Surface roughness plays a critical role in laser-material interactions, particularly under near-threshold irradiation where violent ablation is suppressed. In this work, the relationship between surface roughness parameters and the optical-thermal responses of 1060 aluminum was systematically investigated under near-infrared nanosecond laser irradiation. Surfaces with different roughness levels were prepared by abrasion and sandblasting. The results showed that the evolution of diffuse reflectance with increasing roughness strongly depends on surface morphology. For finely abraded surfaces, diffuse reflectance increased with roughness due to enhanced multiple scattering, whereas for coarse sandblasted surfaces it decreased despite higher roughness, indicating the increasing role of shadowing and light-trapping effects. Under near-threshold irradiation, the laser damage threshold increased monotonically with roughness. In-situ temperature measurements showed that rougher surfaces exhibit a lower temperature rise at identical laser power, indicating roughness-dependent redistribution of absorbed laser energy and enhanced lateral thermal diffusion. Post-irradiation analysis showed localized melting and resolidification dominate the near-threshold response, while tensile testing confirms that the bulk mechanical strength remained essentially unchanged after laser scanning. These results provide a basis for enhancing the thermal-controlling ability during laser surface processing through surface roughness engineering. (c) 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.

The utilization of NH-sulfamoyl fluorides (RNHSO2F) as reli-able SuFEx synthons for the construction of various sulfamate esters isreported. By using potassium fluoride as base, we were able to convert RNHSO2F into azasulfene intermediates under mild conditions andguarantee their further efficient ligation with phenols and alcohols.

The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) is essential for global sustainability, yet range anxiety and inefficient battery utilisation remain critical barriers. This study proposes a novel battery optimization strategy that prioritizes energy efficiency and sustainability over increasing battery capacity. Instead of equipping EVs with oversized batteries, we introduce a dual-battery strategy: a smaller fixed battery for daily commutes and rentable auxiliary batteries for long-distance travel. Mathematical simulations reveal that an EV with a 35.4-36.4 kWh battery achieves an efficient 288 km range, extendable with rented batteries. This approach reduces energy consumption by 10.1-21.4 %, cutting annual CO2 emissions by 100-200 kg per vehicle. If adopted by 80 % of EVs in 2023, this strategy could prevent up to 2.24 x 109 kg of CO2 emissions and provide 579 GWh in battery storage, scaling to 3020 GWh by 2040. Beyond decarbonization, battery stations enhance grid stability, facilitate renewable energy integration, and reduce reliance on fast charging, offering significant economic and environmental benefits. By transforming EVs into dynamic components of a sustainable energy ecosystem, this strategy accelerates adoption and advances global net-zero objectives.

The application of silicon–carbon (Si/C) composite materials in lithium-ion batteries faces problems regarding volume expansion and surface defects. Although coating is a popular modification scheme in the market, the influence of carbon layer quality on the electrochemical performance of Si/C still needs to be studied. By comparing the carbon layers produced by solid-phase and liquid-phase coating methods, an innovative solid–liquid coating technology was proposed to prepare high-strength and high-stiffness carbon layers, and the effects of different coating processes on the physical, mechanical, and electrochemical properties of the materials were systematically studied. Through physical properties and electrochemical testing, it was found that the solid–liquid coating method (Si/C@Pitch+RGFQ) can form a carbon layer with the least defects and the highest density. Compared with solid-phase coating and liquid-phase coating, its specific surface area (SSA) and carbon increment are the lowest, and the surface carbon content and oxygen content are significantly reduced after solid–liquid coating. Mechanical performance tests show that the Young’s modulus of the carbon layer prepared by this method reaches 30.3 GPa, demonstrating excellent structural strength and elastic deformation ability. The first coulombic efficiency (ICE) of Si/C@Pitch+RGFQ reached 88.17%, the interface impedance (23.2 Ω) was the lowest, and the lithium-ion diffusion coefficient was significantly improved. At a rate of 0.1 C to 2 C, the capacity retention rate is excellent. After one hundred and a half-cell cycles, the remaining capacity is 1420.5 mAh/g, and the capacity retention rate reaches 92.4%. The full-cell test further proves that the material has a capacity retention rate of 82.3% and 81.3% after 1000 cycles at room temperature and high temperature (45 °C), respectively. At the same time, it has good rate performance and high-/low-temperature performance, demonstrating good commercial application potential. The research results provide a key basis for the optimized preparation of the surface carbon layer of Si/C composite materials and promote the practical application of high-performance silicon-based negative electrode materials.

