Equestrianism, the art of riding a horse, comprises all the sports that involve this animal. It is an exciting and demanding sport, which carries high morbidity and mortality. In this article, a review of the literature was carried out on the epidemiology of injuries associated with equestrianism, risk factors and prevention strategies, with a special focus on equestrian modalities with a higher risk of injury. Carrying out new epidemiological studies in this area is extremely important in order to implement preventive measures that can improve the safety of an important recreational and professional activity, enjoyed by all ages.

As transformações estruturais ocorridas nas últimas décadas trouxeram novas formas de vulnerabilidade social, associadas a riscos crescentes nas esferas económica, social, política, cultural, demográfi ca e ecológica. A globalização do modelo de acumulação pós-fordista e a erosão dos modos de regulação e de proteção social das sociedades ocidentais, volvidos os “Trinta Gloriosos”, acentuaram ainda mais a vulnerabilidade de alguns grupos sociais face aos custos do capitalismo. Neste contexto, o nexo espacial desempenha um papel fundamental em particular no que respeita ao “fazer (d)as cidades” (Harvey, 1989: 3). A segregação (ao nível do bairro, mas também a uma escala micro da rua ou do quarteirão), a exclusão e mesmo a expulsão (Sassen, 2014) de populações pobres, imigrantes e minorias étnicas são fenómenos correntes nas cidades contemporâneas, fruto de um modelo de desenvolvimento (urbano) desigual, assente na hegemonia do poder económico e fi nanceiro e do economicismo enquanto mandato político da ‘governança’ urbana. Decorre daqui que o funcionamento do mercado fundiário e de habitação e as políticas que o enquadram são vetores cruciais de análise para a identifi cação de territórios de exclusão onde aparecem claramente sobre representadas pessoas com um défi ce de recursos económicos, políticos e simbólicos. Tendo em consideração este quadro, o presente artigo procura aferir a vulnerabilidade social e o nível de integração urbana existente nos bairros de habitação social da Grande Lisboa e fornecer pistas para refl exão teórica e possível intervenção prática. A sua estrutura divide-se em quatro partes: 1) apresentação do conceito de vulnerabilidade social e de algumas das problemáticas geralmente associadas aos bairros de promoção pública; 2) breve caracterização das políticas de habitação em Portugal; 3) análise empírica da situação concreta dos bairros sociais da Grande Lisboa, no que concerne à vulnerabilidade social e à integração urbana; 4) discussão das principais conclusões, limitações e potencial deste exercício enquanto contributo para a intervenção social e política.

Objective: To evaluate the most frequent skeletal craniofacial pattern.Methods: Cone beam computed tomography images were obtained for a sample of 332 skulls from the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. A sample of 150 individuals from the twenty-first century was also included. The different skeletal craniofacial patterns were then classified into subclasses according to Slavicek´s method.Results: Over the centuries, skeletal Class II malocclusion has been more prevalent, mainly in the nineteenth century. The skeletal Class I subclass neutral maxilla and neutral mandible (N-N) has presented higher values since the nineteenth century (above 60%), and the skeletal Class II subclass prognathic maxilla and neutral mandible (P-N) have been increasing.Conclusion: In the Portuguese population, the most common skeletal pattern was skeletal Class II malocclusion. From the nineteenth to twenty-first century, there is an increase in the value of skeletal Class I malocclusion, and subclass N-N is undoubtedly the most frequent.

This systematic review was performed to compare dental, skeletal, and aesthetic outcomes between orthodontic camouflage and surgical-orthodontic treatment, in patients with a skeletal class II malocclusion and a retrognathic mandible who have already finished their growth period. A literature search was conducted, and a modified Downs and Black checklist was used to assess methodological quality. The meta-analysis was conducted using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects method to obtain summary estimates of the standardized mean differences and corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Nine articles were included in the qualitative synthesis and seven in the meta-analysis. The difference between treatments was not statistically significant regarding SNA angle, linear measurement of the lower lip to Ricketts' aesthetic line, convexity of the skeletal profile, or the soft tissue profile excluding the nose. In contrast, surgical-orthodontic treatment was more effective with regard to ANB, SNB, and ML/NSL angles and the soft tissue profile including the nose. Different treatment effects on overjet and overbite were found according to the severity of the initial values. These results should be interpreted with caution, due to the limited number of studies included and because they were non-randomized clinical trials. Further studies with larger sample sizes and similar pre-treatment conditions are needed.

