目的 探求基于心率变异性的特种车辆乘员作业工效的评价指标及可行性.方法 以在平原地区、海拔3650m和海拔4320m的高原地区作业的特种车辆乘员作为观察人群,采集作业前后长时程动态心电信号,按1小时时程截取作业前、作业过程的HRV(心率变异性)值,对不同地域环境下乘员作业前、作业过程中的时域指标和频域指标值进行了显著性、相关性对比分析.结果 与作业前相比乘员作业过程中时域指标maxRR(最大RR间期)、SDNN(周期长度变异性)、RMSSD(相邻RR间期差值均方根值)、PNN50(相邻RR间期差值大于50ms的心搏个数占比)和频域指标ULF(超低频功率)、VLF(极低频功率)、LF(低频功率)、HF(高频功率)均有不同程度降低,其中A、B两个地区的maxRR、RMSSD、PNN50、ULF、LF、HF降低明显(P<0.05),另外海拔3650 m地区的SDNN、VLF指标也有明显降低.乘员作业过程LF/HF(平衡比)指标较作业前明显升高(P<0.05),同时LF/HF随着海拔高度的升高逐渐升高,2个高原组显著高于平原组(P<0.05).表明乘员作业引起交感-副交感神经均衡性向交感神经张力增强的方向发展,副交感神经系统在心脏调控作用下降,导致乘员作业中心率增加,乘员作业负荷增加、作业能力下降.结论 低频高频平衡比LF/HF指标可以作为乘员作业工效评价指标.

目的 建立基于主观疲劳指数的高原环境下作业人员作业工效评价方法.方法 综合考虑高原低氧、低温环境下作业人群体力劳动强度、生理心理疲劳表现及程度、作业工效的主要相关指征,设计了15个条目、12项程度分级的高原环境下作业疲劳自评量表,提出了主观疲劳指数的概念及计算方法.于2018年3-4月,在西藏羊八井地区开展吸氧和不吸氧条件下模拟搬运炮弹的作业工效试验研究,进行作业工效评价.结果 39名受试人员吸氧和不吸氧条件下作业15个条目的 主观症状得分比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05),综合总权数分别为897.5和1081.5,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).2组主观疲劳指数分别为15.3和18.5,作业疲劳度分级评价结果均为轻(2级).2组作业工效指数分别为75.7和72.5,作业工效评价为一般(4级).结论 受试人员不吸氧下作业的主观疲劳指数高于吸氧后作业组,作业工效低于吸氧后作业组.试验表明,基于主观疲劳指数的方法可以用于高原环境下作业人员作业工效评价.

目的 研究空投到不同地面的冲击过载对血液性能的影响,考察自制缓冲箱的抗冲击过载的效果.方法 2016年1月,以自行研制的缓冲箱为载体,用2.5 m高处自由落体跌落试验模拟以7 m/s的速度坠落在不同硬度的地面上,对试验前后全血血液的红细胞计数、血红蛋白、K+浓度、游离血红蛋白(FHB)的变化进行检查对比分析.结果 跌落于软土地面、硬土地面上缓冲箱对跌落冲击过载的衰减率分别为52.7％和62.5％,跌落于水泥地面上缓冲箱对跌落冲击过载的衰减率大于45.0％.经缓冲箱缓冲后跌落于软土地面、硬土地面、水泥地面的全血血液制品所受冲击过载值分别为123、312、550 g.与试验前相比,跌落试验后全血红细胞形态检查结果均出现少量钝锯齿形红细胞,软土、水泥地面坠落试验后,FHB显著增高,平均值分别为(35.60±_2.80)mg/L和(43.88±11.57)mg/L,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),但未超出临床血液正常值(≤2 000 mg/L),全血血液样本依旧满足使用要求.结论 2.5 m高处自由落体跌落对血液中FHB影响最大,缓冲箱能够有效起到抗冲击过载作用,保护血液制品投送需求.

