Fossil pollen and spore records provide highly creditable proxy data to investigate the past environmental changes such as palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate.Pollen database promotes past environmental studies from local to regional and global scales and from qualitative to quantitative reconstructions.This is of great significance on exploring the interactions among past vegetation,climates and anthropogenic disturbances at large spatial scale and long temporal scale,to better understand the evolution of the earth system.In this paper,a fossil pollen dataset of China is compiled,by synthesizing 372 original or digitized fossil pollen records including 790 pollen taxa in China's land and ocean during the late-Quaternary(since 50 ka BP).The dataset includes site names,latitude,longitude and altitude,pollen data source,sample type,sediment length or span,sample number of each site,dating method and dating number,age span and reference,as well as the fossil pollen percentage of each sampling site.The pollen data,mostly published from late 1980s to present,are concentrated in vegetation regions of temperate and subtropical forests,temperate grasslands,temperate deserts and alpine vegetation on the Qingzang Plateau.Sample sites are distributed at different altitudes from deep sea to high Qingzang Plateau,but the majority of the sites are located between 0-2 000 m.The dataset comprises of 178 raw pollen records(47.8％)and 194 digitized pollen records(52.2％).Pollen samples are mainly from lake sediment(151 sites),alluvial/fluvial sediment(99 sites),and peat(67 sites),accounting for 85.2％of the total sampling sites.Radiocarbon is the main dating method that accounts for 93.8％of total samples,and most of the sites have 2-10 radiocarbon dating data.Each site has an average number of pollen taxa of 19,with the most sites having 4-30 pollen taxa.The temporal and spatial distribution of representative pollen taxa(Pinus,Quercus,Artemisia and Poaceae)reveals increasing trends both in their distributional range and pollen concentration from the last glacial maximum to Holocene,but such trends have various regional patterns in different parts of China.This fossil pollen dataset is a fruitful work of collection of pollen records in most territory of China that conducted by palynologists from China and overseas during the last half century.It consolidates the valuable and fundamental data that can be potentially utilized to explore the evolution of past environments and their driving mechanism of climate change and human disturbance.

Pollen record is an essential data for reconstructing paleovegetation and paleoclimate. It is important for the studies of paleoenvironmental evolution, characteristics of paleoclimate change and simulation of paleobio-geochemical cycles from site to regional and global scales. In this paper, we collected and sorted out the pollen data records from published and unpublished Chinese literature between 1960 to 2020. The records included sample numbers, sampling locations (latitude, longitude and altitude of sampling sites), sample types, data sources, data types, surrounding vegetation, references, and pollen taxa, their compositions as well. They were filtered and standardized to integrate a pollen dataset of China. This dataset consists of 4 497 modern pollen sampling sites, including 660 published data from the Chinese Quaternary Pollen Database, 1 763 from early published data and 2 074 from recently collected data, belonging to 772 pollen taxa. The samples were mainly from surface soils (3 332 sites), and the rest were from moss plosters, surface sediments from lakes and the ocean. The sampling sites are widely scattered around China representing different geographical regions and vegetation types: 24.91%. in the temperate desert region, 24.02% in the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest region, followed by the temperate grassland region (16.14%) and alpine vegetation region of Qingzang Plateau (15.83%). The data can be divided into the raw data (58%) and numerical data (42%) according to their sources, and grain count (59%) and calculated pollen percentage (41%) by data type as well. The database con-structed from the samples over China during the past half-century+ period is, though by far from complete, good representation of most of the areas in China, which can be effective in the reconstruction of past vegetation and climates as modern verification.

This paper presents an updated Taxa-PFTs-Biome scheme, based on 18 biomes, 30 Plant Functional Types (PFTs) and 590 pollen taxa from 1630 surface pollen sites in China. The biomization results reveal a total of 16 biome types comprising eight new biomes. By comparing the simulated biome types with modern potential vegetation, 80% of the sampling sites were correctly assigned, which is considerably more accurate than studies which have used previous Chinese biomization schemes. The biome reconstruction for the mid-Holocene (6 +/- 0.5 C-14 kyr B.P.) shows that (1) In eastern China, tropical, subtropical, warm-temperate and cool-temperate forests did not significantly expand northward, whilst cold-temperate forests were absent from northeastern China; and (2) in central China, the western boundary of steppe vegetation was shifted westwards due to a similar to 150-300 km extension of the forest and forest-steppe biomes, which is close to the present-day 200-300 mm isohyet. The northwestward shift of the forest and forest-steppe in central China during the mid-Holocene indicates that moisture levels were enhanced compared to the present day. The climatic mechanism responsible was likely a strengthened East Asian summer monsoon, which resulted in increased moisture transport from the ocean to the semiarid regions in northern China, promoting the development of forest and forest-steppe vegetation.

