The object of this study was the value of nitrogen concentration at which the combustion process of anthracite is effectively inhibited. Therefore, the problem of eliminating the sites of self-ignition of coal relates to ventilating the pile with nitrogen, but it is necessary to take into account the required concentration of inert gas. It has been proven that on the basis of experimental studies of the process of inhibition of combustion when washing an anthracite batch with gaseous nitrogen, a sample of heated coal in a normal air atmosphere continues to burn with greater intensity. An increase in temperature by an average of 20 °C was recorded for 40–45 s. Adding nitrogen to the air in an amount of 12.85 % reduces the combustion temperature of anthracite by 2 %, but the cooling time of combustion below the ignition temperature exceeds 120 s. For a nitrogen-air mixture with a nitrogen concentration of 23.81 %, a decrease in the combustion temperature of the sample below its ignition for 120 s was recorded. Further increase in the amount of nitrogen in the nitrogen-air mixture to 28.57 % more effectively cools the combustion of anthracite below the ignition temperature for 70 s. The results showed that with an increase in the concentration of pure nitrogen in the nitrogen-air mixture, the requirements for the purity of nitrogen as a fire extinguishing agent increase. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce it into the i-th nitrogen-oxygen composition in such a concentration that the nitrogen content in the formed mixtures with air in both cases is the same. This is due to the fact that the purity of the nitrogen-oxygen mixture and its fire extinguishing concentration reflect the conditions under which there is the use of nitrogen-oxygen mixtures of a certain composition for fire extinguishing. The practical significance is that the results of determining the fire extinguishing concentration of nitrogen make it possible to establish the operating conditions of coal storage facilities during the elimination of fire sites
The article covers issues related to the heat treatment of alloyed tool steels, in particular, the newly developed steel of the 7HNМFB brand, which is used for the manufacture of wood-cutting saws. It is noted that a feature of the new steel composition is a significant reduction in the content of harmful impurities of sulfur and phosphorus, which is achieved both by the smelting technology and by the introduction of calcium and rare earth elements into the steel composition. The introduction of the latter leads to a change in the quality and shape of the distribution of non-metallic inclusions, which contributes to an increase in plastic characteristics and an increase in fracture toughness. It is shown that tempering is a strengthening heat treatment, which consists in heating the steel to the temperature of polymorphic transformation of the material and subsequent cooling. The purpose of tempering alloyed steels is to obtain a martensitic structure and increase the hardness and strength of the steel. The difference between heat treatment of alloy steels and carbon steels lies in the choice of temperatures and heating speed. The purpose of the study is to determine the influence of heat treatment modes on the structure, hardness, and physical and mechanical properties of 7HNМFB steel for the manufacture of wood-cutting saws. The choice of heat treatment temperature depends on the content of alloying elements in the steel. For example, such elements as tungsten, vanadium, chromium contribute to the formation of red-resistant martensite, which is resistant to decay. The wood-cutting tool heats up in the process of cutting (the temperature in the contact zone reaches 600…800ОС) and if the steel is not red-resistant, it loses its hardness and cutting properties. Its physical and mechanical properties depend on the chemical composition of alloyed steels and the content of alloying elements, which directly affect the cutting properties of wood-cutting tools.
Die vorliegende Studie widmet sich der Analyse der historischen Figur von Ancia Zarichanska (Anna Poidyn), einer spirituellen Vermittlerin und charismatischen Heilerin aus dem transkarpatischen Dorf Zarichchia. Basierend auf umfangreichen Feldforschungen (2018–2019) und qualitativen Interviews mit den lokalen Informanten beleuchtet der Artikel die narrative Konstruktion dieser Frau im lokalen Gedächtnis, ihre magischen Fähigkeiten, rituellen Praktiken und asketische Lebensweise. Dabei wird ihr außergewöhnliches Verhalten – darunter Rückzug in selbstgewählte Isolation, Visionen, Fasten und soziale Selektivität – als Ausdruck religiöser Askese, devianter Frömmigkeit und spiritueller Autorität interpretiert. Zentrale Elemente wie Nahtoderfahrung, Wiedergeburtsmotiv oder heilende Hellsicht werden in einen komparativen Kontext mit europäischen Volksheilerinnen, Seherfiguren sowie schamanischen Initiationen gestellt. Der Fall Zarichanska zeigt eindrücklich, wie sich spirituelle Legitimität außerhalb institutioneller Religion entfaltet. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt auf der Analyse der kulturellen Logik hinter der Zuschreibung spiritueller Autorität, der Entstehung von Ritualen wie dem „Hercna-Mittwoch“ sowie der Pflege und kultischen Aufwertung ihres Grabes, das als Ort lokaler Verehrung gilt. Die Studie stellt einen Beitrag zur Ethnologie des Volksglaubens dar und zeigt, wie kollektives Gedächtnis, orale Tradition, dämonologische Erzählmuster und religiös-magische Praktiken ineinandergreifen und zur Entstehung lokaler „Volksheiligen“ beitragen. Die Figur Zarichanskas wird exemplarisch als Ausdruck transkultureller Muster nicht-institutioneller Spiritualität verstanden, die in Zeiten sozialer Umbrüche eine identitätsstiftende Funktion übernimmt.
ABSTRACT The paper presents an initial attempt to assess ancient findings in Eastern Ukraine through a synthesis of archaeological and geomorphological data. It focuses on a newly discovered Lower Palaeolithic site on a valley slope of a right‐bank tributary of the Seversky Donets River, cutting into the Jarkiv stage terrace (Pliocene) of the Ukrainian stratigraphic scale. Flint, quartzite, quartz flakes, and modified pebbles were found in the clastic material from the upper cover layer. The artefacts date from 2.6 to 0.6 Ma, corresponding to the interval between the boundary separating Bogdanivka and Beregove stages (i.e., Reuverian and Tiglian, respectively) and the Lubny (Cromerian) stage. A new terrace analysis method identified the lower boundary near the Pliocene‐Quaternary transition, with the upper boundary based on regional archaeological analogies. Deflationary processes prevent further narrowing of the timeframe. Taphonomic evidence indicates prolonged exposure in aquatic and wetland environments before surface deposition. The collection includes hammerstones, choppers, scrapers, and retouched flakes, predominantly shaped using the bipolar‐on‐anvil technique with some free‐hand flaking. Technological and typological features classify the assemblage as an archaic Mode I core‐and‐flake industry. Geological–geomorphological age assessments confirm these findings, refining correlations between archaeological industries and palaeogeographic stages.