Objective To effectively attenuate the impact acceleration overload of the occupant seat in the process of fire launching,ensure the safety of the occupant,and solve the damage of the occupant caused by the excessive acceleration during the fire launching. Methods Based on the principles of vibration mechanics and fluid mechanics,this paper designed a composite rubber spring damper with a combination of damping fluid,truncated cone spring and rubber parts in 2017. The combination design of the composite rubber spring damper and the seat was conducted according the load characteristics,to form the antiimpact device design of the occupant seat. Results The prototype has been tested in bench and field for many times,and the damping rates were between 80.28% and 99.15%. Conclusion The anti-impact device design can significantly reduce the impact acceleration intensity during the launching,and can effectively protect the safety of the occupant.

目的 研究设计军车乘员生理状态监控干预指导系统,将乘员状态信息纳入车辆状态信息管理中,并提供应急干预措施.方法 系统为软件系统,安装在车内终端上,实时接收、存储乘员生理参数,通过设定的每项参数预警值,自动判定为正常、关注两种状态,以文字及绿色、黄色指示灯指示,如果超过预警值处于关注状态,可启动干预指导,以文字显示需要采取的相应措施.结果 系统通过获取五项生理参数进行乘员生理状态的监控,并根据监控结果提供应急干预指导,使其能够快速采取积极措施.结论 系统实现了对军车乘员的实时生理状态监控及应急干预指导,对于保障乘员作业能力起到了支持作用.

针对肩抗式发射武器显控装置人机尺寸的不合理设计会增加操作人员静态肌肉疲劳情况,应用人机工程学理论提出该装置人机尺寸优化设计方法,并在VB软件平台开发"肩抗式发射武器人机尺寸设计建议"应用程序.将Jack软件获取的操作者肩、肘、腕、头部关节角度值输入到VB应用程序,调用人体尺寸数据库,得到装置人机尺寸设计建议值.通过某肩抗式发射武器优化设计实例表明提出的方法快捷、易操作,可提高操作者舒适性.

The aim of this paper is to propose a digital human body model method based on the latest version of national standard anthropometric data, and a hierarchical model method is used to construct the joint motion hierarchy which can be edited and controlled in real time; a three-dimensional mesh skin model is drawn, which can be combined with bone binding into a two-layer digital mannequin, and implement it in software. Digital human body as a true embodiment of the human body in the digital world received wide attention in different areas, but it was not a very good method to make the digital human body meet the data accurate and can finish the tasks. The digital human body model not only has the realistic Chinese characteristics, but also can satisfy the simulation and application.

构建装甲车辆乘员作业工效评价模型,对影响装甲车辆乘员作业工效的舱室环境因素进行评价,为舱室设计并提高舱室安全性提供依据.采用层次分析法确定指标的权重系数,模糊评价方法对装甲车辆乘员作业工效进行综合评价,判断装甲车辆乘员作业工效等级(很小、小、大、很大).以某一装甲车辆测试结果为例对提出方法进行应用验证,确定了驾驶员及车长位所处作业工效等级分别为很小、小,经验证与基于问卷调查构建的评价方法结果一致.

Objective: To sample survey the relationship between acute mountain sickness and mental health of officers and soldiers, so as to provide theoretical direction for the psychological prevent and counsel of them. Methods: In May 2017, 61 officers and soldiers were selectedas subject investigated, and divided to AMS group included 35 persons and non-AMS group included 26 persons according to the finding of theAMS symptom division point table, then used symptom self-testing tableto test and evaluate the mental health of them. Results: The AMS group showed significantly higher scores on the psychological parameters such as omatization, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, phobicanxiety, parnoid ideation and so on (105.20±13.82, 1.37±0.26, 1.14±0.21, 1.16±0.19, 1.16±0.18, 1.06±0.11, 1.10±0.17, 1.22±0.19, P<0.05) . Conclusion: The mental factors of omatization, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, phobic anxiety, parnoid ideation and so on had great influence on AMS, we should pay attention to these factors and carry on mental intervention, and enhance anti-stress ability of individual, to ensure the successful completion of plateau military mission.

