老年照顾者的压力来源 (一)来自老年人的生理和心理特点.老年人在生理方面有如下特点: 第一,感觉迟钝. 主要表现在听力下降和味觉变差,听力下降使得照顾者与老年人之间的沟通困难,而味觉的敏感度下降加上老年人的消化功能变差使得老年人食欲下降,因此照顾者需要花费更多的精力照顾老年人的膳食,如果老人不愿意吃东西,照顾者不得不给老人喂食,在此过程中老年人可能存在吞咽、咀嚼方面的功能下降问题,也需要照顾者付出更多的精力来帮助老人进食.

目的:初始沙盘是指个体在沙盘游戏心理评估或治疗过程中完成的第一个沙盘.心理评估是指应用多种方法所获得信息,全面、系统并客观描述个体某一心理现象的过程.本文从沙盘游戏的理论、要素构成、信效度、作用以及实证研究几个方面对国内外的相关文献进行综述,发现初始沙盘特征在沙盘心理评估应用中的问题并联系实际给予对策建议.综述表明,初始沙盘的心理评估功能主要用于正常人群的心理评估;异常人群的心理评估;来访者心理问题治疗效果的评判指标、跨文化投射测量的应用工具.初始沙盘特征在沙盘心理评估中的作用与机制,已经成为投射性心理测验领域的研究热点.

目的 了解自尊与大学生攻击行为的关系,分析影响大学生攻击行为的主要个体因素和家庭因素,为高校大学生心理健康的防治提供借鉴.方法 从北京市3所高校抽取998名大学生,采用攻击行为量表(AQ)和自尊量表(SES)进行问卷调查.结果 攻击总分及言语攻击、愤怒和敌意4个因子的评分与自尊评分呈负相关(r1=-0.35,r2=-0.13,r3=-0.41,r4=-0.39,均P＜0.05).个体因素:男性在躯体攻击和言语攻击因子上的得分(24.58±5.76、15.26±3.57)显著高于女性(22.31±4.92、13.91±3.19),差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.01);有学生干部经历的个体在攻击总分及躯体攻击、言语攻击和愤怒3个因子上的评分(79.89±17.00、23.24±5.26、14.46±3.30、19.02±5.91)高于无干部经历(73.21±14.28、21.36±4.64、13.36±3.21、17.00±5.36),差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).家庭因素:农村个体在敌意因子上的评分最高(24.21±5.39),城市个体最低(21.68±6.67),差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05);家庭月收入为3 000元以下的个体敌意和愤怒因子评分最高(19.45±5.03,24.86±5.48),差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).多元回归发现,性别、学生干部经历及自尊对攻击总分具有预测作用(17％),性别、学生干部经历、家庭月收入及自尊对躯体攻击具有预测作用(9％),性别及学生干部经历对言语攻击具有预测作用(5％),学生干部经历、自尊对愤怒具有预测作用(19％);学生干部经历、家庭月收入及自尊对敌意具有预测作用(20％).结论 自尊与大学生攻击行为存在负向关系,性别、学生干部经历、家庭居住地和家庭月收入因素对大学生攻击行为具有重要影响.

青年的婚姻问题不仅影响青年自身及家庭,也影响社会的和谐稳定.随着"80后""90后"逐渐成为当今适婚人群的主体,当代青年的婚姻状况日益引起人们的重视.本文以北京青年为调查对象,试图探究新世纪以来青年婚姻变迁状况.通过实证研究发现:角色分配对当代青年婚姻的影响最大;父母对青年的择偶决定有重要影响;性成为调节当代青年婚姻关系的重要因素;"门当户对"的婚姻观念仍有重要影响;出现"试婚""闪婚""裸婚"等婚姻时尚;夫妻之间良好的互动方式对直接提升婚姻满意度具有良好的效果等.在此基础上,提出提高婚姻质量应明确角色分配并共同履行婚姻的责任和义务;理性看待父母对子女婚姻的影响;重视性生活并对性保持理性的态度;树立合理的婚姻观;加强伴侣间的交流.

