposition process was used to fabricate the CeO2/Ti3C2Tx@ITO electrode. The electrochemical results confirm that the sensor has strong selectivity, high sensitivity (0.728 µA pM−1 cm−2), and low detection limit of 1 pM. These findings reveal that the CeO2/Ti3C2Tx@ITO electrode may be a better alternative to other conventional methods.

ABSTRACT The growing interest in superfoods has highlighted underutilized legumes for their nutritional and health‐promoting properties. Therefore, we report the first outcomes of preparing underutilized legume‐based cookies and cereals/flakes. For this, our study initially explores the in vitro anti‐lipase and anti‐hemolytic activity of two underutilized legumes—adzuki beans ( Vigna angularis ) and mung beans ( Vigna radiata ). Further, novel breakfast cereals and cookies formulated from these legumes were evaluated as sustainable, plant‐based interventions for managing obesity. In vitro anti‐lipase assay results showed that adzuki (75.45%, IC 50 = 37.16 ± 0.15 µg/mL) and mung beans (72.72%, IC 50 = 44.93 ± 0.04 µg/mL) exhibited strong inhibition against pancreatic lipase, comparable to the standard drug orlistat (80.53%, IC 50 = 24.83 ± 0.16). Both the extracts showed excellent in vitro anti‐hemolytic activity against H 2 O 2 ‐induced hemolysis. Adzuki bean products showed lower ( p < 0.05) water absorption index, higher water solubility index (WSI), and higher phenolic and flavonoid content than mung bean products. Both products showed high levels of essential nutrients, and sensory evaluation indicated high consumer acceptability and positive response for flavor, odor, and aftertaste. Therefore, this work demonstrates the potential of adzuki and mung beans into functional foods for weight loss.

The extensive use of neonicotinoid insecticides, particularly dinotefuran, poses risks of groundwater and soil contamination. This study developed a humic acid-based ammonium humate-grafted poly(sodium acrylate) hydrogel (HA-g-SAH) via free-radical copolymerization to enable controlled pesticide release. HA-g-SAH was characterized by 13C CPMAS NMR, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and TGA to confirm its structural integrity and stability. Swelling performance of different formulations revealed significant effects of biopolymer, initiator, and crosslinker concentrations, with HA-g-SAH achieving a maximum swelling index of 320.92 g & centerdot;g- 1, compared with 162.27 g & centerdot;g- 1 for the control (ctrl). Network parameters were also calculated. Dinotefuran loading efficiency reached 65.24%, exceeding that of the ctrl hydrogel (54.35%). Release experiments demonstrated a gradual, extended pesticide release: HA-g-SAH released 78.45% of dinotefuran (49 h), while the ctrl released 64.21% (33 h). Kinetic modelling indicated that the release followed a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism, best described by the Korsmeyer-Peppas and Weibull models. Soil amendment studies further showed that HA-g-SAH significantly enhanced water retention capacity (79.46% at 1% hydrogel), outperforming the ctrl (58.49%). These findings highlight that HA-g-SAH exhibits high swelling and extended pesticide release capacity. Thus, this study offers a sustainable strategy to reduce pesticide leaching and enhance agricultural productivity.

Phenolic pollutants (PhPs) are among the most toxic organic pollutants commonly present in industrial wastewater, posing severe risks to human health and aquatic ecosystems even at low concentrations. Their persistence, bioaccumulation, and carcinogenic nature necessitate the development of a rapid, cost-effective, and sensitive detection platform for on-site wastewater monitoring. In the present work, a conducting paper electrode (CPE) has been fabricated using ionic liquid (IL)-modified reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-magnesium oxide (MgO) nanohybrid (ILs@rGO-MgO) for the electrochemical detection of phenolic compounds in wastewater. The morphology and structural composition of the ILs@rGO-MgO nanohybrid have been investigated using XRD, Raman, FTIR, and SEM analysis, confirming the successful synthesis of the nanohybrid. The conductivity studies of the ILs@rGO-MgO/CPE show that the nanohybrid exhibits higher conductivity when treated with methanol. The fabricated ILs@rGO-MgO/CPE has been utilized for the non-enzymatic determination of hydroquinone (HQ), revealing a low limit of detection (0.042 & micro;M), a wide linear range (0.1-90 & micro;M), and high sensitivity (0.0202 & micro;A & micro;M-1 cm-2). The selectivity study suggests that the ILs@rGO-MgO/CPE can detect HQ in tap and river water, with an acceptable recovery rate.