[Objective] To study the changes of blood oxygen saturation (SaO2),blood pressure (BP),and heart rate (HR) of testing personnels after acute exposure to high altitude.[Methods] The levels of SaO2,BP and HR of testing personnels who were acutely exposure to the high altitude of Golmud,and the changes were analyzed by comparison with the resident testing personnels.The levels of SaO2,BP and HR of testing personnels stationed in the plateau for the first time at different altitudes and in Golmud urban area (at the same altitude) were observed and measured continuously,to analyze the change rule.[Results] There were no statistically significant differences in levels of SaO2,BP and HR between acute exposure to high altitude personnels and the resident testing personnels.The average value of SaO2 in two groups was(83.50±4.35)％,which was lower than the normal value (90％) significantly (P＜0.05).The incidence of high altitude hypertension was 20％ and 40％ respectively.The levels of SaO2 and BP in testing personnels after acute exposure to high ahitudewere significantly linearly correlated with altitude (P＜0.05),and the level of SaO2 significantly decreased (r=-0.909) while the level of BP significantly increased (r=-0.806) with increase of altitude.However,the there was no significant correlation between HR and altitude (P＞0.05).There was correlation between SaO2 and residence time on plateau (correlation coefficient r=-0.676,P＜0.05),and the levels of BP and HR were not correlated with residence time.[Conclusion] The levels of SaO2 and BP are correlated with altitude in plateau environment.

Objective to analyze the factors affecting the occupant operation of armored vehicle by questionnaire survey,and confirm its main factors. Methods Ninety armored vehicle occupants were selected to carry out a ques-tionnaire survey to investigate the main factors affecting the operation of the man-machine environment,the influence degree of the internal environment on the operation,the main irrational factors affecting the man-machine interface design on the operation,and the conscious symptoms in the operation process. Results the main factors affecting their operation were noise, followed by temperature and humidity, man -machine interface, harmful gas, vibration, lighting,and nearly half of the occupants had a headache,dizziness,sore body,visual vagueness,and pain in the back and loin. Conclusion through investigation and analysis,the man-machine environment system of armored vehi-cles needs to be improved and promoted, and the overall design requirements should be put forward in the design stage,and control measures are taken by carrying out relevant research.

The article investigates the impact levels and influence level of environment on human and the range of environmental factors,explains the relationship between the impact levels of environment on human,the range of environmental factors and limit value,provides the definition and main contents of the work efficiency limitation,and analyzes the main environmental factors that influence the work efficiency of special vehicles.And it analyzes the work efficiency limits of temperature/humidity and vibration under the current standards,offers the suggestions for further study on work efficiency limits of noise,harmful gas/dust and electromagnetic radiation,and provides a reference for cabin environmental control design of special vehicles in future.

选择三种履带式装甲车辆在起伏路面以20 km/h的速度行进2h,测量驾驶员和乘员位的噪声、振动强度,温湿度和有害气体浓度;选择90名乘员进行问卷调查,调查舱内环境对乘员作业的影响程度、出现的失误及自觉症状情况.结果表明履带车行进时舱内噪声和振动影响乘员作业和健康,应采取控制措施.

测试与评价了某型车载榴弹炮底盘平顺性,为其振动控制与设计改进提供技术参数.连续记录车载榴弹炮在两种路面条件以不同速度行驶时座椅座垫上方、座椅靠背处、脚支撑面处的三轴向振动信号,并对试验记录到的数据进行频谱分析,得到0.5~80 Hz频率范围内各测点三个轴向的1/3倍频带振动加速度均方根值,分别按照国军标的相关规定计算、查表得出驾驶员"舒适性降低限-允许暴露时间"及驾驶员的主观感觉.试验结果表明,该车载榴弹炮以30~80 km/h行驶时驾驶员全身振动暴露的"舒适性降低限-允许暴露时间"为0.25—1 h,驾驶员的主观感觉为不舒服或很不舒服.该车载榴弹炮系统底盘平顺性需进一步提高.