目的 了解医学生攻击行为与自尊及依恋因素的关系,为高校大学生攻击行为的心理干预提供依据.方法 采用横断面研究设计,对北京中医药大学66名大学生使用一般人口学特征与攻击行为量表(AQ)、亲密关系体验量表(ECR)、自尊量表(Rosenberg)进行问卷调查.结果 15.2％医学生的攻击倾向处于中等水平以上,其中表现为中等以上言语攻击的学生最多;医学生依恋焦虑维度得分为(3.48±0.94),依恋回避为(2.55±0.75),自尊总分为(32.23±5.35);自尊与言语攻击成正相关(P<0.05),依恋焦虑与攻击总分、言语攻击、敌意呈正相关(P均<0.01),依恋回避与敌意呈正相关(P<0.05);冷漠型医学生在攻击总分上显著小于其他3种类型,专注型医学生在敌意得分上显著大于安全型;多元逐步回归发现,依恋焦虑对医学生总攻击有预测作用(13.9％),依恋焦虑、自尊因素对言语攻击有预测作用(13.7％),依恋焦虑、依恋回避对敌意有预测作用(19.3％).结论 医学生存在一定程度的攻击行为倾向,自尊及依恋因素与医学生攻击行为存在密切关系.

目的 探索合理情绪行为疗法(REBT)对大学生攻击行为干预的有效性.方法 采用病例对照设计,分层随机抽取998名大学生作为样本,经攻击问卷(AQ)量表筛查出中、高攻击倾向大学生551人,抽签选取60人签署知情书并人组,随机分成实验组(n=30)和对照组(n=30),对实验组进行REBT干预,对照组保持常态,在8周干预后进行AQ量表后测.结果 干预前,两组的AQ量表总分及各量表评分差异均无统计学意义(t=0.35、1.32、0.99、0.34、0.18,均P＞0.05).干预后实验组调查对象AQ量表总分及躯体攻击、言语攻击、愤怒和敌意4个分量表得分均低于干预前,差异均有统计学意义(t=11.12、6.30、6.32、4.35、6.91,均P＜0.05);对照组干预前后AQ量表总分及言语攻击、愤怒和敌意3个分量表得分差异均无统计学意义(t=1.25、1.34、1.11、1.43,均P＞0.05),躯体攻击得分显著升高(t=-2.94,P＜0.05);干预后实验组AQ量表总分及躯体攻击和言语攻击分量表得分显著低于对照组(t=3.24、2.67、3.33,均P＜0.05).结论 REBT对降低大学生攻击倾向、减少攻击行为的发生具有积极作用.

[Objective] To investigate life satisfaction and its influencing factors among college students in Haidian District of Beijing,provide a scientific basis for the work of health education in colleges and universities.[Methods] 690 students from 11 universities in Beijing Haidian District were collected from July to September 2016,and were investigated with demographic characteristics and health-related behaviors scale,and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS).A multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to explore factors associated with life satisfaction in college students.[Results] The average scores of SWLS were 21.2±5.9 points.College students who felt satisfied with life accounted for 54.9％,and those felt dissatisfied accounted for 45.1％.The results of single factor analysis showed that there were significant associations between life satisfaction and major,nation,hometown,sleep status,diet and self-rated health status.The results of logistic regression analysis indicated that sleep status,diet and physical exercise were determinants of life satisfaction (P＜0.05).[Conclusion] The life satisfaction of the college students in Haidian District of Beijing is at upper middle level.To strengthen physical exercise,and improve the quality of sleep and eating behaviors can enhance life satisfaction of college students.

