Cancer is a significant worldwide health problem. The resulting poor survival rates can be attributed to several factors, including the lack of early detection and intervention, as well as the restricted availability of prompt and standardized therapies. Considerable advancements have been achieved in recent years to create dependable, economical, and potent cancer diagnostics. This article offers a comprehensive summary of the most recent advancements in cancer diagnostic technology, specifically focusing on the many kinds of biomarkers that have been studied. These biomarkers include nucleic acids, proteins, enzymes, and Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs), which are complete cancer cells that are present in the circulation. The text discusses some influential studies that use cancer treatment that involves multi-field detection as a substitute for conventional screening approaches. We have conducted a thorough evaluation of the many detection methods utilized for each kind of biomarker. The objective of this book chapter is to give readers a thorough look at where cancer biosensing is at the moment, focusing on its practicality and rationality. In addition, to give readers a thorough look at where cancer biosensing is at the moment we examine the latest developments in the detection of cancer biomarkers utilizing innovative multiplexed and integrated platforms that provide precise and effortless results. We also address the technological constraints and current obstacles in reaching high sensitivity and selectivity. This initiative aims to foster interdisciplinary collaboration in order to develop personalized and user-friendly point-of-care solutions. The ultimate objective is to allow early cancer detection and substantially decrease cancer death rates.

Lawsone is the principle colouring compound of Henna, Lawsonia inermis Linn. (Fam. Lythraceae). Lawsone shows low bioavailability because it is insoluble in water and less soluble in other solvents. The objectives of the study were to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of lawsone using by forming β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) inclusion complex and formulating this into a gel formulation for topical use. Method: The inclusion complex were prepared by taking lawsone to β-CD weight ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 and 1:8. By this technique solubility and dissolution rate of lawsone wassignificantly increased. The inclusion complex was characterized by FTIR and DSC. Results: Antifungal activity of lawsone gel was evaluated on Candida albicans fungi. The in-vitro drug release study was performed on goat skin. Antifungal activity of lawsone and β-CD complex (1:2) showed the biggest zone of inhibition as compared to other inclusion complexes. Conclusion: The antifungal activity of gel of inclusion complex of lawsone and β-CD showed significant antifungal activity.

A simple, precise and accurate high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for estimation of proguanil HCl in presence croscarmellose sodium in bulk and tablet formulation. During analysis a strong interaction between proguanil HCl and croscarmellose sodium was noticed when proguanil HCl in an aqueous solution was spiked with croscarmellose sodium. This interaction leads to retention of drug on the surface of croscarmellose sodium. To overcome the recovery issue an analytical method was set up. This method involves elimination of drug-excipient interaction by competitive inhibition followed by isocratic elution using a mobile phase consisting 0.01% o-phosphoric acid: acetonitrile (55:45v/v). Column used was Qualisil 5 BDS-C18 column (250mm x 4mm i.d., 5 µm particle size) and flow rate was 1mL/min. The detection wavelength was 257 nm. The retention time was found to be 3.821min. Linearity of the method was 10-70µg/mL. The validated method showed excellent results in terms of accuracy, precision and system suitability.

Combination therapy of Montelukast (MNK) and Ebastine (EBA) provide anti-asthmatic effector the maintain treatment of asthma and relieve symptoms of allergies. The objective of this study is development of a new simple, accurate, sensitive, and reproducible RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of MNK and EBA in pharmaceutical formulation (tablet) using Ofloxacin (OFL) as an internal standard and validate the same as per ICH guidelines. The chromatogram separation was achieved on Qualisil-5 BDS C8 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5µm) column with mobile phase acetonitrile: water (pH 2.8 with TFA) in the composition of 84:16 v/v at a flow rate of 1 mL/min using PDA detector at 254 nm at ambient column temperature, keeping the injection volume 20 μL. The retention time of OFL, MNK, and EBA was observed to be 2.107 min, 2.517 min, and 3.819 min, respectively. All the criteria for the validation (linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness) were observed to be within the acceptation range. The calibration plots were obtained between 5-60 µg/mL for MNK and 5-60 µg/mL for EBA with r2 values of 0.999 in each case. The recovery of MNK and EBA was found to be 98.99% and 99.40%, respectively with a % RSD of <2. This RP-HPLC method was found to be rapid, specific, precise, and accurate and can be used for the routine analysis of MNK and EBA in bulk as well as in tablet dosage form. The separation was complete with a shorter analysis time along with well good resolved peak.

