重负荷柴油机要求其润滑油具备较好的高温抗氧化性能,欧洲汽车制造协会(ACEA)要求采用CEC-L-85-T-99高压差示扫描量热法(PDSC)来评价重负荷柴油机油的抗氧化性能.PDSC是一种有效评价内燃机油抗氧化性能的模拟试验方法,文章通过对不同规格重负荷柴油机油氧化诱导期的重复性和再现性考察,建立了一种新型的模拟评价重负荷柴油机油氧化性能的试验方法.

0 引言 拉缸和抱瓦是发动机非正常运行过程中常见的故障.拉缸是活塞与气缸体之间工作时由于缺少发动机机油的润滑、冷却或者进了异物,活塞体产生溶化并将气缸体拉毛起凹槽的现象.抱瓦是活塞连杆瓦与发动机曲轴之间工作时由于缺少发动机机油的润滑、冷却,活塞连杆瓦产生溶化并将发动机曲轴拉毛起凹槽的现象.从定义上看,二者都是由于润滑不良有关,所以发生拉缸或抱瓦事故后,大部分用户会怀疑所用的润滑油质量有问题.

文章主要介绍欧洲目前广泛使用的ACEA E系列以及主要OEM重负荷发动机油规格.概括了欧洲ACEA和各OEM重负荷发动机油规格所处的地位、关系、发展历程等.报道了2012年12月ACEA出台了最新E系列重负荷发动机油规格即ACEA E-2012规格,欧洲最重要的OEM奔驰于2012年推出的最新版本的重负荷发动机油规格V2012.1,通过分析比较,总体上奔驰V2012.1规格远高于ACEA E-2012规格.对欧洲下一代重负荷发动机油规格进行了展望,未来欧洲可能增加生物柴油使用和燃料经济性的内容.

欧洲轿车发动机油规格除了ACEA规格以外,各OEM均有自己的轿车发动机油规格.奔驰、大众及PSA规格在欧洲具有较大影响力,ACEA主要通过使用这三家OEM的发动机试验并引入美国API相应规格的发动机试验形成自己的规格体系.欧洲OEM轿车发动机油规格也均在ACEA基础上增加了许多内部的发动机试验要求.文章主要介绍奔驰、大众及PAS以及美系车通用和福特在欧洲使用的发动机油规格.ACEA尽管达不到API在美国的地位,但ACEA在欧洲的地位却在不断提高.

概述了风力发电机齿轮油的性能,配方和市场状况.合成油的黏度保持性、剪切安定性、氧化安定性和抗微点蚀性能好,将具有良好的市场前景.

在欧洲轿车OEM(原始设备制造商)发动机油规格中,奔驰规格具有很大的影响力.而ACEA(欧洲汽车制造商协会)制定的轻负荷发动机油规格主要使用奔驰、大众和PSA(标致雪铁龙)开发的发动机试验,并引入美国API(美国石油学会)的发动机试验.以ACEA早期规格ACEA 1998为例[1],其轻负荷发动机油规格引入美国当时的API SJ汽油机油规格所用的发动机程序ⅢE、VE以及欧洲轿车OEM的发动机试验,包括:PSA的TU3MH测定汽油机油的高温清净性试验、TU3MS测定汽油机油阀系磨损性能试验、XUD11BTE测定轿车柴油机油中温分散性试验;大众的VWICTD测定B1、B2、B3轿车柴油机油清净性试验、VWTDI测定B4轿车柴油机油清净性试验;奔驰的M111SL测定轿车汽油机油黑油泥分散性试验、M111FE测定轿车汽油机油燃料经济性试验、OM602A测定柴油机油磨损性能试验.

The evaporation loss is of particular importance in engine lubrication.Noack method is the classical one to determine the evaporation loss of lubricating oils.In the ASTM D5800-10,Procedure A uses the Noack evaporative tester equipment;Procedure B uses the automated non-Woods metal.Heat transfer approaches of the samples are different.Noack results determined using procedures A and B show consistent differences,the correlation coefficient is more than 0.96.Procedure A gives slightly lower result versus Procedure B on formulation engine oils,while Procedure A gives higher results versus Procedure B on basestocks.

Taking polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride of number average molecular weight of about 1000 and neopentyl polyol as raw materials,succinate ashless dispersant was synthesized through esterification reaction and the reaction conditions were discussed.Phosphate and basic metal salts were selected as catalysts in the esterification reaction and the appropriate esterification conditions were obtained as follows: the reaction time is 10~12 h,the reaction temperature is 170~180,the ratio of monomers is 1∶ 1.2 and the vacuum degree is 0.08 MPa.The additive structures were characterized by IR spectrum.