Objective To investigate demands for mental health service and life satisfaction among occupational population in some district of Beijing. Methods From August to November 2016,922 participants from 11 communities in one district of Beijing by stratified sampling were asked to complete a general demographic characteristics questionnaire,demands of mental health service questionnaire,Satisfaction with Life Scale(SWLS). Results 50.8% of the participants believed that understanding of mental health knowledge was necessary,and 57.4% of them sorted out negative emotions by discussing with friends and relatives. The top four form of mental health services were free psychological counseling,science lectures,group counseling and network counseling. The content of mental health service was expected to be depression/anxiety problem,interpersonal relationship,marriage problems,mental illness. Life satisfaction of participants was 47.0% and the dissatisfied rate of them was accounted for 53.0%. The result of logistic regression analysis indicated that married,regular eating habits,good health status were the protection of occupational life satisfaction factors. Yet,men and the poor sleep situation were risk factors of life satisfaction(P<0.05). Conclusions 3 types of occupational populations have a more positive attitude of demands for mental health service,but more conservative attitude towards psychological counseling in the district of Beijing. General life satisfaction level of the occupational population was medium, which can be influenced by the gender, educational background,occupation type,marital status,sleep situation,diet and self-rated health status.

Objective By simulating the group competition environment from the perspective of implicit learning, to design teaching to stimulate learners’unconscious cognition, to explore the feasibility of university students’ implicit learning behavior within the quantitative evaluation, and to offer example for teaching courses of other social sciences. Methods According to the characteristics of the college students’implicit learning, this paper adopted convenience sample, expert evaluation and pre-survey methods. Business Administration students of the year 2013 in Beijing University of Chinese Medicine were selected and appraised with the Student Self-rating Scale under tower ride activities, which includes 11 dimensions such as obeying regulation, participation in cooperation, innovation, perception, interpersonal conflict balance, communication, leadership, goal, stress, competition and feedback. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS19.0. Results 85 percent of the students could learn relevant management knowledge from the tower activities. In the 11 dimensions of the quantification of the group learning behavior, the greatest impact was obeying regulation (R=0.385), followed by innovation (R=0.190), and then the goal (R=0.164), leadership (R=0.163). There were significant differences among the groups in the three dimensions of obeying regulation, communication and leadership (P<0.05). Conclusion The Developmental Evaluation System is of good reliability, validity and discrimination, which can be used as a tool of evaluating the developmental evaluation system of college students’learning behavior in the interactive group environment.

With the new requirements of education reform, the training of applied talents of health management has become a new choice of medical colleges. By starting from the origin and connotation of layer-stepping teaching, this paper explores the conditions and ways should have for the health management higher vocational professional to practice layer-stepping education to explore the reform of layer-stepping teaching mode of the health management vocational education in medical colleges and universities.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">目的:探讨大学生的抑郁状态、生存质量与人格特质的关系,为保障大学生的心理健康提供帮助。方法:选取大学生2270人,采用流调中心用抑郁自评量表（CES-D）测量抑郁状态（将CES-D评分≥16分者归于抑郁组,&lt;16分者归于非抑郁组）,世界卫生组织生存质量简表（WHOQOL-BREF）评价主观生活质量,大五人格量表简化版（NEO-FFI）评价人格特质（神经质、外向性、开明性、随和性和责任心）。以CES-D总评分、4个维度评分以及WHOQOL-BREF量表总评、4领域评分为因变量,五种人格特质为自变量做多重线性回归,探讨人格特质对受试者抑郁状态和主观生存质量的预测作用。结果:受试大学生CES-D平均分为（11.4±8.8）,抑郁组（n=474）生存质量总评、健康总评及WHOQOL-BREF各领域评分均低于非抑郁组（n=1416）（均P&lt;0.001）。同非抑郁组相比,抑郁组的神经质评分较高[（38.9±6.9）vs（28.9±6.3）],外向性、开明性、随和性和责任心评分均较低[（34.3±6.1）vs（41.2±6.2）,（39.6±6.5）vs（40.6±5.5）,（41.5±5.3）vs（45.3±4.6）,（38.6±6.7）vs（43.7±6.3）],均P&lt;0.05。多重线性回归分析显示,大五人格量表中,神经质评分与CES-D量表总评分和4个维度评分均正向关联（β=0.49、0.29、0.52、0.33、0.30）,与WHOQOL-BREF总评分和4领域评分均为负向关联（β=-0.10、-0.08、-0.13、-0.18、-0.12、-0.10）;结论:本研究提示大学生的情绪状态和主观生存质量与人格特质中的神经质存在相关性,神经质程度高的个体易产生负面情绪,主观生存质量评价降低。</span>

