Interactions between angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) gene polymorphisms and high salt intake increase the risk of hypertension (HTN); however, this association is not well-established in the Chinese Wa population. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and associated factors of HTN in the Chinese Wa ethnic minority in Yunnan Province, China. In addition, we assessed the associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ACE2 with blood pressure and environmental factors. Among a total of 838 Wa individuals, the overall prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rates of HTN were 31.03%, 32.81%, 10.77%, and 0.70%, respectively. In addition, 260 hypertensive patients and 290 normotensive individuals were randomly selected for investigations of salt intake and ACE2 SNPs. The levels of e24-h salt intake in female hypertensive patients were significantly higher that those in normotensive individuals. The ACE2 rs2285666 T allele or TT genotype and rs714205 G allele or GG genotype were identified as risk factors for the development of HTN in female Wa individuals. The CGTG haplotype was a risk factor in hypertensive patients. Moreover, high salt intake increased the occurrence of hypertension among ACE2 rs2285666 TT and rs714205 GG individuals. In this study, we not only identified an association between ACE2 gene polymorphism and HTN in the Chinese Wa population, but also a possible link interaction between ACE2 polymorphism type and high salt intake in increasing the risk of HTN in this population.

血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)2 是肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)中关键性酶,ACE2被认为是ACE-血管紧张素(Ang)Ⅱ-Ang受体(AT)Ⅰ轴引起的血管收缩、增殖、纤维化、促炎的内源性调节因子[1].ACE2能维持RAS系统的平衡.RAS系统中ACE是二肽酶,能水解底物AngⅠ羧基末端的两个氨基酸转化为AngⅡ,AngⅡ是RAS系统中主要的活性肽,Ang Ⅱ与ATI结合产生一系列生物学功能.

目的：利用64层双源CT（64－DSCT）冠状动脉血管成像结合外周血管超声和炎性标志物分析老年糖尿病（DM）合并冠心病（CHD）患者冠状动脉、颈动脉、足背动脉病变特征及血清炎性标志物的变化特点和冠脉斑块的稳定性。方法选取2010年12月至2013年10月在昆明医科大学附属延安医院老年科和心内科住院，诊断明确为CHD患者129例，根据有无2型糖尿病（T2DM）病史分为老年 CHD组（n＝69）和老年 T2DM合并CHD组（n＝60）。经64－DSCT检查、颈动脉和足背动脉超声检查对比两组患者冠状动脉、颈动脉、足背动脉病变性质和血清炎性标志物的差异。结果64－DSCT显示老年T2DM合并CHD组冠脉病变以多支病变为主，与老年CHD组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0．01）。老年T2DM合并 CHD与老年组比较斑块构成有差别，老年T2DM合并CHD组软斑所占比例比老年CHD组高（P＜0．05）。老年T2DM合并CHD组颈动脉和足背动脉超声斑块检出率均高于老年CHD组（P＜0．05）。老年T2DM合并CHD组颈动脉和足背动脉易损斑块的检出率高于老年CHD组（P＜0．05）。老年T2DM合并CHD组白细胞介素（IL）－6、血浆黏附分子（VCAM）1、基质金属蛋白酶（MMP）－9、同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）表达均高于老年CHD组（P＜0．05）。冠脉双支病变组和多支病变组外周血管斑块数较单支病变组多（P＜0．05）。结论老年DM合并CHD患者冠脉病变以多支血管病变为主，冠状动脉、颈动脉、足背动脉病变以易损斑块为主。颈动脉和足背动脉超声可以预测冠脉病变，外周血管斑块数越多，冠脉病变的支数越多。血清学标志物 IL－6、VCAM1、MMP－9、Hcy可作为预测斑块稳定性的指标。