目的:研制乘员医药急救装备,用于乘员战伤的自救互救,以提供生命支持.方法:该装备包括战位急救包和整车急救包2个部分.战位急救包外形尺寸为130 mm×130 mm×45 mm,包内配备有卡式止血带、弹性绷带、止痛药剂和手电筒;整车急救包外形尺寸为380 mm×330 mm×140 mm,包内配备呼吸急救模块、止血包扎固定模块、急救药品模块和辅助器材模块.结果:该装备在急救物品配备和数量上提供了有力的保障,弥补了以往乘员急救装备品种单一、救治能力弱的不足,使急救更为高效.结论:该急救装备可满足乘员战伤后自救互救的需要,对提高乘员的生存能力,保证装甲部队战斗力具有重要意义.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the mental health status in armored vehicle crew (commanders, gunners, and drivers) , to know the level of mental health in them, and to provide educational intervention.METHODS:In April 2009, 120 male armored vehicle crew with >2 driving years were enrolled as battle group, and 70 male persons within the same age group who were not engaged in armored vehicle operation were enrolled as control group. The Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) was used to evaluate the mental status of the 180 subjects.RESULTS:Compared with the control group, the battle group showed significantly higher scores on the subscales of obsessive-compulsive symptom, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, phobic anxiety, and paranoid ideation (t=2.323, 3.250, 3.158, 2.712, 2.391, and 2.137, all P<0.05) , as well as significantly higher total score, number of positive items, and average score of positive symptoms (t=4.128, 4.357, and 4.632, all P<0.05). In the battle group, the scores on the subscales of somatization, obsessive-compulsive symptom, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, psychoticism, and additional items, total score, number of positive items, and average score of positive symptoms were significantly lower than the military reference values (t=4.364, 5.127, 5.280, 3.783, 7.012, 5.361, 4.369, 6.167, 6.476, 3.558, 6.357, 4.379, and 6.763, all P<0.05).CONCLUSION:A survey should be performed on the mental health status of armored vehicle crew, including obsessive-compulsive symptom, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, and anxiety. Mental health service for the crew should be enhanced to improve their psychological quality.

目的 建立舱室环境主要有害因素对乘员作业安全影响的综合评价方法,为装甲车辆设计、改造提供依据.方法 应用模糊综合评价方法建立评价模型,影响等级为小、较小、大、很大四个等级,影响因素为高温、有害气体、噪声和振动,应用层次分析法确定权重系数,通过主观感受调查问卷建立隶属函数,计算等级值进行等级判断.选择某车型的30名乘员进行了调查问卷,对该车型舱室环境对乘员作业安全影响程度进行了综合评估.结果 该型车的综合评价表明舱室环境对乘员作业安全影响等级为较小.结论 基于主观感受调查问卷建立模糊综合评价方法,使设计部门能够对车舱环境对乘员作战的影响有总体了解,以改善作业环境.

结合计算机辅助人机工程学软件JACK,构建P95百分位虚拟人并进行实验设计,探讨坐姿状态下人视水平线上方、下方显示器设计时不同倾斜角度对头部舒适度的影响(以头部关节舒适度值作为依据).实验时自变量为显示器倾斜角度,因变量为头部关节舒适度.实验结果显示:1)坐姿状态下,显示器中心在人视水平线上方时,当顶端固定,显示器倾斜角向偏离虚拟人眼的方向逐渐增大时,舒适性无明显变化;当底端固定,显示器倾斜角向虚拟人眼的方向逐渐靠近时,舒适性越来越差;2)坐姿状态下,显示器中心在人视水平线下方时,当顶端固定,显示器倾斜角向虚拟人眼的方向逐渐增大时,显示器倾斜角与舒适性成正比;反之,当底端固定,显示器倾斜角向偏离虚拟人眼的方向逐渐增大时,显示器倾斜角与舒适性成反比.

Simulation computation is performed for the drop process of a package using the computer simulation technology.A drop simulation analysis is conducted for the package using finite element soft-ware ABAQUS/Explicit.Finally,we obtain the indicators of stress,strain and energy change cloud quan-titative and the curve of change over time stress of the transport package.Based on the model simulation result,the impact on the transport package is analyzed to provide a basis and reference for drop and impact resistant design.