In order to explore the suitable transplanting methods in Xinyang tobacco-growing area and improve flue-cured tobacco quality.A field experiment including three different transplanting methods were carried out in Luoshan county:conventional film transplanting(CK),upturned cup transplanting(T1)and seedling film transplanting(T2),then we compared the difference of soil temperature of ridges at different depths,root biomass of tobacco plants,agronomic properties of tobacco plants,appearance quality and economic properties of flue-cured tobacco leaves.The results showed that transplanting for 30～60 days,the surface soil temperature of CK and T1 treatment was higher than that of seedling under film transplanting(T2 treatment),and the fresh weight and dry weight of tobacco roots were T1＞T2＞CK;during the later tobacco growth stage(70～95 days),T3 treatment can effectively improve the surface soil temperature of the ridge,and the change of root biomass was same as that in the earlier growing stage.after transplanting for 30 days,the stem circumference,maximum leaf length,maximum leaf width and leave number of tobacco plant showed as CK＞T2＞T1.After transplanting for 45 days,the tobacco plant grew rapidly except for the leave number after transplanting for 75 days,all agronomic traits showed as T2＞CK＞T1.The economic proper-ties of flue-cured tobacco and the sensory evaluation quality of flue-cured leaves at each leaf position were T1＞T2＞CK.The output value per hectare of flue-cured tobacco at T1 treatment was 16.97％and 12.29％,and the average price was 12.97％and 10.20％higher than that in CK and T2 treatment respectively.In conclusion,upturned cup transplanting under film in Xinyang tobacco-growing area was better in improving the yield and quality of tobacco leaves.

试验旨在评价黑水虻幼虫转化猪粪后的虫体及残渣作为蛋鸡饲养中动物性饲料添加剂的可行性.按照每1 000 kg新鲜猪粪表面接种1 000～1 200只4日龄黑水虻幼虫,用黑水虻幼虫转化猪粪至预蛹期,将虫体和剩余残渣混合物即生物转化混合物(BFM)烘干粉碎并检测其营养成分;将216只270日龄的京红褐蛋鸡随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复24只.对照组蛋鸡饲喂基础日粮,各试验组分别在基础日粮中添加5%、15%、25%的BFM.试验期8周.结果显示,1 000 kg含水量约77%的猪粪经黑水虻幼虫生物转化后再烘干粉碎,剩余168 kg(含水量86 g/kg)生物转化混合物的干物质.BFM营养成分分析表明,BFM中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、钙含量分别为205、46、131、26 g/kg,维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素B6含量分别为30.4、30.2、230.2 mg/kg,含有丰富的微量元素和必需氨基酸.试验组1蛋鸡的产蛋率最高,为85.7%,平均蛋重随BFM添加量的增加而提高.添加BFM对蛋鸡蛋黄重、蛋白重、蛋形指数和蛋壳厚度具有显著影响(P<0.05).与对照组相比,试验组2蛋鸡血清总蛋白(TP)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著提高(P<0.05);试验组2和试验组3血清总胆固醇(TC)含量显著降低(P<0.05),总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著提高(P<0.05);试验组1和试验组2过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著提高(P<0.05);各试验组丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P<0.05).研究表明,BFM可以作为动物性饲料添加剂在蛋鸡饲养中应用,适宜添加量为15%.

Aroma substance is an important quality factor to measure the quality of tobacco leaves. The formation of aroma style of high quality tobacco leaves is easily restricted by ecological factors. In this paper,four important aroma precursors in tobacco were introduced,and the difference of aroma substance content in different aroma types of tobacco was analyzed. The effects of different ecological factors on tobacco aroma substances were reviewed from two aspects:abiotic factors（light,temperature,rainfall,soil,altitude）and biological factors（soil microorganisms）. The relationship between aroma substances and tobacco aroma characteristics was further discussed,and the effects of aroma precursors and ecological factors on tobacco aroma were summarized. Finally,the future research direction was prospected,in order to provide new ideas for the study on rational planting and quality improvement of tobacco.

本文以信阳烟区双永久(永久烟田、永久烟农)建设为例,分析了双永久建设背景、信阳烟区烟叶生产现状,讨论了信阳烟区双永久建设的实践、成效、启示,为信阳烟区乡村振兴探索路径,为国内其他烟区双永久建设提供参考.

[目的]探明烤烟上部叶成熟度分类烘烤对其烤后质量的影响,为彰显信阳市上部烟叶品质及特色提供理论指导.[方法]以烤烟品种云烟87为试验材料,采用叶绿素仪测定上部烟叶各叶位SPAD值,基于SPAD值进行成熟度分类,分析不同成熟度分类烘烤及工艺的烤后烟叶外观质量、感官评吸质量、中性致香物质及主要化学成分.[结果]顶部第2片烟叶距叶基1/5处SPAD值波动相对较小,且后期变化规律趋于稳定,适宜直接作为田间成熟度分类采收标准;与成熟度混合烘烤相比,成熟度分类烘烤在叶片结构等方面表现良好,主要化学成分之间的协调性更好,提升烤后烟叶外观质量及感官质量;与常规烘烤工艺相比,利用优化后的烘烤工艺烤后烟叶外观质量差异不明显,但中性致香物质总量提高,高成熟度烟叶的常规工艺、优化工艺烘烤和低成熟度烟叶优化烘烤工艺的中性致香物质总量较高,分别比常规烘烤方法高0.58％、22.13％和2.66％;主要化学成分更协调,香气量明显增多,杂气、刺激性减轻,烟叶感官质量显著改善.[结论]基于单位点SPAD值的成熟分类采收可直接应用于实际生产中,成熟度分类烘烤尤其是优化后的烘烤工艺明显提高烤后烟叶质量,可在烟区采收烘烤阶段推广应用.