Antiretroviral combination therapy regimens comprising of a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (Emtricitabine, EMC), integrase inhibitor (Dolutegravir, DTG), and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (Tenofovir Alafenamide, TAF) are frequently prescribed for HIV patients. The objective of this research was to establish and validate a precise and reliable method for the simultaneous estimation of DTG, EMC, and TAF, respectively in a marketed tablet dosage form using RP-HPLC system. RP-HPLC (Jasco) method was developed using Qualisil-5 BDS C18 column (250 mm × 4 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase consists of acetonitrile: orthophosphoric acid (0.1%) adjusted in water pH 4.7 with triethylamine in the composition of 43:57 v/v at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min using UV detection at 271 nm at ambient column temperature, keeping the injection volume 20 μL. The retention times of DTG, EMC, and TAF were found to be 8.321 mins, 2.210 mins, and 4.089 mins, respectively. All the criteria for the validation (linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness) were observed to be within the acceptation range. The described method was linear over a concentration range of 2-12 μg/mL, 8-48 μg/mL, and 1-6 μg/mL for the assay of DTG, EMC, and TAF, respectively with r2 values of 0.999 in each case. High recovery of ~99.5% was observed in all cases with a % RSD of <2.This method was successfully developed to estimate the concentration of DTG, EMC, and TAF in tablet dosage form simultaneously owing to high precision, reproducibility, and accuracy attributes.. Keywords: RP-HPLC, Dolutegravir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Alafenamide, Simultaneous estimation, Validation.

Adults, as well as children, have a great need for nutrients such as Calcium, Iron, Zinc, Protein, and Vitamin B12. Spirulina is very rich in protein, omega 3 and omega 6 oils, vitamin, and mineral, and its incorporation into chocolates will enrich their nutritional values. Spirulina satisfies the nutritional needs by providing all these nutrients, as well as all the essential amino acids. Spirulina is unique and 100% safe. In fact, Spirulina is the only natural food that contains GLA (gamma linoleic acid) an essential fatty acid that is found only in mother’s milk. This GLA plays a very vital in balancing the hormonal system in the body. So it is actually very good to give Spirulina to the children. Our Spirulina Chocolates were prepared by simple incorporation method by addition of 1gm Spirulina by dissolving in 10 ml NaCl as a solubility enhancer as well as to mask the taste and smell. This chocolate form is easier for every individual to chew and absorb. The chocolates were assessed for organoleptic properties, pH, blooming test, and hardness. This significant study revealed the efficacy of Spirulina Chocolate Formulation and it would definitely have a wide scope in the future as an immunity booster and in treatments of malnutrition in children as well. Further study is required to reveal the quantification of constituents present in Spirulina Chocolate formulation by in vivo and invitro studies.

A simple, sensitive, reproducible, accurate and precise RP-HPLC method was developed for simultaneous estimation of Irbesartan and Hydrochlorothiazide in tablet dosage form. The chromatographic separation was achieved on Quails 5 BDS C18 column (250 x 4.6mm, particle size 5μ) in low pressure gradient mode with mobile phase Acetonitrile: water (pH adjusted to 3.3 with orthophosphoric acid)in the ratio (42:58 v/v). The flow rate and injection volume were 1.1ml/min and 10 μL respectively and monitored on a PDA detector at 254nm. The developed method was found to be linear for Irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide in the range of 12-84μg/ml and 1-7μg/ml with correlation coefficient (r) 0.9997 and 0.9992 respectively. The proposed method was validated as per ICH Q2B guidelines. Assay of the marketed formulation was found to be 98.26% and 98.47% for Irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide respectively. In accuracy study the percentage recovery at three different levels was found to be in the range of 98.80% to 101.78%.