目的 应用64层双源螺旋CT冠状动脉成像(dual-source CT,DSCT)检查方法评价老年糖尿病合并冠心病患者冠脉斑块性质,同时分析老年糖尿病合并冠心病患者血清学标志物的变化,为预测急性冠脉事件风险、早期识别易损斑块患者提供诊断依据.方法 选取2010年12月至2013年10月期间在昆明医科大学附属延安医院老年科和心内科住院,临床疑诊冠心病的老年患者,经行64层双源螺旋CT检查、冠脉造影检查诊断明确为冠心病共129例,根据有无2型糖尿病(T2DM)病史分为:老年冠心病组(n=69)和老年T2DM合并冠心病组(n=60).采用酶联免疫法测定C反应蛋白(CRP)、血浆粘附分子-1(VCAM1)、基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)和同型半胱氨酸(Hcy).评价64-DSCT对老年冠心病患者冠脉斑块性质及血清学标志物等方面的差异.结果 老年T2DM合并冠心病与老年冠心病组比较冠脉斑块构成有差别,老年T2DM合并冠心病组软斑较老年冠心病组所占比例高(P＜0.05).老年T2DM合并冠心病组IL-6、VCAM1、MMP-9、Hcy表达均高于老年冠心病组,非钙化斑块组血清学标志物CRP、IL-6、VCAM1、Hcv比钙化斑块组高,2组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 64-DSCT能够对冠状动脉粥样斑块进行初步定性分析,老年糖尿病合并冠心病患者冠脉斑块以软斑和混合斑为主,血清学标志物CRP、IL-6、VCAM1、Hcv可作为预测斑块稳定性的指标.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of dual source CT (DSCT) in the elderly with coronary heart disease (CHD),taking the conventionalcoronary angiography (CAG) as the gold standard.Methods 129 elderly patients with suspected diagnosis of CHD were selected to conduct two kinds of vascular imaging DSCT and CAG,with the CAG results as the gold standard.DSCT coronary artery imaging was evaluate by the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value and accuracy based on patients,blood vessels and the section of coronary artery stenosis.Results 102 cases were diagnosed as coronary heart disease by CAG.The sensitivity of coronary lesions diagnosed by DSCT was 98.0 ％ (100/102),specificity was 81.5 ％ (22/27),positive predictive value was 95.2 ％ (100/105),negative predictive value was 91.7 ％ (22/24),and diagnostic accuracy was 94.6％ (122/129).In 976 coronary artery branch blood vessels,544 vessels were diagnosed as stenosis by CAG,while 549 vessels were diagnosed as stenosis by DSCT.The sensitivity of coronary artery stenosis diagnosed by DSCT was 90.1％ (490/544),specificity was 86.3％ (373/ 432),positive predictive value was 89.3％ (490/549),negative predictive value was 85.4％ (373/ 437),and diagnostic accuracy was 88.4％ (863/976).Based on the segmental analysis,in 1493 segments,805 segments were diagnosed as stenosis by CAG,while 849 segments were diagnosed as stenosis by DSCT.The sensitivity of coronary artery stenosis diagnosed by DSCT was 91.1％ (733/ 805),specificity was 83.1％ (572/688),positive predictive value was 86.3％ (733/849),negative predictive value was 88.8％ (572/644),and the diagnostic accuracy was 87.4％ (1305/1493).Matching x squared test shows that based on the segmental analysis,two checking methods in the diagnosis of coronary artery stenosis degree had a significant difference (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions DSCT can accurately evaluate the coronary artery stenosis with different degree based on patient and blood vessel.But in this case based on the segmental analysis,DSCT and the CAG has a significant difference in the diagnosis of coronary artery stenosis degree,therefore DSCT cannot completely replace the conventional coronary angiography.