为探索K326在信阳植烟区适宜的种植密度,在固定行距120 cm条件下开展45、50、55、60、70 cm共5种株距配置试验,分析不同株距对烟株生长发育、叶片净光合作用速率、经济效益及评吸质量的影响.结果表明,烟株茎围与株距成正比,株距55 cm株高显著高于其他处理、株距50 cm叶片最长、株距70 cm叶片最宽;叶片净光合作用速率随着株距增加呈现出先增加后降低在增加的趋势;株距为55 cm烤后烟中部叶和上部叶感官质量均最好.综合分析:信阳植烟区K326行距120 cm前提下配置株距55 cm烟株发育和叶片净光合作用速率较为适宜、烤后烟经济效益及品质最佳.

为探索豫南烟区中部叶不同成熟度烟叶的适宜烘烤工艺,实现烟农增收和烟叶品质提升的目的,以云烟87中部叶为材料,首先对烟叶成熟度进行了分类,然后针对不同成熟度的烟叶分别进行烘烤工艺优化.结果表明:对鲜烟叶进行成熟度分类,该批次鲜烟叶中适熟与低成熟度烟叶的比例为3:1;通过对不同成熟度烟叶分类装炕精准烘烤(低成熟度烟叶采用T1工艺,主要是延长烘烤预变黄过程、提升烟叶的后熟效应;适熟烟叶采用T3工艺,主要是定色前降低烟叶水分,并延长定色烘烤时间),其烤后烟叶综合的上等烟比例和均价分别较常规烘烤提升8.20％和8.95％,均达到显著水平;同时,T1工艺和T3工艺分别能够显著提升低成熟度烟叶和适熟烟叶烤后的经济效益、外观质量及评吸质量,并提高主要化学成分的整体协调性.

对河南省信阳市罗山县2010─2019年烤烟大田期(4─9月)的主要气象因子与烤后烟叶的理化性质进行了统计分析.结果显示:在不同年份间温度、日照时长、相对湿度较为稳定,而降水量变异系数较大;烟叶的总糖、还原糖、总植物碱、钾、总氮含量以及糖碱比较为稳定,而氯和淀粉含量变化较大;日照时长与烟叶拉力、含梗率、叶面密度、叶片厚度呈显著相关;平均气温和相对湿度与烟叶还原糖、总氮、总糖、总植物碱含量以及钾氯比呈显著正相关;月平均降水量对上部烟叶钾、植物碱、氯含量、糖碱比以及中部叶总糖、总氮、淀粉、钾含量、糖碱比影响显著;日照总长对上部烟叶总糖、总氮、淀粉含量以及中部烟叶糖碱比、氮碱比、钾氯比影响显著.

以烟用烤房内生产豌豆苗为材料,研究不同光质(蓝光、红光、蓝红混合光)对豌豆苗长、重量积累、色素含量及营养物质含量的影响.结果表明,相同光照条件下,相对较高的喷水频度能够提高豌豆苗长、鲜重和干重、色素含量和营养成分含量,其中蓝光照射条件下,叶绿素a、VC含量和总酚含量显著增加,红光照射条件下,叶绿素b、类黄酮和总酚含量显著增加,蓝红混合光照条件下,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、VC含量和类黄酮含量显著增加.相同喷水频度下,蓝光处理能够显著提升苗长及显著增加豌豆苗茎叶鲜重、总鲜重、总干重.不同光质对豌豆苗叶片中不同色素含量的影响存在差异,蓝光处理显著增加叶绿素a含量,红光处理显著增加叶绿素b含量,蓝红混合光照处理显著增加类胡萝卜素含量.红光处理酚类物质含量显著高于其他光质.蓝光照射处理VC含量、可溶性蛋白含量和类黄酮含量高于红光照射.豌豆苗中色素总量与VC含量、类黄酮含量呈极显著正相关,与可溶性蛋白含量呈显著正相关.总之,豌豆苗生产过程中采用蓝光照射配合较高的喷水频度能够改善豌豆苗生长发育状况和达到提升豌豆苗营养价值的目的.

[Objective] To research the economic benefits of efficient application of flue-cured tobacco seedling cultivation greenhouse.[Method] We analyzed the invested cost,output value and economic benefits of cherry tomato,cucumber and cowpea based on different dates of seeding.[Result] Within a certain range,smaller planting area had higher labor cost,and labor cost was the most important constituent of invest cost.Different seeding dates had affected the yield and output value.The highest economic output values of cherry tomato,cucumber and cow pea were July 8th,Sepetember 5th and May 6th.Cherry tomato had the highest economic benefits among the three cash crops.[Conclusion] Seedling cutlivation greenhouse of flue-cured tobacco has relatively high economic benefits,which plays an important role in increasing the income of tobacco farmers.