This article seeks to examine a few of the important questions underlying the evolution of the concept of development. Without aiming to be an exhaustive analysis of its main thinkers, it rather points out some of the trajectories of the concept over the last decades. Specifically, it explores some of its most disseminated phases and models, focusing on the evolution of mainstream development theories and the schools of alternative development which started emerging in the 1980s. The concept of sustainable development is also presented, as well as the insights coming from post-development theories, which are regarded as an alternative to development itself.

Cet article analyse le phénomène des quartiers sécurisés et leur production socio-spatiale. D’abord, on décrit ce phénomène et on établit ses liaisons principales aux « conditions » modernes et postmodernes et à la question politique. Ensuite, on analyse le casspécifique des quartiers sécurisés de la métropole de Lisbonne, et on discute les résultatsd’une enquête sur les perceptions par les résidents des quartiers sécurisés du (dés) ordresocio-spatial (y compris les questions de sécurité et de production d’autres biens publics,du gouvernement, de l’aménagement du territoire, etc.), et leur mé (con) fiance enversl’État pour gérer et résoudre les problèmes potentiels.

This paper discusses the phenomenon of gated communities and its socio-spatial production. Firstly, we characterize this phenomenon and analyze its main liaisons to the modem and postmodern "conditions" and the politic issue. Secondly, we analyze the specific case of gated communities of the Lisbon metropolis, and discuss the results of an inquiry about the perceptions of gated communities residents of socio-spatial (dis) order (including the issues of security and the provision of other public goods, of government, planning, etc.) and their (dis) trust in the State concerning the management and solution of potentials problems.

Este artigo procede a uma apresentação do fenómeno condomínios fechados, seguindo uma linha interpretativa e analítica específica e recorrendo a uma ilustração particular - o caso da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa. Propomos uma interpretação do fenómeno, analisamos as suas principais dimensões variáveis, a sua história e a sua expressão.This article describes the gated condominiums phenomenon, using a specific interpretative and analytical approach and drawing on a particular example - the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. We suggest a way of interpreting the phenomenon, and analyze its main variable aspects and its history and how it has expanded.

This paper focuses on the commodification processes and the aestheticization practices that shape gated communities and on the way these are connected to their segregational dimension, which is illustrated through the case of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA). First, I discuss the (increasing) aestheticization of commodities, emphasising some of the more problematic theoretical issues it involves. Following this discussion I present and analyse the ‘Lisbon case’. I provide a brief overview of gated communities in the LMA and then present and analyse the results obtained through a content analysis of LMA gated community advertisements and observation of their site semantics as conveyed through general built form, including physical location, planning, architecture, landscaping, and toponymy. I relate these findings to the LMA gated community market characteristics and to the broader prevailing socio-spatial context regarding their emergence.

This paper examines the main features of the social production process of condomínios fechados across the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. This residential form first appeared in Portugal in the 1980's and spread quickly in the 1990's. The article opens with a preliminary analysis of the development of secured residential complexes, aimed at understanding its specificity and pinpointing the main factors involved in its social production. In this analysis, we do not focus on the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA) alone but rather adopt a broader approach. In the second chapter we describe the research methods used, such as a survey of condomínios fechados built in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area between 1985 and 1999, interviews with social actors and content analysis of promotional materials. Finally, we present selected research results and discuss several issues central to understanding the social production of gated housing estates in the LMA, including the importance of foreign modeis, the supply side agency of the real estate market, and the broader social context.