Carbon coating on SiOX surface is crucial for enhancing initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and cycling performance in batteries, while also buffering volume expansion. Despite its market prevalence, the effects of the carbon layer's quality and structure on the electrochemical properties of SiOX remain underexplored. This study compares carbon layers produced via gas-phase and solid-phase coating methods, introducing an innovative technique that sequentially uses two gases to develop a low-impedance hybrid carbon structure. In this approach, C3H8 is first deposited to create a short-range, vertically ordered carbon architecture, followed by C2H2 to establish a long-range, layered structure, effectively filling the gaps. This results in a dense hybrid carbon layer characterized by minimal defects, high crystallinity, and excellent electronic conductivity. The dominant vertical configuration enhances Li-ion migration. The SiO@C3H8@C2H2 prepared through this method yields a specific surface area of 1.14 m(2) g(-)(1) and a high reversible capacity of 1574.9 mAh g(-)(1), alongside an ICE of 83.7%. It showcases remarkable cycling stability, retaining 86.6% capacity after 1000 cycles at room temperature, and performs effectively under varied temperatures and discharging conditions. This low-impedance carbon structure provides a significant reference for other anodes that also require a carbon layer.

Icing poses significant challenges to aviation safety, prompting the development of energy-efficient deicing solutions. This study investigates the synergistic integration of low interfacial toughness porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coatings with piezoelectric deicing technology to enhance efficiency and reduce energy consumption. Through systematic simulations and experiments, the effects of piezoelectric element size, orientation, spacing, and array layouts were optimized, revealing that symmetric configurations significantly improve vibration uniformity and interfacial shear stress distribution. Concurrently, porous PDMS coatings with 40 % porosity and sub-100 mu m thickness minimized interfacial toughness, enabling adhesive failure at solid-ice interfaces. The coupled system achieved complete removal of large-area ice within 130 sunder 200 Vp-p excitation, reducing energy consumption by 16-54 % compared to conventional single-or multi-piezoelectric systems. The findings highlight the importance of balancing synergistic interactions and mitigating antagonistic effects through optimized piezoelectric array layout design. This work establishes a framework for scalable, energy-efficient deicing solutions applicable to aircraft surfaces.

The main issue in the application of silicon-based negative electrode materials is the inevitable volume expansion, leading to negative electrode material fracture, which severely impacts the performance of batteries. This study employed Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) (C2H2@SiO), solid-phase coating method (Pitch@SiO), and liquid-phase coating method (RGFQ@SiO) to coat the surface of SiO materials with a dense amorphous carbon structure. Material property analysis revealed that C2H2@SiO has a relatively small specific surface area (1.8 m2 g- 1) and surface carbon increment (2.4 %). It exhibited high reversible specific capacity (1563.4 mAh g- 1), high initial Coulombic efficiency (81.45 %), and low volume expansion rate (9.3 %). Mechanical performance testing indicated that the surface carbon layer Young's modulus of C2H2@SiO was the highest (35 GPa), suggesting that using the CVD method to obtain a dense carbon layer can enhance the structural strength of the material. Based on the electrochemical-mechanical coupling theory simulation analysis of the stress during the charge-discharge process of electrode materials, the evolution of concentration and stress field during lithium insertion process was obtained, showing that the coating can further improve the electrochemical and mechanical performance of the negative electrode materials effectively. Additionally, the negative electrode sheets fabricated using sample C2H2@SiO were assembled into 18650 cylindrical batteries, exhibiting excellent cycling performance in 1000 cycles at 25 degrees C with a capacity retention rate of 85.7 %, along with good rate capability and high/lowtemperature performance. The conclusions of this study provide certain guidance for the design and optimization of negative electrode materials for battery electrodes.

While chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is frequently utilized to carbon-coat Si-based materials, comprehensive investigations regarding the quality of the formed carbon layers remain scarce in literature. In this paper, C2H2, C3H8 and their mixture are used as gas carbon sources to coat Si/C composites, and four indexes are summarized to evaluate their surface quality, including specific surface area, surface silicon content, density, and formation efficiency. The findings revealed that the surface quality of the material prepared by the mixture was consistently superior, exhibiting the lowest carbon augmentation. This characteristic ensures a high initial Coulombic efficiency and high specific capacity. This superiority arises from the combined benefits of the high diffusion coefficient of the small C13H12 molecules produced by C2H2, which effectively infiltrate and fill small defects, and the low diffusion coefficient of the large (C6H5)(3)CH molecules produced by C3H8, leading to agglomeration and effective coverage of large defects. Furthermore, the sample C2H2&C3H8@Si/C-2 shows a good cycling with a capacity retention rate of 81 % over 500 cycles at 25 degrees C in cylindrical batteries with ternary cathode. The assessment parameters and techniques used to evaluate the surface quality and the prepared samples offer valuable guidance for the commercial application of Si/C materials.

This study introduces a novel approach for tire liquefaction employing zinc and unsupported catalyst MoS2 to mitigate oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur content, while inhibiting poly-aromatic formation. Autoclave experiments were conducted under subcritical water conditions at 360 and 410 degrees C. Comprehensive characterization of char and oil was performed, encompassing elemental analysis, functional-group assessment, and composition analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). During the liquefaction, zinc metal pellets react with water to form ZnO and hydrogen, aiding hydrogenation, and MoS2 preserves its catalytic stability. ZnO shows a catalytic effect on deoxygenation, desulfurization, and denitrification reactions. However, the reaction between ZnO and H2S is not favorable under hydrothermal conditions. Zinc and MoS2 synergistically promote cracking of heavier compounds into lighter ones, particularly evident at higher temperatures, without diminishing the overall oil yield. Incorporating zinc pellets and MoS2 slightly facilitates sulfur and oxygen migration from liquid to solid and gas phases. FT-ICR MS analysis reveals oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen-containing compounds in heavy fraction of oils. The oxygen-containing compounds, predominantly comprised of stearic acid and its derivatives, are identified. Concurrently, the nitrogen-containing compounds manifest primarily as basic nitrogen compounds. MoS2 possesses the capability of forming more N-containing compounds, leading to the generation of a broader spectrum of N-containing compounds. This work elucidates the synergistic role of zinc-assisted catalysis and MoS2, offering insights into tire liquefaction mechanisms and product composition, vital for sustainable waste management and resource recovery.

Thermo-chemical treatment methods are pivotal for effectively managing waste tire rubber (WTR) while promoting energy efficiency and emission reduction. This study investigates the liquefaction of WTR within a thermal ethanol environment, exploring temperature ranges (200-300 degrees C) and residence times (0-80 min) to discern the role of ethanol in tire degradation. Additionally, the study includes liquefaction experiments with cyclohexane as a solvent to contrast the effect of ethanol, and comparison between ethanol and water to elucidate solvent impact. Results indicate that at 300 degrees C for 40 min, oil yields peak at 53.05% for a WTR/ethanol mass ratio of 1:8 and at 51.64 % for a ratio of 1:6, notably surpassing hydrolysis outcomes. By contracting with the results from the liquefaction with cyclohexane as solvent, the involvement of ethanol can facilitate liquid phase products, primarily alkenes and oxygen-containing compounds, attributed to aromatization inhibition. Heavy oils and heteroatomic compounds are characterized through Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), detecting hydrocarbons and heteroatom compounds like NxOy, Ox, Sx, NxOySz, NxSy, and Nx. Notably, sulfur, a significant pollutant, predominantly manifests as sulfide in chars. These findings offer valuable insights into advancing waste tire recycling technologies.

