Auxilium College, is a women's general degree college located at Gandhi Nagar in Vellore, Tamil Nadu. It was established in the year 1954. The college is affiliated with Thiruvalluvar University. This college offers different courses in arts, commerce and science..
Foodborne pathogens such as Escherichia coli (E. Coli), Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes continue to pose a major potential threat to global public health and therefore rapid, accurate, and field-deployable detection methods are still extremely desirable. This review describes cutting-edge examples of advanced biosensing platforms for the strategy of detecting these priority pathogens, focusing on clinical detection and highlighting electrochemical, optical, and microfluidic sensing modalities. This has been enabled by recent advances in functional nanomaterials, molecular recognition elements (including aptamers and nanozymes), and surface engineering strategies rendering sensors much ‘smarter’/improved in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and behaviour towards complex food matrices. However blending these biosensors with artificial intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) enabled intelligent pattern recognition, real-time analytics, and multiplexing at high-speed, turning traditional detection systems into smart diagnostic devices. We critically review recent case studies in light of biosensor design, signal transduction mechanisms, models of AI, performance validation, and applicability in different food environments. The principal challenges are identified which include matrix interference, instability of biorecognition elements, limitations in scalability, and the need for regulatory standardization. We discuss these with associated mitigation strategies that are technically sound, including ratiometric sensing, microfluidic pre-treatment techniques, explainable AI, and printable electronics. Forward-looking, we discuss biosensors enabled by being self-powered, biosensor hubs with modular pathogen panels, blockchain incorporation, and standardized validation pipelines. This review offers a prospective view toward enabling intelligent, robust, and regulation-ready biosensing platforms for next-generation food safety monitoring through the bridging of technological innovations with practical implementation. Foodborne illnesses caused by E. coli, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes remain a global public health concern, driving the demand for rapid, accurate, and field-deployable detection strategies. This review comprehensively explores advanced biosensing platforms tailored for detecting these priority pathogens, highlighting progress in electrochemical, optical, and microfluidic sensing mechanisms. Integrating functional nanomaterials, molecular recognition elements such as aptamers and nanozymes, and surface engineering techniques has significantly enhanced sensor sensitivity, specificity, and adaptability to complex food matrices. Moreover, the convergence of biosensors with AI and ML has enabled intelligent pattern recognition, real-time analytics, and high-throughput multiplexing. Key challenges, including matrix interference, bioreceptor instability, manufacturing scalability, and regulatory standardization, are discussed.
Fungal infections pose a significant threat to human health in spite of the huge literature available on the fungal biology, infection mechanisms and antifungal drug discovery. Mitochondria primarily known as the power house of the cell is now receiving attention for its critical role in fungal virulence and drug tolerance. Hence, mitochondrial proteins are ideal targets of antifungal interventions. Domain specific post-transcriptional modifications of the first base at the wobble position in the tRNA(CAU) determines the decoding of AUA codon as Isoleucine. The modification of wobble cytidine are catalyzed by tRNA(Ile) lysidine synthetase (TilS) and 2-agmatinylcytidine synthetase (TiaS) in an ATP-dependent manner in bacteria and archaea respectively. These ATP dependent enzymes are absent in mammals making them unique drug targets. During a genome wide survey of tRNA modification enzymes in fungal genomes, a tRNA(Ile) lysidine synthetase with possible mitochondrial localization was identified in few fungal pathogens. Comparison of the codon usage frequency and tRNA content of the completed mitochondrial genomes of fungal pathogens provide clear evidences for the predominant use of AUA and AUU for Ile. Phylogenetic analysis clearly demonstrates evolutionary relatedness of fungal TilS to plant and bacterial TilS. Among the fungal priority pathogens list released by the World health Organization, Candida albicans stands in the critical pathogens list. Therefore, a detailed investigation on the 3-D structural model of CaTilS is presented. Possible ATP competitive inhibitors are also suggested based on the molecular docking analysis of the homology model.
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. Despite a standard-of-care regimen involving surgical resection, radiotherapy and temozolomide (TMZ), median overall survival typically hovers between 12 and 15 months. This poor prognosis is driven by profound intratumoral heterogeneity, glioma stem cell populations, and an immunosuppressive microenvironment that collectively fuel resistance to traditional apoptosis-centric therapies. Ferroptosis-a form of regulated cell death driven by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation and the collapse of antioxidant defenses-has emerged as a compelling alternative for eliminating therapy-refractory GBM cells. This review examines the molecular machinery of ferroptosis in glioma and explores how an additional regulatory layer, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), modulates this process. We highlight key experimentally validated axes where microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) orchestrate iron handling and antioxidant thresholds. These include sensitizers like miR-147a and circLRFN5, which promote iron overload, and resistors like circCDK14 and TMEM161B-AS1, which act as "ferroptosis brakes". Furthermore, we discuss how integrative analyses of TCGA and CGGA cohorts have yielded ferroptosis-related lncRNA signatures that robustly predict patient survival. Finally, we outline the clinical potential of these ncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets while addressing the delivery challenges, such as the blood-brain barrier, that must be overcome to achieve precision, ferroptosis-oriented GBM therapy.
Cu2SnS3 (CTS) has emerged as a compelling candidate for supercapacitor (SC) electrodes due to its tunable electronic structure and intrinsic pseudocapacitive behavior. However, its practical application remains limited by poor electrical conductivity, structural instability during cycling, and morphology-dependent performance. To address these challenges, we report a facile hydrothermal synthesis of highly porous CTS nanorods with engineered surface chemistry and nanostructure. Strategic incorporation of tin at the surface induces oxygen vacancies, enhancing charge transport and ion diffusion kinetics. The resulting CTS nanorods exhibit a distinctive rod-like morphology with abundant electroactive sites and robust mechanical integrity. Electrochemical evaluation demonstrates a high specific capacitance of 576.9 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and excellent cycling stability, retaining 94
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens effective treatment of infections, increasing morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Hospitals are critical hubs for resistant pathogens due to high antimicrobial use and vulnerable patients. This chapter examines medical microbiology-driven interventions, highlighting rapid diagnostics, resistance mechanism analysis, antimicrobial stewardship, surveillance, and infection control. Challenges such as resource limitations and data integration are discussed, alongside innovations like genomic surveillance and AI-assisted diagnostics. Positioning microbiology at the core of healthcare is essential for sustainable AMR control.