BACKGROUND:Aortic dissection(AD) is an acute process of large blood vessels characterized by dangerous pathogenic conditions and high disability and high mortality. The pathogenesis of AD remains debated. Matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) participates in many pathological processes such as abdominal aortic aneurysm, atherosclerosis, emphysema and cancer. However, this elastase has rarely been assessed in the presence of AD. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of MMP-12 in aortic tissue so as to offer a better understanding of the possible mechanisms of AD.METHODS:The protein expression levels of MMP-12 were analyzed and compared in aorta tissue and the blood serum samples by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR), Western blotting, immuno-histochemistry, fluorescence resonance energy transfer ( FRET ) activity assay and enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay ( ELISA ), respectively. Ascending aorta tissue specimens were obtained from 12 patients with an acute Stanford A-dissection at the time of aortic replacement, and from 4 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Meanwhile, serum samples were harvested from 15 patients with an acute Stanford A-dissection and 10 healthy individuals who served as the control group.RESULTS:MMP-12 activity could be detected in both AD and CAD groups, but the level in the AD group was higher than those in the CAD group (P < 0.05). MMP-12 proteolysis existed in both serum samples of the AD and healthy groups, and the activity level in the AD group was clearly higher than in the healthy group (P < 0.05). For AD patients, MMP-12 activity in serum was higher than in the aorta wall (P < 0.05). MMP-12 activity in the aortic wall tissue can be inhibited by MMP inhibitor v (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:The present study directly demonstrates that MMP-12 proteolytic activity exists within the aorta specimens and blood samples from aortic dissection patients. MMP-12 might be of potential relevance as a clinically diagnostic tool and therapeutic target in vascular injury and repair.

Human carcinoembryonic antigen-related cellular adhesion molecule 1(CEACAM1)is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen family(CEA)which is a type I-transmembrane glycoprotein broadly expressed on the surface of cells including macrophages,neutrophilic granulocyte,lymphocyte,epithelial,and endothelial cells.It is an adhesion molecule of immunoglobulin superfamily.The extracellular domain of CEACAM1 contains IgG-like structure.The long form of CEACAM1 protein has two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs(ITIMs)that have crucial roles in immuno-regulation,vascular neogenesis,vascular remolding,cell apoptosis regulation,gland lumen formation and insulin clearance.CEACAM1 is also a receptor for pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

目的 探讨氨氯地平对血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠学习记忆的影响,为其临床应用提供实验依据.方法 选用Wistar大鼠,采用永久性结扎双侧颈总动脉法制作VD动物模型,动物分为假手术组、模型组及氨氯地平组,氨氯地平0.3～0.6 mg·kg-1·d-1连续给药8 w.通过Morris水迷宫、避暗行为学及病理学实验,观察氨氯地平对VD大鼠学习记忆的影响.结果 水迷宫实验中,氨氯地平组大鼠与模型组相比,第1天的游程明显缩短(P＜0.05),第5天的朝向角明显变小(P＜0.01),潜伏期、平均速度及第7天在2 min内穿越平台的次数、在平台区的逗留时间、在平台象限内的逗留时间、平台区象限内的游程占总游程的百分比、朝向角及平均速度均无显著差异,第3天及第5天寻找平台的策略由周边型、随机型转为趋向型、直线型增快(P＜0.05及P＜0.01);避暗试验中,氨氯地平组大鼠第2天的错误次数及错误潜伏期与模型组比无显著差异.病理结果显示,氨氯地平组皮层神经细胞数无明显减少,核固缩、深染的坏死神经细胞及嗜神经细胞现象较模型组减少,海马神经细胞数无明显减少,排列整齐,结构清晰,坏死细胞比模型组少,氨氯地平可减轻阻断双侧颈总动脉所致VD的病理变化.结论 长期应用氨氯地平可改善VD大鼠的学习记忆功能.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the effect of long-term oral dose of Captopril on free radicals and related enzymes of mice cerebral tissue in order to give experimental basis for clinical use of captopril.METHODS:30 normal adult mice were divided into control group(water)and captopril group(captopril 11.08～14.92 mg·kg -1 ·d -1 ).Both groups were given medicine for 14 weeks. Free radicals and the activity of related enzymes(MDA,SOD,GSH-Px,Na+-K+-ATP enzyme,Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP enzyme)in cerebral tissue were detected.RESULTS:Compared with control group,in captopril group the content of MDA decreased(P0.05),the activity of SOD,GSH-Px hadn't changed obviously.The activity of Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP enzyme and Na+-K+-ATP enzyme declined,but there was no statistical significance.CONCLUSION:Oral does of captopril for a long time can reduce free radicals and strengthen the antioxidant function of cerebral tissue,but it may damage the neuron membrane function of cerebral tissue.