For the first time, a uniform rotation solvothermal method and rGO together were used to improve the electrochemical performance of the Li 3 VO 4 anode.

Li-metal and silicon are potential anode materials in all-solid-state Li-ion batteries (ASSBs) due to high specific capacity. However, both materials form gaps at the interface with solid electrolytes (SEs) during charging/discharging, resulting in increased impedance and uneven current density distribution. In this perspective, the different mechanisms of formation of these gaps are elaborated in detail. For Li-metal anodes, Li-ions are repeatedly stripped and unevenly deposited on the surface, leading to gaps and Li dendrite formation, which is an unavoidable electrochemical behavior. For Si-based anodes, Li-ions inserting/extracting within the Si-based electrode causes volume changes and a local separation from the SE, which is a mechanical behavior and avoidable by mitigating the strain mismatch of thin-film bonding between anode and SE. Si electro-chemical-mechanical behaviors are also described and strategies recommended to synergistically decrease Si-based electrode strain, including Si materials, Si-based composites, and electrodes. Last, it is suggested to choose a composite polymer-inorganic SE with favorable elastic properties and high ionic conductivity and form it directly on the Si-based electrode, beneficial for increasing SE strain to accommodate stack pressure and the stability of the interface. Thus, this perspective sheds light on the development and application of Si-based ASSBs.

Although nanostructured Si can overcome the huge volume expansion during lithiation without breakage, in practical applications, it is Si/C composites that are used as anode in lithium batteries, in which volume expansion of Si can easily transmit to Si/C leading to rupture of composites, therefore, electrical contact loss and poor cyclability. So far, few reported Si/C composites can meet real application requirements. High structural strength of Si/C is a prerequisite for applications and, although it cannot inhibit the expansion when Si becomes Li15Si4, it can inhibit the irreversible expansion caused by the randomly increase of defect during the repeated phase transition of Si, and can prevent the rupture of composite particles during the compaction and cycling. In this work, a high-strength, high-density, isotropic Si/C composite was applied in commercial cylindrical cells with NCM811, and it exhibited a capacity retention of 83.8% over 1000 cycles at 2.5-4.2 V and 89.0% at 2.75-4.15 V, where charge/discharge rate was 0.5C/1C.

为解决超声波焊接聚合物微器件存在的焊接精度低、稳定性差等问题,提出一种基于阻抗控制的超声波焊接策略,以聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯连通管与基片为试验对象开展聚合物微器件的超声波焊接研究.结果表明:系统阻抗值可间接表示当前的焊接状态,阻抗阈值与后续焊接时间取较小值时,焊接界面存在严重虚焊现象,取较大值时焊接界面出现气孔、溢流等熔接缺陷'在阻抗阈值120Ω、后续焊接时间0.8 s时的焊接效果最佳且焊接接头抗剪切强度达到11.6 MPa'试验验证了所设计策略的可行性,这为聚合物微器件精密焊接提供了一种有效途径.

The commercial applications of silicon nanomaterials as anode in lithium-ion batteries must solve two important problems, namely low expansion and long-term cycle stability. The former is related to nano-silicon structure, while the latter depends on silicon/carbon composite structure and preparation process. In order to suppress volume expansion appeared during lithiation, this paper selects a kind of silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) with a high degree of amorphization (81.9%), and designs a stable silicon/carbon composite material structure. Inside this structure, graphite nanoflakes (GNFs) with high specific surface are used as the skeleton, which can provide enough surface area for SiNPs to adhere and avoid the local accumulation of SiNPs. Outside this structure is uniformly coated with a layer of amorphous carbon. Raman and x-ray diffraction results show that after the high-temperature carbonization, the nano-silicon in the composite material still maintains a high degree of amorphization (67.1%) and the average crystallite size of Si has only increased from 3.7 to 9.5 nm. The initial Coulombic efficiency and reversible specific capacity of the composite material are 86.7% and 1374.8 mAh g(-1), respectively. After mixing with commercial graphite, the initial Coulombic efficiency and reversible specific capacity are 93.7% and 426.4 mAh g(-1), respectively. LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) is used as the cathode to produce a soft-pack battery. After 900 cycles at room temperature, the capacity remains 86.2%. The silicon/carbon anode material reported in this paper is of great potential for commercialization.