Background and Aim Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common types of hepatic malignancies. This study aimed to better understand the pathogenesis of HCC and may help facilitate the improvement of the diagnostic of HCC. Methods The mRNA and miRNA expression profiles of HCC, which was retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, and the circRNA expression profiles of HCC, which was retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus database, were included in this study to perform an integrated analysis. The differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs), differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs), and differentially expressed circRNAs (DEcircRNAs) were identified, and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) (DEcircRNA-DEmiRNA-DEmRNA) regulatory network was conducted. Functional annotation of host gene of DEcircRNAs and DEmRNAs in ceRNA regulatory network was performed. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction validation of the expression of the selected DEmRNAs, DEmiRNAs, and DEcircRNAs was performed. Results A total of 2982 DEmRNAs, 144 DEmiRNAs, and 264 DEcircRNAs were obtained. The ceRNA network contained 61 circRNA-miRNA pairs and 1149 miRNA-mRNA pairs, including 48 circRNAs, 30 miRNAs, and 1149 mRNAs. Functional annotation of DEmRNAs in ceRNA regulatory network revealed that these DEmRNAs were significantly enriched in tryptophan metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and pathways in cancer. Except for ARNT2 and hsa-miR-214-3p, expression of the others in the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction results was consistent with that in our integrated analysis, generally. Conclusion We speculate that hsa_circRNA_104268/hsa-miR-214-3p/E2F2, hsa_circRNA_104168/hsa-miR-139-5p/HRAS, and hsa_circRNA_104769/hsa-miR-93-5p/JUN interaction pairs may play a vital role in HCC. This study expected to provide a novel insight into the pathogenesis and therapy of HCC from the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network view.

The present study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanism of neuroepithelial cell transforming 1 (NET-1), a member of the Ras homolog gene family, in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To determine the association between the expression of NET-1 and the proliferation and migration of MHCC97-H cells, the cells were transfected with NET-1 small interfering (si)RNA and si negative control. Following transfection with NET-1 siRNA, the proliferation rate of MHCC97-H cells decreased significantly and the percentage of apoptotic cells increased. The HCC cell line MHCC97-H was used in the present study as it exhibited an increased expression level of NET-1 compared with the MHCC97-L cell line. Expression levels of apoptosis-associated proteins including apoptosis regulator Bax (Bax), cyclinD1, apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (Bcl-2) and caspase-3 were determined. Expression levels of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT) and their phosphorylated forms were also measured by western blotting. Following NET-1 knockdown, the expression of Bax and cyclinD1 decreased, the expression of Bcl-2 and caspase-3 increased, and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was inhibited. The results of the present study suggest that inhibition of NET-1 can suppress the progression of HCC by targeting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. NET-1 expression level in HCC cells increased compared with normal liver cells.