Organophosphate pesticides have been widely used to protect crops from pests during growth and to maintain their quality after harvest. However, their residues and decomposition products may permeate the soil and water systems, eventually accumulating in food products and posing potential health and environmental concerns. Therefore, the development of a robust analytical technique to monitor these residues is crucial. Herein, a novel and highly efficient acetylcholinesterase (AChE) based electrochemical biosensing platform was constructed using MXene and graphitic carbon nitride (Ti3C2Tx@g-C3N4) as a substrate material for the rapid determination of trichlorfon (TF). The synergistic effect of Ti3C2Tx@g-C3N4 not only facilitates electron diffusion at the sensing interface but also enhances the electroactive surface area for AChE immobilization. The structural and morphological features of the Ti3C2Tx@g-C3N4 composite were characterized using various analytical techniques. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were employed to examine the electrochemical behaviour of the prepared biosensor. Under optimal conditions, the fabricated biosensor (AChE/M-Ti3C2Tx@g-C3N4/ITO) demonstrates a wide linear range (0.1 pM-1 µM) and a low detection limit (LOD) of 0.1 pM. Moreover, the biosensor shows good reproducibility, high anti-interference ability, and acceptable stability. Finally, the feasibility of developed biosensor was validated in real matrices (carrot, guava, and fenugreek) which exhibits the satisfactory recovery (91.9

ABSTRACT Barrier coatings are an essential advancement for enhancing the performance of paper‐based packaging. Unlike plastics, paper possesses inherent weaknesses such as high porosity, poor moisture and gas resistance, low thermal stability and a lack of heat‐sealability. While biopolymers have emerged as a viable, eco‐friendly alternative to conventional petroleum‐based polymers, glass and metals which are not biodegradable and are also harmful to the environment. The poor moisture, temperature, gas tolerance and other drawbacks of biopolymer barrier coatings, however, limit their wide range of applications. As global demand for sustainable packaging grows, overcoming these technical deficiencies is critical to ensuring product quality, extended shelf life and physical protection. Furthermore, cost‐effectiveness remains a decisive factor in the transition to bio‐based solutions. This review provides a comprehensive, evidence‐based analysis of biopolymer coatings, focusing on their capacity to prevent oxygen and moisture infiltration in the paper packaging sectors as well as any potential corrections that may be necessary to support their increased use. The article examines, assesses and tries to describe the entire current situation of paper packaging which calls for the improvements. This will generate sufficient knowledge and concern regarding the necessity of barrier coating composed of bio polymers and for using paper packaging sustainably.

In this study, Cassia fistula (CF) gum and Tannin from Acacia catechu (ACT), potentially used to produce CFAC-g-SAH for effective controlled-release of agrochemicals. The synthesized hydrogels were thoroughly characterized by 13C NMR, FT-IR, SEM, XRD, and TGA. CFAC-g-SAH was compared with ACT and CF hydrogels. The swelling studies of the synthesized hydrogel were measured by varying amounts of crosslinker and biopolymer, yielding the highest swelling for CFAC-g-SAH 185 g & centerdot;g-1. Release kinetics of synthesized hydrogels were studied by the Korsmeyer-Peppas, Higuchi and first-order kinetics models. The loading percentages of thiamethoxam were 58.49, 36.39, and 42.43% for CFAC-g-SAH, CF-g-SAH, and ACT-g-SAH, respectively. The CFAC-g-SAH hydrogel outperformed ACT-g-SAH and CF-g-SAH in highest swelling and longest release duration. A sustained release up to 40 h was achieved using CFAC-g-SAH, followed by a non-Fickian release mechanism. Thus, the synthesized CFAC-g-SAH emerges as a promising controlled-release device for agrochemicals with the potential to mitigate the environmental impact of pesticides.

A novel and precise electrochemical sensor utilizing a 10-phenylisoalloxazine (PI)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) modified indium tin oxide (PI/rGO/ITO) electrode was developed and employed for the detection of persulfate (S2O82-). In the present study, developed rGO was initially deposited onto ITO coated glass substrate using an electrophoretic deposition process. Then the rGO/ITO electrode was activated by coating PI using the drop-casting method. The techniques of FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis, XRD, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to characterize the components and electrode. The constructed sensor (PI/rGO/ ITO), under all optimized conditions, exhibited exceptional sensitivity 36.29 mu A(mu M)-1 cm-2 with a low detection limit (LOD) of 0.19 mu M and a linear correlation with S2O82-concentration spanning from 1 mu M to 80 mu M. Furthermore, this newly developed sensor demonstrated impressive stability and sensitivity, effectively identifying S2O82-in real samples with commendable results.

