1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ) is anticipated to emerge as a promising electrode material for designing high-performance aqueous proton batteries (APBs), attributed to its high theoretical capacity and flexible designability. However, its high solubility and sluggish kinetics are not conducive to long-term cycling stability and high-rate capability. Herein, a unique molecular structure design strategy is proposed to construct effective p-pi conjugated structures by inducing the p-electrons in substituent groups and pi-electrons on naphthalene rings. Theoretical calculations and experimental results indicate that the p-pi conjugation effect of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (2Cl-NQ) and 1-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (1OH-NQ) greatly reduces molecular polarity and expands the pi-conjugate system, which endows them with minimal solubility and superior structural stability, thereby achieving excellent cycling stability with 99.53% and 98.62% capacity retention after 1800 cycles, respectively. Moreover, the p-pi conjugated structures induce a narrowed bandgap, improving electronic conductivity and redox kinetics, thereby significantly enhancing their rate capability. When coupling with perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) anode, the full battery of 2Cl-NQ//PTCDA exhibits a high specific capacity of 173 mAh g(-1) at 15 A g(-1), maintaining 73.2% capacity retention after 40 000 cycles and demonstrating exceptional cycling performance even at -20 degrees C. This work provides valuable insights and guidance for designing high-performance energy storage materials for APBs.

A pair of multi‐emission enantiomers, (R)‐DO‐PSeZ and (S)‐DO‐PSeZ, was designed and synthesized by integrating Se‐induced conformationally isomeric donors with a chiral carbonyl‐containing acceptor into a unified molecular framework. The enantiomers showed white emission with blue, yellow and red multi‐emission bands in solution and film at CIE coordinates of (0.39, 0.35) and (0.33, 0.34), respectively. Doped film of the enantiomers achieved a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 42%, accompanied by mirror‐image white circularly polarized photoluminescence (WCPPL) signals with a |g𝑃𝐿| value of 2.6 × 10‐3. Moreover, the enantiomers also showed white circularly polarized electroluminescence (WCPEL) in organic light‐emitting diodes with CIE coordinates of (0.29, 0.33) and EQEmax of 3.1%. Notably, this work represents the first single‐molecule multi‐emission WCPL materials and achieved the highest performance for white OLEDs based on single‐molecule organic materials with phosphorescent properties. Furthermore, leveraging Bragg reflection from dual‐layer cholesteric liquid crystals, the enantiomers achieved |gPL| and |gEL| values of 1.85 and 1.88, respectively, marking the highest reported values for WCPPL and WCPEL to date.

White circularly polarized luminescence (WCPL) integrates the characteristics of circular polarization luminescence and broadband white emission, enabling chiroptical luminescence under photoexcitation or electroluminescence conditions. Recently, WCPL materials have attracted increasing attention from both academic and industrial communities due to their potential applications in a wide range of fields, including optical anti-counterfeiting, information storage, biomedical diagnostics, optical sensing, and next-generation optoelectronic devices. In this review, we systematically summarize recent advances in the design, synthesis, and application of WCPL-active materials. Particular emphasis is placed on three representative designing strategies of WCPL materials: polymer-based systems, multicomponent-doped systems and single-component systems. These approaches collectively highlight the diverse molecular design principles and structure-property relationships underlying efficient WCPL behavior. We believe that this review will provide valuable insights for researchers across various disciplines and inspire further exploration and innovation in this rapidly evolving field of chiral luminescent materials.

Developing a facile and feasible strategy to fabricate thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials exhibiting full-color tunability remains an appealing yet challenging task. In this work, a general supramolecular strategy for fabricating thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials is proposed. Consequently, a series of host–guest cocrystals are prepared by electron-donating calix[3]acridan and various electron-withdrawing guests. Owing to the through-space charge transfer mediated by multiple noncovalent interactions, these cocrystals all display efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Especially, by delicately modulating the electron-withdrawing ability of the guest molecules, the emission colors of these cocrystals can be continuously tuned from blue (440 nm) to red (610 nm). Meanwhile, high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 87% is achieved. This research not only provides an alternative and general strategy for the fabrication of thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials, but also establishes a reliable supramolecular protocol toward the design of advanced luminescent materials.

In this work, we report a facile and efficient supramolecular strategy for the construction of colortunable thermally activated delayed fluorescence polymeric materials (TADF PMs) through host-guest complexation. Consequently, new kinds of TADF PMs exhibiting multicolor emissions were constructed conveniently by mixing a calix[3]acridan-modified polymer and various commercially available receptors. This emergent TADF property was attributed to the formation of the through-space charge transfer (TSCT) interactions between the macrocyclic donor in the polymer and the guest acceptors. Moreover, multicolor emission and high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of up to 40% were achieved readily by tailoring the guests with different electron-withdrawing abilities. Further, we found that the TADF PMs could be prepared readily on a large scale with good processability; thus, the approach could achieve potential application on rewritable advanced information encryption. Therefore, this work not only develops an efficient supramolecular strategy to design and construct color-tunable TADF PMs but also offers a new perspective for their practical applications in materials science.