[Objective] To study the optimal transplant date in Xinyang flue-cured tobacco area,provide reference for improving flue-cured tobacco quality. [Method] The field experiment of transplant date with randomized block was conducted in Pingqiao area,Xinyang City in2012. [Result] The result showed that,plant height of T4 treatment was highest but other index were lower in days after transplant date of 45 and 75,but the agronomic trait of T2 and T3 were better than T1 and T4 in mature period; appearance quality of tobacco leaf of T3 after curing was best,meanwhile,T2 was second; total sugar,reducing sugar and starch content of T4 were lowest but total nitrogen and nicotine were higher; sensory evaluation quality of tobacco leaf of T3 was best,T4 was worst. [Conclusion]The optimal transplant date for flue-cured tobacco in Xinyang is during April 20- 30.

Coastal wetlands in the Yellow River Delta are typical new wetland ecosystems in warm temperate zone. In recent years, influenced by natural and human factors, these coastal wetlands in the Yellow River Delta have undergone changes of landscape fragmentation, vegetation degradation, pollution, species reduction, and harmful exotic species invasion. These changes have influenced sustainable and healthy development of marine economy of the Yellow River Delta. To protect natural ecological environment of the Yellow River Delta, the authors recommended that it should establish and improve policies, laws and regulations of wetland protection; carry out wetland resource investigation and assessment and monitoring; strengthen comprehensive protection and control of wetland; reduce wetland degradation and promote sustainable use of wetland.

介绍了烤烟分级中成熟度的概念,分析成熟度与烟叶的外观质量、化学成分及评吸质量的关系,详述分级实践中成熟度和不同部位烟叶成熟度标准的外观特征,总结成熟度在分级实践中的判定方法,以为烤烟分级中成熟度的认识和判定提供参考。

在烤烟收购中,杂色叶组所占比例较大,其对烤烟质量的影响也很大。为全面深入的认识杂色烟,本文阐述了杂色与杂色叶的概念,分析了杂色对烟叶质量的影响,杂色的几种主要类型及其形成原因,提出了在生产中防止杂色烟产生的措施以及在收购中对杂色烟判定的原则。

This experiment was carried out to study certain enzyme activity and quality of cured leaves during field time under different nitrogen rates. The results showed that the activity of NRase was descended in middle period after rising first, slightly ascended finally under certain nitrogen rates ranges. And its activity had a direct ratio with nitrogen fertilizer amount. Activity of POD kept declining for all the periods. Especially during 50 to 60 days after transplanting dates, the degree of declining was the largest. However the activity POD was slightly rising with increasing of nitrogen rates. The decreasing tendency of CAT activity was visible during growth period. Moreover its activity varied significantly under different nitrogen rates. The influence was more apparent in lower nitrogen rates which included B and A treatment than the higher rates treatment D and E. The correlation analysis showed that the correlations among all enzyme activities were positive and significant. Meanwhile the contents of nicotine and starch were positive to the nitrogen using rates, the correlation coefficient were 0.828 4 and 0.709 9 respectively ,and the most apparent effect of different nitrogen rates in nicotine was produced in middle leaves,the lower and upper leaves successively. The correlation between nicotine and starch contents was positive and significant,the correlation coefficient was 0.870 3;the correlation between nicotine and potassium were negative significantly.

分析了烤烟不同生育期的需水特点,依据我国烟区水分丰缺特点划分为4个类型区:缺水干旱区、半丰水易旱区、丰水易涝区、丰水季旱区,根据各烟区水分丰缺特点提出灌溉指标。

按照GAP(良好农业规范)标准要求,结合近年试验研究成果和生产实际,初步总结了河南信阳灵山烤烟产区GAP生产技术规程,为规范灵山烤烟生产过程和保证烟叶质量提供了依据。

为验证烤烟生产中单一施用微生物有机肥的大田表现,2005年在罗山烟草试验站进行了肥效对照试验。结果表明,微生物有机肥能够增强烟株自身营养抗性,提高对花叶病毒病和黑胫病的抗御能力,烟田平均发病率较对照分别降低5.2%和10.9%;但由于氮素供应不足,烟株养分不能及时足量供应,导致生长迟缓,产量和产值大幅降低,其使用方法有待进一步改善,建议微生物有机肥和无机化学肥料搭配使用。

Current situation of potassium in soils in main flue-cured tobacco planting area of Xinyang city was analyzed. The content and distribution rang of total K and available K was detailed in this article. The results showed that the average content of total K in tobacco-growing soil was 2.01% and the average content of available K was 158.22 mg/kg. The average content of total K in soil was as follow: Luoshan Huaibin Pingqiao = Gushi. And the average content of available K in soil was as follow: Huaibin Luoshan Pingqiao Gushi.From the type of tobacco-growing soil it could be concluded that the average content of available K in downland was higher than that in paddy soil. The measure of balanced K application were also presented based on K content and distribution characteristic in field.