Objective Exploring the characteristics information of high-risk populations of undergraduate depression from social networks and tracking the high-risk groups of depression to provide the key points for the administration department of the college students and give more psychological support or psychological aid for them. Methods (1)SNS was focused on the target populations;(2)Preliminary searching keywords(PSK) were selected characterizing expression;(3)Determine keywords for a disposable searching:recorded the result,10 high frequency used words were filtered. as the final searching keywords (FSK);(4)Formal searching was the non-reprinted text messages with students′view in detail in the ′status′column for consecutive 7 days with FSK. (5)Text database established:name,gender,school and text that "status" covered. (6)Depressive characteristic keywords(DCK) positioned:to determine representative DCK used by college students by the detection rate sorted during retrieval in continuous 7 days. Results The DCK was related to depression. The FSK detection rate from high to low was respectively as follows:suicide(3.80%),depression(1.80%),escape(1.80),lazyness(1.71%),insomnia(1.50%),futility (1.22%),pain(1.00%), crying(1.00%),despair(0.83%),loneliness(0.60%). The overall DCK detection rate was 1.35%. Conclusion College students′depression characteristics exists in the SNS. The high-risk depression populations could be found by DCK search ,which make psychological support and aids.

In line with relevant theories of cognitive psychology and behavioristic psychology, college students' learned behavior expansibility appraisal system was designed under group interaction environment. Through earlier stage investigation, determination of appraising subject and orientation, and learning of appraisal design, an expansibility appraisal module and a college students'learned behavior expansibility appraisal system were established under the group interaction environment. This system can not only help provide support for managerial psychology teachers to appraise students'learned behaviors under group interaction environment, but it can also be popularized to teaching other courses of social sciences, and provide reference for teaching administrative departments.

零食消费作为一种行为反应,更多是受到刺激和个体情绪反应的共同影响而非出于对食物的需要.焦虑情绪是影响当下年轻群体身心健康的一种重要心理状态.[目的]探究焦虑情绪对年轻群体零食消费行为的影响.[方法]通过对18～25岁且在焦虑情绪下曾选择零食消费进行缓解的人群进行随机问卷调查.[结果]焦虑情绪与平时相比,18～25岁人群消费零食的口味、口感选择均有变化,在口味上对辣味等刺激性味道的零食需求有所上升,单次零食摄入量明显增加.[结论]焦虑情绪与18～25岁人群的零食消费行为存在一定相关性,尤其影响其零食的口味和口感选择.

In order to explore relevant factors influencing career orientation of interns Traditional Chinese Medical under the incidents of attacking doctors ,414 interns from 34 hospitals of 12 districts in Beijing were investigated .Analysis was performed on career recognition , attitude towards doctor‐patient relationship , health condition , demand for security education ,working stress ,career‐related interests and other factors .The results showed that relevant factors were health condition (31% ) ,working stress (25% ) ,career‐related interests (18% ) ,career recognition (10% ) ,attitude towards doctor‐patient relationship (8% ) ,and demand for security education (8% ) .In the background of frequent violation ,the major factors of career orientation include the impact on health condition ,working stress and career‐related interests , career recognition ,attitude towards doctor‐patient relationship and the demand for security education .

It has been proved by large numbers of studies that work stress has a pivotal influence on organizations. Under work stress, individual people in organizations are not only influenced in physiology but also in psychology. Besides, work stress is the root source to influence organizational environment and collective efficacy. It reduces the cohesion of organization, makes higher personnel fluidity, and enhances the burden of human resources cost. For an organization, the adverse effect of work stress on it can be reduced or eradicated through such strategies as eliminating source of work stress, changing the personnel's wrong perception, and providing related social support to make the organization develop healthily.