The strategy of integrating conformational isomerization donors and chiral acceptors in a single molecule was proposed to construct white circularly polarized luminescence (WCPL) materials in this work. Consequently, a pair of dual-emission enantiomers, namely ( R / S )- DO-PTZ , were designed and synthesized, which displayed white emission with blue and yellow dual-emission bands in solution and solid films with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.30, 0.33) and (0.33, 0.35), respectively. Meanwhile, ( R / S )- DO-PTZ exhibited a high PLQY of up to 67 % in doped films and clear mirror-image WCPL signals with a | g lum | value of 3.0×10 −3 . Moreover, white circularly polarized electroluminescence (WCPEL) based on organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with ( R / S )- DO-PTZ as emitters were also achieved with CIE coordinates of (0.32, 0.37) and EQE max of 4.7 %, representing the state-of-the-art level of white OLEDs based on single-molecule purely organic emitters. By optimizing the device structure, warm WCPEL devices were further obtained with a | g EL | value of 2.8×10 −3 , CIE coordinates of (0.37, 0.48) and EQE max of up to 15.6 %. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CP-WOLEDs based on single-molecule purely organic emitters.

A calixcarbazole-based cavitand was conveniently synthesized, which showed excellent complexation with fullerenes C 60 and C 70 in solution and the solid state.

Circularly polarized organic light-emitting diodes (CP-OLEDs), as an emerging display technology, can meet people's demand for higher quality of visual enjoyment. Wherein, circularly polarized thermally activated delayed fluorescence (CP-TADF) emitters has grown into a promising direction for developing efficient CP-OLEDs, however, how to synergistically advance the chirality and luminescence efficiency is still a tricky dilemma. Herein, a pair of axially chiral CP-TADF enantiomers (-)-(S)/(+)-(R)-ax-DMAC are ingeniously designed by molecular engineering to fine tune electronic and photophysical properties, achieving a major improvement in device performance while inheriting the robust chiroptical feature. Two enantiomers possess excellent TADF feature with a tiny ?E-ST of 0.03 eV and high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of 90% in doped film, which, moreover, exhibit obvious circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) signals with luminescence dissymmetry factor (|glum|) of about 2.2 x 10(-3) in solution. Notably, highly efficient CP-OLEDs employing (-)-(S)/(+)-(R)-ax-DMAC as emitter radiate intense cyan CP light with the prominent maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE(max)) of 30.1% and |gEL| of 2.0 x 10(-3), which is the highest EQE reported among all CPTADF emitters with axially chiral emitting skeleton. Interestingly, a remarkably and rarely high luminance of nearly 50,000 cd/m(2) is reached though delicate device adjustment, and these findings indicates the collaboration of molecular engineering and sophisticated device design aid in fabricating advanced and efficient CP-OLEDs.

Circularly polarized (CP) light, as a special form of polarized light, demonstrates potential application prospects in future displays and optoelectronic technologies. Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) from chiral chromophores is an ideal method to directly generate CP light, but how to design efficient emitters is always a perplexing problem. Among various chiral materials, CPL materials with axial chirality can provide us with clear structural parameters and information to further explore the structure-activity relationship. Herein, we systematically summarize the development status of axially chiral compounds with CPL properties from two aspects of photoluminescence and electroluminescence, covering metal complexes, polymers, supramolecular assemblies, simple organic molecules, and liquid crystals systems. In addition, we initially explore the relationship between CPL performance and axially chiral configuration, and the current challenges and opportunities in this vibrant field are also discussed.

An efficient strategy for constructing chiral macrocycles with both thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and highly efficient circularly polarized electroluminescence (CPEL) properties was developed. Consequently, a pair of macrocyclic enantiomers (+)-(R,R)-MC and (-)-(S,S)-MC was synthesized by a combination of chiral octahydro-binaphthol moiety with triazine-based TADF skeleton. The chiral macrocycles exhibited obvious TADF properties with a low Delta E-ST of 0.067 eV, aggregation-induced emission behaviors, and high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 79.7%. Moreover, the macrocyclic enantiomers showed mirror images in circular dichroism spectra and circularly polarized luminescence signals. Especially, the chiralmacrocycleswere suitable for the preparation of solution-processed circularly polarized organic light-emitting diodes, which displayed excellent device performances with a highmaximum external quantum efficiency of up to 17.1%, low-efficiency roll-off of 3.5% at 1000 cdm(-2), andintenseCPELalong with electroluminescence dissymmetry factor of 1.7 x 10(-3).

Three quinoline-based TADF emitters with aggregation-induced emission were synthesized and fabricated for efficient non-doped OLEDs with EQEmax up to 17.3%.