Background: Muscular performance is an important factor for the mechanical stability of lumbar spine in humans, in which, the co-contraction of lumbar muscles plays a key role. We hypothesized that when executing different daily living motions, the performance of the lumbar muscle co-contraction stabilization mechanism varies between patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH) and healthy controls. Hence, in this study, co-contraction performance of lumbar muscles between patients with LDH and healthy subjects was explored to check if there are significant differences between the two groups when performing four representative movements. Methods: Twenty-six LDH patients (15 females, 11 males) and a control group of twenty-eight subjects (16 females, 12 males) were recruited. Surface electromyography (EMG) signals were recorded from the external oblique, lumbar multifidus, and internal oblique/ transversus abdominis muscles during the execution of four types of movement, namely: forward bending, backward bending, left lateral flexion and right lateral flexion. The acquired EMG signals were segmented, and wavelet decomposition was performed followed by reconstruction of the low-frequency components of the signal. Then, the reconstructed signals were used for further analysis. Co-contraction ratio was employed to assess muscle coordination and compare it between the LDH patients and healthy controls. The corresponding signals of the subjects in the two groups were compared to evaluate the differences in agonistic and antagonistic muscle performance during the different motions. Also, sample entropy was applied to evaluate complexity changes in lumbar muscle recruitment during the movements. Results: Significant differences between the LDH and control groups were found in the studied situations (p < 0.05). During the four movements considered in this study, the participants of the LDH group exhibited a higher level of co-contraction ratio, lower agonistic, and higher antagonistic lumbar muscle activity (p < 0.01) than those of the control group. Furthermore, the co-contraction ratio of LDH patients was dominated by the antagonistic muscle activity during the movements, except for the forward bending motion. However, in the healthy control group, the agonistic muscle activity contributed more to the co-contraction ratio with an exception for the backward bending motion. Conversely, the sample entropy value was significantly lower for agonistic muscles of LDH group compared to the control group (p < 0.01) while the entropy value was significantly greater in antagonistic muscles (p < 0.01) during the four types of movement, respectively. Conclusions: Lumbar disc herniation patients exhibited numerous variations in the evaluated parameters that reflect the co-contraction of lumbar muscles, the agonistic and antagonistic muscle activities, and their respective sample entropy values when compared with the healthy control group. These variations could be due to the compensation mechanism that was required to stabilize the spine. The results of this study could facilitate the design of efficient rehabilitation methods for treatment of lumbar muscle dysfunctions.

为了在宏观上掌握鱼用疫苗的研究状况,为该领域研究工作的开展提供有益参考,利用引文分析与信息可视化分析软件CitespaceⅡ对数据库中收录的1300篇鱼用疫苗文献进行系统分析,绘制了知识图谱,以知识图谱的形式展现国内外鱼用疫苗研究的进展、热点及前沿.

目前色素根据其来源主要分为两种,一种是天然色素,包括自然界含色素丰富的各类动植物和微生物,如松针粉、玉米、红辣椒、虾蟹废弃物等;另一种是化学合成色素,如桔黄素、裸甲酮、类胡萝卜素等,已被证明具有较好的色素沉着效果.在国外,着色剂的使用特别是欧美、日本等国已较为普遍,通过适当的添加都取得了明显的经济效益.在我国对此的研究和利用在家禽上进行得较多,在水产上较少.

A Carbon dioxide-facilitated transport highway (CO2-FTH) on the microporous surface of a membrane matrix was designed using the amino carrier 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). Owing to the reversible reaction between CO2 molecules and fixed-site carriers, this supported ionic liquid membrane was able to selectively transfer CO2 more quickly. This concept may inspire means of fabricating a highly permeable and selective membrane to break through Robeson's upper bound.

In order to study vegetation evolution and environmental change during 3.15–0.67 Ma, a total of 608 pollen samples with an average time resolution of 4 ka has been analyzed from ODP Site 1145 (water depth 3175 m), northern South China Sea. The deep-sea sediments (213.62–91.9 m) cover from 3.15 to 0.67 Ma based on micropaleonotological stratigraphy. The characteristic features of the pollen diagram include that, pollen influx rises twice obviously around 2.58 Ma and during 2.0–1.8 Ma, in response to global climatic cooling and winter monsoon enhancement. Before 2.58 Ma, tropical and subtropical vegetation, mainly evergreen Quercus (E) and Altingia , predominated around northern SCS with much more tropical montane conifers and ferns relatively. From 2.58 Ma, temperate vegetation increased obviously, implying climatic cooling and winter monsoon enhancement. Spectral analysis shows that percentage variation in tropical and subtropical taxa has a strong 20 ka procession cycle probably due to the summer monsoon; while pollen influx has 100, 41 and 19 ka cycles, indicating the sea level and winter monsoon change response to the ice-sheet variations.