Dexos is introduced in this paper.It is the lubricant specification for light-duty vehicle engine service fills,includes Dexos 1 and Dexos 2,and was developed by General Motors Corporation in 2009.Dexos 1 has been applied on gasoline engine car produced after 2011 on a global scale except Europe,while Dexos 2 on both gasoline car and diesel car produced since 2010 in Europe.The Physical and chemical indexes and engine tests of Dexos come from the latest API/ILSAC GF-5 in America,ACEA C3-2007 in Europe,and GM＇ s own engine tests.By comparing performance indexes of Dexos 1 and API/ILSAC GF-5,Dexos 2 and ACEA C,the differences among them have been found in this paper.And the cost and effect of Dexos 1 on API lubricant specifications have also been analyzed.

Based on Standard Test Method for Determination of Moderately High Temperature Piston Deposits by Thermo-Oxidation Engine Oil Simulation Test-TEOST MHT（ASTM D7097-06a）,the TEOST was used to evaluate the effect of antioxidants,dispersants and detergents on the high temperature detergency of engine oils.Besides,the phosphorus volatility of engine oils was measured by the TEOST MHT test,and the impacts of ZDDPs with different structures on the phosphorus volatility were estimated.The TEOST MHT test is capable of measuring the phosphorus volatility of engine oils,with very good discrimination and precision.

The implementation of China Ⅳ emission legislation induces the diesel engine promotion and after-treatment systems development from engine manufacturers to meet enforced legal requirements.Changes of the diesel engine bring higher standards for lubricants.Low SAPS(lower levels of Sulphated Ash,Phosphorus and Sulphur) engine oils are required,and that will bring a challenging issue to develop high quality lubricant formula and additives.The demand of engine oils varies with OEMs technologies,so it is an important research trend in the future to develop the specialized engine oils for different OEMs.

Using four kinds of additive packages and group III base oil developed a series of light duty diesel engine oils which meet the requirement of the ACEA sequence.According to the laboratory test results,two outstanding performance additive packages were selected,and the high temperature detergency of the oils developed by these two additive packages was evaluated.The best performance formulation oil was applied to the road test,the results showed that the retention of TBN,anti-oxidation and anti-wear performances can meet the requirement of oil change up to 10000 km for light duty diesel engine.

The development process of establishing light duty direct injection diesel engine ring sticking and piston cleanliness test bench and the test method were introduced. The selection of test equipment, the determination and introduction of the key components, and the design of the circulation of the test bench, the investigation and design of each engine test bench system, the determination of the test conditions, the evaluation and data analysis of the test result were involved. The light duty direct injection diesel engine ring sticking and piston cleanliness test bench and the test method were established.

The hydrocarbon compositions of lubricant base oils are extremely complex,which put multiple effects on their main performances.In this paper,the main physicochemical properties of hydroisomerizing base oils at home and abroad were analyzed,and the performance differences of viscosity index,evaporation loss,oxidation stability,pour point etc.were concluded.Based on the determinations of simulated distillation by GC and chemical group composition by GC-MS,some experimental studies on inherent nature were carried out.It was found that hydroisomerizing base oils from abroad embody more narrow distillation range,well-distributed components and more alkanes.The explanation of correlation between their physicochemical properties and inherent nature was tried.In addition,their performances in engine oil and industrial oil were respectively evaluate also.

The lubricating character of light duty diesel engine is described.Comparing to the heavy duty diesel engine,the smaller volume of oil tank induces more lubricating power load per litre,resulting in more lubricating oil circulation and higher thermal load and mechanical load.And the development of ACEA category and evaluation system for light duty diesel engine oil are also discussed.From the appearance of light duty diesel specification in 1983 to now,it has been revised many times.The performance of lubricant has 3 test standards: Passenger Car Direct Injection Diesel Engine Ring Sticking and Piston Cleanliness Test,Oil Dispersion Test at Medium Temperature for Automobile Diesel Engine as well as The Evaluation of Engine Crankcase Lubricants with Low Temperature Lubricant Thickening and Wear under Severe Operating Condition.At last,the possibility of developing diesel car in China and the current products in Chinese market are shown.The research work of the bench test establishment for light duty diesel engine oil in PetroChina is also presented.