基于电子束曝光基本理论和工艺原理,以涂覆有PMMA抗蚀剂的石英玻璃为研究对象,采用电子束曝光制备微细阵列结构,研究不同工艺参数对曝光微细阵列孔和阵列槽结构的影响.结果表明,在PMMA薄膜厚度250 nm、曝光剂量400 pAs/cm2、显影时间120 s的条件下,可制备出直径2μm的阵列微孔结构;在PMMA薄膜厚度225 nm、曝光剂量500 pAs/cm2、显影时间90 s的条件下,可制备出宽度1μm、间距50μm的阵列微槽结构.

Amorphous silicon nanomaterial is isotropic on the macroscale and can effectively inhibit the expansion/contraction during lithiation/delithiation processes, which remarkably improves the cycle performance of Li-ion batteries. Bead-milling is a simple, cost-effective, and scalable method for manufacturing amorphous and/or crystalline silicon nanoparticles. In this work, the internal structure of Si nanoparticles prepared by bead-milling was found to consist of amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon as well as amorphous silicon oxide. X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectra are used to calculate the average crystallite size and estimate the degree of crystallization and amorphization of silicon. The quantitative analysis of amorphous silicon oxide is carried out through x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization and oxygen content measuring. It was found that the average particle size (D50) and the crystallite size were reduced to 91 and 3.7 nm, respectively, from 4.06 μm and 50.6 nm before bead-milling, and the degree of amorphization and oxygen content increased to 85.7% and 7.38%, respectively, from 37.5% and 0.12% before bead-milling. It is demonstrated that the longer the milling time, the smaller the sizes of particles and crystals and the higher the ratio of the amorphous phase. However, it inversely causes side-effects such as the increase in oxidization of Si nanoparticles and the increase in content of ZrO2 impurity.

This work aims to prepare the silicon nanoparticles with the nanocrystal-embedded amorphous structure through spark erosion followed by bead milling. Spark erosion breaks up monocrystal silicon ingots into micro/nanoparticles, refines the crystal grains, makes the crystals randomly disordered, and increases isotropic character. Bead milling further refines the crystal grains to a few nanometers and increases the amorphous portion in the structure, eventually forming an amorphous structure with the nanocrystals embedded. Spark erosion saves much time and energy for bead milling. The crystallite size and the amount of amorphous phase could be controlled through varying pulse durations of spark discharge and bead milling time. The final particles could contain the nanocrystals as small as 4 nm and the content of amorphous phase as high as 84% and could be considered as amorphous-like Si nanoparticles. This processing route for Si nanoparticles greatly reduced the production time and the energy consumption and, more importantly, is structure-controllable and scalable for mass production of the products with higher purity.

From microwave atomic clocks to light clocks, atomic or ionic clocks often rely on atom or ion trapping or manipulation technology. Trapping hydrogen (H) atoms in atomic storage bulbs (ASBs) is one of the key technologies of H atomic clocks. H atoms remain in an ASB for some time during which they undergo several relaxation processes (including spin-exchange collision relaxation, atom-wall collision relaxation, and magnetic-field inhomogeneity relaxation) and interact with the electromagnetic field within the resonant cavity in the TE011 mode, giving rise to continuous atomic transitions and self-oscillations. In this study, an optimal atomic storage time Tb for a H maser was determined by optimizing various collisional relaxation times of the atomic ensemble and reducing the width of the atomic resonance line through the continuously adjustable length and radius of the opening of an ASB at various atomic beam intensities ξ (which is the number of atoms in the atomic beam), namely, 3 × 1012 atoms/s, 4 × 1012 atoms/s, and 5 × 1012 atoms/s, while keeping the structural properties and physical conditions of the H maser unchanged. For ξ = 5 × 1012 atoms/s and Tb ≈ 0.8 s, a frequency stability of 0.95 × 10-15 could be achieved at 1000 s.