Objective To explore the effect of captopril orally administered for long term on learning and memory function of normal mice in order to provide experiment base for clinical application of captopril.Methods Normal adult mice were divided control group and captopril group.The mice were administered with captopril (11.08—14.92 mg·kg-1·d-1) for 12 weeks. The effect of captopri on learning and memory was detected with Morris water maze,Avoiding dark,Step-down and cholinergic system (Ach content,AchE activity).Results Compared with control group.the latency,distance,average speed and starting angle of mice treated with captopril did not change significantly from the first day to the fourth day;the time in platform,time in platform quadrant,times passing platform ,distance in platform/total distance×100%,starting angle,and average speed also did not change significantly in the fifth day in Morris water maze (P0.05);the error times and the latency of mice treated with captopril did not decrease in the second day in Avoiding dark(P0.05),the error times of mice treated with captopril did not decrease in the first day and in the second day,the latency did not prolong in the second day in Step-down(P0.05).The biochemical results showed that the content of Ach in the brain was significantly increased (P0.01),the AchE content was also increased(P0.05) in mice treated with captopril compared with control group.Conclusion Taking captopril for a long time may promote the function of learning and memory in normal adult mice.

目的:初步探讨西洋参二醇皂苷(PQS)对大鼠糖尿病肾病(DN)的治疗作用及其作用机制。方法:将Wistar大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立DN模型,按空腹血糖值及体重将大鼠随机分为模型组、西洋参二醇皂苷小、大剂量(西洋参二醇组皂苷100、200mg/kg)组、阳性药组(卡托普利10mg/kg),连续灌胃给药,每10d测定一次血糖,35d后酶免法测定尿β2-MG、免疫组化法检测肾脏GLUT-1。结果:西洋参二醇皂苷小、大剂量组大鼠β2-MG、肾脏GLUT-1明显低于模型组(P<0.05,P<0.01),西洋参二醇皂苷大剂量组血糖值明显低于模型组(P<0.05)。结论:西洋参二醇皂苷对DN大鼠有治疗作用,其机制可能与其降低血糖及肾脏GLUT-1功能有关。

目的：初步探讨西洋参二醇皂苷（PQS）对大鼠糖尿病肾病（DN）的治疗作用及其作用机制。方法：将Wistar大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（STZ）建立DN模型，按空腹血糖值及体重将大鼠随机分为模型组、西洋参二醇皂苷小、大剂量（西洋参二醇组皂苷100、200mg／kg）组、阳性药组（卡托普利10mg／kg），连续灌胃给药，每10d测定一次血糖，35d后酶免法测定尿β2-MG、免疫组化法检测肾脏GLUT-1。结果：西洋参二醇皂苷小、大剂量组大鼠β2-MG、肾脏GLUT-1明显低于模型组（P〈0．05，P〈0．01），西洋参二醇皂苷大剂量组血糖值明显低于模型组（P〈0．05）。结论：西洋参二醇皂苷对DN大鼠有治疗作用，其机制可能与其降低血糖及肾脏GLUT-1功能有关。

Objective To explore the effects of donepezil hydrochloride on learning and memory function in normal adult rats.Methods According to weight,40 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: normal control group and donepezil hydrochloride group(n=20).The learning and memory function in rats were determined with Morris water maze and Step-down tests.Results Compared with control group,latency,distance,average speed and starting angle of rats treated by donepezil hydrochloride did not change significantly from the first day to the sixth day(P0.05);the time in platform,the time of platform quadrant in 2 minutes,times passing platform,the percentage of distance in platform / total distance and average speed also did not change significantly on the 7th day in Morris water maze test(P0.05);Error times of rats treated by donepezil hydrochloride did not decrease on the 1st and 2nd day(P0.05),latency did not prolong in the 2nd day in Step-down test(P0.05)Conclusion Donepezil hydrochloride do not improve learning and memory function in normal adult rats.