ABSTRACTThis paper introduced an innovative paper‐based biosensor outlined for the precise and rapid detection of fenitrothion pesticide. In this work, CuS@rGO grafted PEDOT:PSS‐based conducting paper has been fabricated by simple dip coating method. Further, the CuS@rGO/PEDOT:PSS/WP electrodes were doped with multiple organic solvents such as methanol, ethylene glycol (EG), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N,N‐dimethyl formamide (DMF), and N‐methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) to enhance the electrochemical parameters. Among all these solvents, the electrode doped with DMSO is found to have the highest conductivity. Subsequently, AChE enzyme is immobilized onto the modified electrode to accelerate the particular recognition of fenitrothion using glutaraldehyde as a cross‐linking agent. Electrochemical studies have shown that this conducting paper‐based electrode possesses high sensitivity and low detection limit of 0.505 mA/pM and 0.28 pM, respectively, under a physiological range of 1–80 pM for fenitrothion (FNT) detection. This paper electrode may be a very promising alternative to ITO, gold and glassy carbon electrodes, which are known to have few uses because of their high cost, fragility, restricted flexibility, and environment concerns. The recommended biosensor's accuracy was well evaluated in two real samples like rice and tomato thereby increasing its suitability for FNT detection in real‐world circumstances.

In this work, a highly bendable Whatman paper-based immunosensor has been proposed for highly sensitive and real-time detection of EpCAM antigen. A novel Ag@Ti3C2Tx hybrid material is used with aqueous poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) [PEDOT:PSS] solution to enhance various electrochemical parameters, namely, conductivity, hydrophilicity, stability, and so forth. The conducting paper has been fabricated by simple dip-coating method followed by doping with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), an organic solvent. The DMSO treatment results in the sharp increase in electrical conductivity of Ag@Ti3C2Tx/CP from 10.9 x 10(-3) to 763.5 x 10(-3) S/cm (around 70 times). Further, the bendability of the fabricated conducting paper is verified by paper folding study at different angles. The developed immunosensor, anti-EpCAM/Ag@Ti3C2Tx/CP, is found to be highly sensitive (44.12 mu Afg(-1)mL) to detect EpCAM antigen with ultrabroad linear range (1 fg/mL-10,000 pg/mL). Ultimately, the manufactured immunosensor is used to assess the EpCAM in spiked serum samples, and the results demonstrate a strong correlation with the standard buffer samples.

The development of fortified foods and nutraceuticals based on legumes used in our traditional Indian system of cuisines & medicine has gained much appeal in recent times due to their exemplary biological activities. Specifically, the use of traditional and underutilized legumes holds much scope for exploration. This study demonstrates the biological profiling and phytochemical screening of Naurangi dal (rice beans) and Kulthi dal (horse gram/Kulthi beans) extracts. The bioactive compounds were identified using UHPLC-QTOF-MS and GC-MS. Fatty acid profiling, proximate, amino acid, and elemental analyses were carried out to evaluate the nutritional profile of the legumes. Using GC-MS, it was found that the legumes had high concentrations of terpenes, hydrocarbons, and fatty acids. Various secondary metabolites (quercetin, catechin-7-O-glucoside, epicatechin, and catechin) were found using UHPLC-QTOF-MS. The legumes demonstrated rich concentrations of essential, non-essential, and non-proteinogenic amino acids, as well as linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acid. Elemental analysis showed the presence of 21 elements with magnesium, potassium, and molybdenum being the most prevalent. In biological profiling, anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activities were performed on the selected legume extracts. The anti-oxidant activity of Kulthi beans extracts was greater than rice beans extracts. Additionally, methanolic extract of the legumes also showed promising anti-microbial activity. These results suggest that these underutilized legumes could be an excellent source of bioactive compounds, anti-microbial and anti-oxidantagents that could be utilized in food, pharmaceutical and cosmeticsindustries.

Organic molecules show potential for building energy storage devices. They have several advantages in terms of structural variety, tunable redox potential, and environmental friendliness alternatives to inorganic and polymer electrodes for batteries and other energy storage systems. In recent years, they have drawn tremendous research interest, due to the significant developments in related organic materials and their performance measures. This article reviewed the potential of isoalloxazines and their analogs as energy storage materials. This article covers the functional group addition, polymer integration, and the combination of numerous redox-active moieties with isoalloxazines that helped them to be utilized as energy storage materials.