The design and synthesis of nitrogen-doped aromatic belts with conjugated structures still remain a challenge. Here, we report the first nitrogen-doped aromatic belt with a [6]cycloparaphenylene skeleton, which is conveniently synthesized from the easily available calix[3]carbazole. The aromatic belt has a rigid conjugated structure and deep cavity, and it can encapsulate one dichloromethane both in solution and in the solid state. Interestingly, the aromatic belt shows strong green fluorescence with a quantum yield of 0.39 and exhibits a narrow HOMO–LUMO energy gap of 2.02 eV. The belt-shaped conjugated structure composed of three carbazole subunits has specific optoelectronic properties that will promote wide applications in supramolecular chemistry and materials science.

A pair of novel circularly polarized thermally activated delayed fluorescence (CP-TADF) enantiomers (+)-(S,S)CTRI-Cz and (-)-(R,R)-CTRI-Cz based on chiral triptycene scaffold were designed and synthesized. The obtained triptycene-derived enantiomers displayed obvious TADF activities with small singlet-triplet energy gap value (Delta EST) of 0.20 eV and characteristic microsecond delayed lifetime of 15.4 mu s. Moreover, the TADF enantiomers showed mirror-image circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) activities, and their luminescence dissymmetry factors (glum) were about +/- 0.9 x 10-3. Finally, by using the TADF enantiomers as emitters, the optimized organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) achieved maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax), current efficiency (CEmax) and power efficiency (PEmax) of 15.0%, 48.8 cd/A and 46.9 lm/W, respectively.

Two TADF emitters 2,7-di(9H-carbazole)-1,8-naphthyridine (Cz-ND) and 2,7-di(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazole)-1,8-naphthyridine (tBuCz-ND) were designed and synthesized. Both of the emitters showed high thermal stabilities and strong blue emissions with high photoluminescence quantum yields, and also exhibited excellent TADF properties with small Delta E-ST values. Consequently, blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on Cz-ND and tBuCz-ND were fabricated, which could achieve maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQE(max)) of 15.3 and 20.9%, respectively. Moreover, the devices also exhibited relatively narrow band gaps at 79 and 75 nm with the CIE coordinates of (0.15, 0.17) and (0.15, 0.22), respectively.

An axially chiral TADF emitter, 4tBuCzPN, with a dual emitting core was easily synthesized. Compared with the TADF emitter 2tBuCzPN with the PLQY of 29% and EQE of 5.3%, 4tBuCzPN showed a significantly increased PLQY (74%) and EQE (20.8%) for its OLED. Moreover, the enantiomers of 4tBuCzPN also exhibited mirror-image CD and CPL properties, and the glum values of (+)-4tBuCzPN and (-)-4tBuCzPN were +5.4 × 10-3 and -5.0 × 10-3 in toluene, respectively.

Sign inversions of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) for the hydro[5]helicene and [5]helicene derivatives were discovered and studied experimentally and theoretically. The inverted CPL signs from the hydro[5]helicene to [5]helicene derivatives were realized by one-step oxidation. The introduction of triphenylamine (TPA) subunits into the helical skeletons also led to the sign inversion of CPL only when there existed an enhanced intramolecular charge-transfer state with a small enough Egap.

Room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) can not only intuitively reflect the excited state transition process of the phosphorescent luminescence, but also has wide potential applications in optoelectronics, sensing, bioimaging and security devices. Consequently, more and more attention and interests on RTP materials have been attracted, which turned it to be one of hot topics in luminescence materials, especially, organic luminescence materials in recent years. The halogen bonds and hydrogen bonds between the molecules can fix the phosphor to suppress non-radiative transitions. A twisted donor-acceptor skeleton can promot efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and also benefit to the RIP. Moreover, circularly polarized room-temperature phosphorescence (CP-RTP) also remains a daunting challenge to implant circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) in metal-free RTP materials. This review summarizes recent research progress on RTP of small organic molecules, mainly focusing on RTP materials based on hydrogen bonds, RTP materials containing halogens, RTP materials based on D-A structures and RTP materials with CPL properties.

The construction of new and efficient chiral TADF materials with red emission and the exploration of their applications in OLED devices still remain a great challenge for the difficulty in molecular design and low efficiency of devices. In this work, we synthesized a couple of 1,8-naphthalimide-based enantiomers ( - )-(R,R)-CAI-DMAC and ( + )-(S,S)-CAI-DMAC. The enantiomers not only exhibit high thermal stability with decomposition temperature of 405 degrees C, excellent electrochemical properties, and good thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) properties with small Delta E-ST of 0.07 eV, but also show obvious mirror-image circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence properties. Moreover, by using ( - )-(R,R)-CAI-DMAC and ( + )-(S,S)-CAI-DMAC as emitters, the OLEDs with the bands both centred at 592 nm achieved high maximum external quantum efficiency of 12.4% and 12.3%, respectively.

This review summarizes the recent research progress of helicenes and their derivatives with circularly polarized luminescence properties.

A series of contiguous all-carbon quaternary stereocentres with an arene-annulated polycyclic framework were constructed efficiently by a metal-free and atom economic acid-catalyzed method. The reactions could be performed by acid-catalyzed cationic cyclization and rearrangement under mild conditions. Moreover, the resulting polycyclic products showed highly twisted architectures with two perpendicular planes.