To investigate the effects of different diets on nutritive components in the muscle of genetic improvement of farmed Tilapia(GIFT) in high-density fishery mode, the nutritional components in the muscle of the inflated floating feeds group and the common sinking feeds group of GIFT were tested and analyzed with routine methods. The results showed that the contents of crude protein、crude fat and crude ash in the muscle of the inflated floating feeds group were significantly higher compared with the common sinking feedsgroup(P0.05), while the content of moisture appeared in contradiction(P0.05). Eighteen amino acids were found in the muscle of two groups, and significant differences(P0.05) in the content of many amino acids were also found between two groups. Contents of delicious amino acid(DAA)、essential amino acid(EAA) and total amino acid(TAA) of the inflated floating feeds group were significantly higher compared with the common sinking feeds group(P0.05). The essential amino acid indexs(EAAI) of two groups were 65.64 and 62.62, respectively, but the inflated floating feeds group was conformed to FAO/WHO criterion only. According to amino acid score(AAS) and chemical score(CS), the first limited amino acid was Trp of two groups, but the second limited amino acids were different. Among the 11 fatty acids, the contents of most saturated fatty acid(SFA) in the inflated floating feeds group were significantly higher compared with the common sinking feeds group(P0.05), while the content of most unsaturated fatty acid(UFA) appeared in contradiction. According to the composition of trace elements in the muscle of GIFT, Zn was the highest content in the inflated floating feeds group, while Fe was the highest content in the common sinking feeds group. In a word, the inflated floating feeds were better than the common sinking feeds. The results of this study provide the basis for the nutritional quality of GIFT of high-density fishery mode.

Microsatellite DNA was isolated from goldfish with combining biotin capture method. We obtained 38 positive clones and isolated 31 microsatellite sequences. 12 pairs of primers were designed by Primer Premier 5. 0 and 8 pairs of primers can obtain amplifying products among them. The genetic diversity of the artificial breed goldfish populations were studied by using the 8 Microsatellite primers. The results showed that the genetic diversity level of two populations were high. The average heterozygosity( Ho) in two populations was from 0. 534 3 to 0. 565 5, average excepted heterozygosity( He) was from 0. 628 6 to 0. 657 0,and average polymorphism information content( PIC) was from 0. 500 9 to 0. 510 6. The genetic distance was 0. 095 7 and genetic identity was 0. 921 1. All of 8 microsatellite locus could be used for genetic analysis in goldfish.

Using the hepatopancreas of Jade perch as the experimental samples,the tissue lysate formula and ratio of lysis buffer volume to tissue weight,as well as the isoelectric focusing electrophoresis procedures were screened.The results were as follows: lysate formula I(8 M Urea,2 M Thiourea,0.5%(W∶V)of CHAPS,40 mM Tris-Base,1% DTT,2%(W∶V)Pharmalyte pH 3-10,1 mM PMSF)was the better.When the ratio Lysate volume to the sample weight was 1∶3,the lytic effect was the better.The electrophoretic program(S1∶0-500 V,500 V h,S2∶500 V,500 V h,S3∶500-3 500 V,10 000 V h,S4∶3 500 V,50 000 V h.S5 ∶ 3 500-5 000 V,8 000V h) had the better isoelectric focused effect.Based on these results,a protocol of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis(2-DE) was set up.The optimized 2-DE techniques provided a basis for studying the proteome of Jade perch hepatopancreas.

选择锦鲤雌核发育二倍体为试验对象,研究了不同声强的超声波对其胚胎孵化、F1代存活率和生长的影响。结果表明:超声波可以促进胚胎发育,使胚体提前出膜,当辐射时间达到10 min时,全部出膜时间缩短了21 h,高峰期孵化率提高了62.96%;F1代经过60 d的超声波辐射养殖,每天受频率23 kHz、声源辐射声强200 mW.cm-2的超声波连续辐射刺激3 min的试验组鱼,其成活率和特定生长率最高,成活率比对照组提高了17.24%,特定生长率增加了23.36%(P<0.01);但每天受频率23 kHz、声源辐射声强400 mW.cm-2的超声波连续辐射刺激3 min的试验组鱼,其成活率比对照组下降了18.97%,特定生长率减少了15.39%(P<0.01)。试验初步表明,低频率的超声波辐射对锦鲤雌核发育二倍体的生长发育具有促进作用。

<正>龙凤锦鲤又名龙凤呈祥锦鲤,由中国长鳍鲤同日本锦鲤进行杂交、经过多次改良而培育的品种,最早由中国台湾地区培育而出。龙凤锦鲤有其独特的外形:龙头凤尾,头似龙头、尾鳍长似凤凰尾,其他各鳍长而宽大,鱼须长而威武,是不可多得的中上品观赏鱼,在家庭及宾馆酒店中摆设,可祈祝吉祥安泰和招财化煞。现将其养殖技术介绍如下:

The dressing rate and nutritional components were analyzed in muscle of Leiocassis longirostris(body weight 771.8-1 047.1 g) by routine methods.The results showed that there was a dressing rate of 75.69%±0.41%.The nutritive compositions(%,wet) in the muscle were found to be the moisture of 75.82%,crude protein of 15.85%,crude fat of 5.31%,crude ash of 0.91%.In the muscle,18 amino acids were detected including 8 essential amino acids for human need.In dry sample,the total content of amino acids was 62.83%,and the content of essential amino acids 25.43%,accounting for 40.48%,with the essential amino acid index(EAAI) of 79.14,exceeding the FAO/WHO criterion and close to the egg criterion.Furthermore,the content of 4 delicious amino acids was found to be 23.89%,with the first limited amino acid of Trp and the second limited amino acid of Val.There were abundant fatty acids in the muscle of Leiocassis longirostris,PUFA accounting for 39.88%,EPA 3.22%,DHA 13.18% in the total fatty acids.The muscle showed abundant macroelements and trace elements in Leiocassis longirostris which is one of the freshwater fishes with good nutritive value.

This paper presents the palynological record of deep sea core MD05-2904 (top 749 cm of the sequence, 80-19189 cal a BP) from the South China Sea (SCS). Base on pollen data from the core, the vegetation type and climate history were reconstructed for the last 20000 years. During the Last Glacial Maximum (zone P1, 749-479 cm, 19.2-15.1 cal a BP), vegetation assemblages were dominated by a large number of herbs, some tropical-subtropical arboreal taxa and some cyperaceous plants, which grew in local wetlands in some exposed areas of the SCS shelf. The northern hills were covered with a large number of conifers. Dark coniferous forests dominated by the hemlock were found on the top of mountains, which indicate that the climate was relatively cold and dry. During the last deglacial period from 15.1-11.4 cal ka BP (zone P2, 479-309 cm), the sea level rose continuously and the SCS shelf was gradually submerged. In addition, the herbaceous spectrum gradually decreased, suggesting a rise of temperature and humidity. During the Holocene (zone P3, 309-1 cm, 11.4-0.1 cal ka BP), vegetation assemblages were dominated by broad-leaved evergreen forests. Tropical montane coniferous forests were distributed in the surrounding hills. Under the forest canopy, pteridophytes grew as a response to a southern subtropical climate. However, during of the time when the 309-263 cm interval was deposited (bottom of zone P3, 11.4-10.1 cal ka BP), the percentage of herbaceous and aquatic plant pollen increased, particularly that of Artemisia and Cyperaceae. This implies that there was a substantial drop in temperature, and an increase in moisture. From comparing deep sea oxygen isotopes data, the deglacial warming seems to have been earlier in low-latitude regions than in high-latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

为研究粪便的不同收集方法对锦鲤(体长15.0±2.3 cm)表观消化率测定结果的影响,采用虹吸法、挤压法、后肠取粪法和积粪器法等4种方法收集锦鲤粪便进行了比较试验,并且在采用积粪器法和虹吸法时设置了不同的收集时间。试验结果:(1)摄食结束后的4~9 h为锦鲤排粪高峰期。(2)粪便的不同收集方法和不同收集时间对干物质表观消化率(ADC1)和蛋白质表观消化率(ADC2)的测定结果均存在显著性影响(P<0.05)。采用虹吸法收集粪便,测得的ADC1与在排粪高峰时段内采用积粪器法的一致,而ADC2值则略低;采用后肠取粪法、挤压法收集粪便,测得的ADC1值和ADC2值均低于采用虹吸法的。试验结果表明,在锦鲤排粪高峰期,采用虹吸法收集带有完整包膜的新鲜粪便,是测定锦鲤ADC最科学可靠的方法。

<正>2007年至今,北京市水产科学研究所小汤山养殖基地引进选留了一定数量的花罗汉亲鱼进行培育,研究并掌握了其繁殖与养殖的规律,为大面积推广做好了准备工作。现将花罗汉人工繁殖技术总结如下:一、材料与方法1.水体条件各养殖阶段养殖水体条件见表1。

为了解宝石鲈昼夜摄食规律和日摄食量,采用饱满度指数法在7-9月对124尾宝石鲈在不同昼夜节律下的摄食节律和日摄食率进行了研究.试验结果表明,9:00-17:00为摄食高峰期,凌晨1:00摄食活动最弱,翌日5:00摄食强度明显升高.7-9月,该鱼的日摄食率(用占体质量的百分比表示)分别为6.07％、3.34％、2.37％.宝石鲈有明显的摄食节律,属于白天摄食类型.