Drug delivery systems are formulations that convey medicine to the target site of action inside the body. A good carrier protects the medicine from being broken down or removed quickly, resulting in higher drug concentration in the target tissues. Because of their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-immunogenic character, niosomes, which are formed by the self-association of non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol in an aqueous phase, are prospective drug carriers. In recent years, several study articles have been published in scientific publications describing the capacity of niosomes to function as a carrier for the delivery of different types of drugs. The present study examines niosomal drug delivery systems’ manufacturing processes, characterization methodologies, and latest research, as well as offering up-to-date information on novel niosomal drug delivery applications.

A simple, specific, precise, and accurate RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for the estimation of Clomiphene citrate in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form using C18 column Shimadzu (250mm × 4.5mm × 5μm) with a mobile phase consisting of 900mL of HPLC grade methanol and 100mL of HPLC grade acetonitrile. The mobile phase was sonicated for 10 min and filtered through a 0.45μm membrane filter at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min. The detection was carried out at 295nm and retention time of Clomiphene citrate was found to be 3.44 min. Linearity was observed in the concentration range of 10–50μg/mL (coefficient of determination R2=0.999) with regression equation y =20321x + 60021. The method was validated as per ICH guidlines.

Oral administration is the most basic, cost-effective, and significant method of pharmaceutical administration. As a consequence, scientists have struggled to improve dose formulations, especially for extended-release applications. Low bioavailability, protection from the harsh stomach environment, and protection from degrading gastric enzymes are all challenges that vesicular drug delivery techniques were devised to solve. Emulsomes are a novel lipoidal vesicular system with an internal solid fat core coated by a phospholipid bilayer that avoids many of the flaws of prior systems. This method is designed to be used as a carrier for poorly soluble medications. Emulsomes enclose the drug, allowing it to remain in the systemic circulation for longer. Also becoming more frequently available are emulsomal-based formulations of genetic medications with evident systemic use, such as antisense oligonucleotides and plasmids for gene therapy. This study analyses the idea of emulsomal drug delivery, describes the effectiveness of emulsomes for the delivery of small molecules, and focuses on formulation design, benefits, biopharmaceutical features, stability issues, and other elements of drug delivery, as well as future considerations.

Aim: The present work aimed at formulating a self micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) for sertraline HCl. Objective: The objective of the present study was to enhance the water solubility of poorly-water soluble drug sertraline HCl by forming liquid SMEDDS. Sertraline HCl is an antidepressant agent belongs to BCS class-2 category having poor solubility and permeability. Experimental: Solubility study of sertraline HCl carried out in various excipients. Based on solubility study, oleic acid as a oil, tween 80 as surfactant and PEG 400 as co-surfactant were selected a component of liquid SMEDDS formulation. Then water titration was done to know phase behaviour to identify microemulsion zone. The prepared system was characterized for self emulsification time, % transmittance, droplet size and thermodynamic stability study. Result of dissolution rate of sertraline HCl SMEDDS were compared with those of pure drug. In-vitro dissolution study indicates high dissolution rate of liquid SMEDDS over the pure drug. Thus SMEDDS formulation helps to improve the solubility.

Anticancer drugs interact with Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in many different ways. These include intercalation, non-covalent groove binding, covalent binding/cross-linking, DNA cleaving and nucleoside-analog incorporation. As a result of complex formation occurring between DNA and drug, the thermo dynamic stability and the functional properties of DNA change. Understanding how complexation affects both the structural and mechanical properties of DNA is an important step towards elucidating the functional mechanism of binding agents. The present investigation was carried out by performing Spectrophotometric methods, Viscosity measurements and Electrochemical method. In Spectrophotometric methods, Methanolic extract of Pisonia aculeata (MPA) leaves showed analogous spectral changes and Remarkable increasing in the absorbance found around 260 nm. In Viscosity measurements, a classical intercalative mode causes a significant increase in viscosity of DNA due to an increase in separation of base pairs at intercalation sites and hence an increase in overall DNA length and showed slight increase in the flow time of DNA on increasing concentration of extract. Whereas in Electrochemical method, the peak current initially increased due to the absorption of the DNA bound complex onto the electrode surface and then decreased on the addition of DNA to the complex, which is suggestive of an interaction between the complex and DNA. A decrease in the peak-to-peak separation which is consistent with non-coordinating intercalative binding of the complexes through the planar aromatic rings between the DNA base pairs. It can be conclude that MPA showed good anticancer activity.