Objective To study the effects of hypoxic tolerance on learning and memory in mice.Methods Forty mice were divided into 3 groups by weight randomly:control group,run 1 hypoxic group and run 4 hypoxic group.Morris water maze test,step-down test and step through test were used to observe the effect of hypoxic tolerance on learning and memory in mice.Results In the Morris water maze test,compared with control group,the total swimming time of run 1 hypoxic mice increased significantly on the 1st,2nd,4th,5th day and the total swimming distance of run 1 hypoxic mice also increased evidently on the 2nd,3th,5th day(P0.05);compared with run 1 hypoxic mice,the total swimming time of run 4 hypoxic mice decreased significantly in the first five days(P0.01 or P0.05),and the total swimming distance of run 4 hypoxic mice decreased evidently on the 1st,4th,5th day(P0.01 or P0.05),and the starting angle of run 4 hypoxic mice diminished evidently on the first day(P0.05);compared with control group,the total swimming distance of run 4 hypoxic mice decreased evidently on the first day(P0.05).In the step-down test,compared with control group,wrong times on the 2nd day of run 1 hypoxic mice increased evidently(P0.05);compared with run 1 hypoxic mice,latency and wrong times on the 2nd day of run 4 hypoxic mice also decreased significantly(P0.05).Conclusion Learning and memory of the mice injuried by run 1 hypoxic can be improved by run 4 hypoxic tolerance.

Objective To study the effect of PQS on blood convention of DM rat.Methods DN model rats were made by STZ,and according to the blood glucose of empty stomach and weight,DN rats were divided into model group、low dose PQS group and large dose PQS group(PQS 100mg/kg,200mg/kg),positive group(Captopril 10mg/kg),detect blood glucose 10 days once time,detect WBC,lymphocyte,RBC,platelet,hemoglobin and blood glucose after 35 days.Results Compared with model group,RBC、platelet and hemoglobin of high dose PQS group were depressed(P0.01),hemoglobin of low dose PQS group were depressed(P0.01),RBC and platelet have tendency to be depressed,but not statistics significance;WBC of high dose PQS group were stepped up(P0.05),lymphocyte had tendency to be stepped up、but was not statistics significance;WBC and lymphocyte of low dose PQS group were depressed(P0.05)Conclusion PQS can depress RBC、platelet and hemoglobin of DN rat,different dose PQS have different effect on WBC and lymphocyte of DN rat.

Objective To study the effects of panax quinquefolium 20s-protopanaxdiolsaponins(PQDS)on diabetic nephropathy(DN)rats.Methods DN model rats,made by streptozotocin(STZ),were divided into model group,PQDS 50 and 100 mg·kg-1 groups according to fasting blood glucose value and weight.The rats were given with PQDS by oral administration for 35 d.Every 10 d,the index of blood glucose was measured.On the last day,several indexes were measured including blood glucose,serum creatinine,UN,kidney weight,urine volume(within 12 h)and the structure of kidney was observed by light microscope and electron microscope.Results Compared with model group,the blood glucose and serum creatinine levels and 12 h urine volume were decreased in PQDS 100 mg·kg-1 group(P0.05),but the indexes did not change in PQDS 50 mg·kg-1 group(P0.05).PQDS(50 and 100 mg·kg-1)decreased cell matrix and intercapillary cells,protected structure of kidney,improved renal pathological lesion in diabetic rats.Conclusion PQDS has therapeutic effects on DN rats through decreasing blood glucose,improving kidney function and preserving kidney structure.