The agricultural sector relies heavily on pesticides to enhance productivity and ensure food security, but UV degradation often compromises their efficacy. The present study addresses this issue and introduces dinotefuran‐loaded, lignite‐based polysodium acrylate hydrogel (Lt‐g‐SAH) as a protective shield against UV radiation for dinotefuran. The synthesis of Lt‐g‐SAH and control hydrogel (ctrl) through the graft co‐polymerization method is detailed, with comprehensive characterization using 13 C CPMAS NMR, FT‐IR, XRD, SEM, and TGA techniques. The release kinetics of dinotefuran are investigated via UV–vis spectrophotometry to elucidate the controlled release. This study highlights the potential of lignite‐based hydrogels as versatile platforms in pesticide protection, where dinotefuran was found to have a marginal decrease of 1.58% in Lt‐g‐SAH compared to a 28.11% decrease in ctrl hydrogel and delivery mechanisms, with the Lt‐g‐SAH demonstrating 62.46% pesticide release in 39 h in contrast to 56.22% release from ctrl in 33 h. The pesticide loading increased from 64.36% in ctrl to 70.12% in Lt‐g‐SAH. Incorporating lignite in Lt‐g‐SAH also improves the soil's water retention capacity and offers potential as a nitrogen fertilizer carrier. Through comprehensive evaluation, this study demonstrates the viability of lignite‐based hydrogel as a cost‐effective and eco‐friendly solution for safeguarding pesticides for agricultural sustainability.

Levofloxacin (LEV) is widely used to treat human and animal infections. However, overuse of this antibiotic poses a risk to the ecosystem and food safety. Therefore, developing a robust analytical method to monitor LEV residues is of great importance. Herein, an efficient and highly stable molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based electrochemical sensing interface has been designed by using TiO2-functionalized titanium carbide (TC) for the selective determination of LEV. The TiO2/TC hybrid was synthesized by the in situ growth of TiO2 on the surface of TC sheets via a facile one-pot hydrothermal route. Subsequently, MIP films were grown on the substrate via the electropolymerization technique. The morphological, spectroscopic, and structural properties of the proposed MIP sensor were investigated using several analytical and electrochemical methods. The 2D/2D TiO2/TC hybrid improves the electrocatalytic activity and facilitates a large number of binding sites for the specific detection of LEV. Under all the optimized parameters, the fabricated sensor, i.e., MIP@TiO2/TC/ITO, exhibits high binding affinity towards LEV with a broad linear range (1 pM–100 nM), an extremely low detection limit (0.41 pM), and high sensitivity. Moreover, this sensor shows good reproducibility and long-term stability, resulting in a useful sensing platform to determine the LEV in spiked real samples with satisfactory outcomes.

Herein, we envisage the fabrication of conducting paper electrode (CPE) based on ionic liquid (IL)-grafted ZrO 2 nanoparticles and rGO for ultra-sensitive enzymatic detection of hazardous phenolic compounds. The rGO-ZrO 2 nanohybrid has been synthesized using the one-pot hydrothermal technique, followed by the modification with IL to enhance the catalytic activity and conductivity of rGO-ZrO 2 nanohybrid. CPE has been prepared by integrating ILs@rGO-ZrO 2 nanohybrid with the PEDOT: PSS modified Whatsman filter paper. The ILs@rGO-ZrO 2 /CPE has been immersed in different solvents, and its conductivity was assessed using the four-probe method. The conductivity of the ILs@rGO-ZrO 2 /CPE was higher in ethanol (7.58 × 10⁻ 3 S/cm) compared to the electrodes without treatment with any solvent. Further, the laccase enzyme was covalently linked to the ILs@rGO-ZrO 2 /CPE for detecting HQ. The fabricated biosensor depicts a linear response for the detection of HQ in the concentration range of 40 μM to 0.01 μM with a detection limit of 0.01 μM and sensitivity of 0.1408 μA μM −1 cm −2 . The electrochemical results indicate that integrating ILs@rGO-ZrO 2 nanohybrid with the CPE enhances electron transfer and electrocatalytic performance. The validation of the fabricated biosensor with tap and lake water shows an acceptable recovery rate, indicating that the developed method is cost-effective and eco-friendly.