A simple, precise, sensitive, reproducible stability indicating Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method for determination of Cefpodoxime Proxetil and Ofloxacin in tablet dosage form was developed. Chromatographic separation was achieved on Hypersil-keystone RP C18 column maintained at 30oC. Mobile phase consisting of buffer Potassium dihydrogenphosphate: Methanol: Acetonitrile (pH 3.0) in the ratio of 50:30:20v/v was pumped into the column at a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min. Determination was carried out at 235nm. Two peaks were obtained for Cefpodoxime at 13.1 min and 14.1 min and one peak for Ofloxacin at 5.11 min. The linearity was found to be 4-20 µg/ml and 10-50 µg/ml for Cefpodoxime for Ofloxacin respectively. Method was validated as per ICH guidelines. Cefpodoxime and Ofloxacin were subjected to various stress conditions including acidic, alkaline, oxidation, photolysis, reduction and thermal degradation. The proposed method can be extended to the analysis of Cefpodoxime and Ofloxacin in tablet dosage formulations. KEYWORD: Cefpodoxime Proxetil, Ofloxacin, HPLC, Stability indicating, validation

Cytotoxicity of Methanolic extracts of Pisonia aculeata (MPA) was evaluated using three human cancer cell lines [Human Laryngeal Epithelial Carcinoma cell (Hep2), Human Colon Cancer cell (HT$29) and Human Breast cancer c ells (HBL$100)]. The in vitro cytotoxicity was done by Tryphan blue dye exclusion method, MTT assay and Apoptosis. Cells were treated for 72 hrs with various concentration of MPA (31.25$500 g/ml), the relative cell survival progressively decreased in a dose dependant manner. The IC50 of the MPA was found to be 280, 200 & 340 g/ml by Tryphan blue dye exclusion method & 130,100 &170 g/ml by MTT assay. Among the tested cell lines, MPA was more selective cytotoxic against HT$29 cell line than Hep2 & HBL$100 cells. Extensive apoptotic alterations were observed in MPA (500 4g/ml) by Hoechst staining & more than 30% of cells underwent apoptosis upon a single dose (500 4g/ml) of the MPA after 48 hrs.

Two simple, accurate and reproducible spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the simultaneous estimation of norfloxacin and Tinidazole in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The first method involves determination using the Vierodt’s Method (Simultaneous Equation Method); the sampling wavelengths selected are 273 nm and 319 nm over the concentration ranges of 2.5- 20μg/mL and 5-40 μg/mL for Norfloxacin and Tinidazole respectively. The second method involves determination using the Multicomponent Mode Method; the sampling wavelengths selected are 273 nm and 319 nm over the concentration ranges of 2.5-20μg/mL and 5-40 μg/mL for Norfloxacin and Tinidazole respectively. The results of the analysis were validated statistically and recovery studies were carried out as per ICH guidelines.

N-hydroxyethyl phthalimide (PE-I) was prepared by refluxing phthalic anhydride with ethanolamine. 3phthalimidoethyl substituted benzoic acids (PE-II) were prepared by refluxing N-hydroxyethyl phthalimide with substituted benzoic acids. The corresponding acid chlorides (PE-III) were condensed with benzilidine-4acetophenone derivatives to afford the 3-(phthalimidoethyl)-4-substituted cinnamoyl substituted benzanilides (PEIV-1, 2, 4, 6, 9, PE-V-2, 4, 9). The compounds were screened for the in vitro DPP-IV inhibitory activity. The best three compounds in terms of the DPP-IV inhibition were subjected to in vivo studies in Streptozocin induced diabetic rats for the possible hypoglycemic activity.

Diacerein is a poorly water-soluble drug with relatively low bioavailability. The effect of β-cyclodextrin on the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of diacerein was investigated. Phase solubility profile indicated that the solubility of diacerein was significantly increased in presence of β-cyclodextrin and it was classified as AL- type, indicating the 1:1 stoichiometric inclusion complexes. The complexes formed were quite stable. The solid complexes prepared by physical mixture, co-evaporation/solid dispersion, kneading method and precipitation method was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, powder x-ray diffractometry and FTIR. In vitro study showed that the solubility and dissolution rate of diacerein was significantly improved by complexation with