Objectives: Malaria continues to pose a substantial, widespread health challenge, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches to combat drug resistance and alleviate organ damage associated with infection. This study investigated the hepatorenal protective effects of encapsulated Holothuria atra in an experimental malaria mouse model caused by Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Materials and Methods: Random assignment of forty-eight BALB/c mice resulted in eight distinct groups for the study: an untreated control group (a negative control), a chloroquine-treated group (positive control), and six combination therapy groups receiving chloroquine alongside encapsulated H. atra with varying gum Arabic/soy protein isolate (GA/SPI) ratios and dosages. Renal and hepatic histopathology were assessed. Results: The chloroquine-only group (G2) exhibited the highest renal damage scores. Combination therapy, particularly with the 4:1 GA/SPI ratio at 100 mg/kg (G8), significantly reduced renal and hepatic damage compared with G2, approaching negative-control levels in several parameters. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in histopathological scores among the groups. Conclusions: Encapsulation enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of H. atra, with the 4:1 ratio optimizing the delivery of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, thus mitigating drug-induced and malaria-related organ toxicities. Encapsulated H. atra shows promise as a valuable adjunct in antimalarial therapy.
Asas fiksi hukum merupakan asas fundamental dalam sistem hukum Indonesia yang menyatakan bahwa setiap orang dianggap mengetahui hukum sejak peraturan perundang-undangan diundangkan dalam lembaran resmi negara, sebagaimana ditegaskan dalam Pasal 81 Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-undangan dan adagium ignorantia legis non excusat. Asas ini berperan penting dalam menjamin kepastian hukum dan mencegah penyalahgunaan alasan ketidaktahuan hukum dalam penegakan hukum pidana. Namun, dalam praktiknya, penerapan asas fiksi hukum kerap menimbulkan persoalan keadilan substantif, khususnya ketika diterapkan terhadap kelompok masyarakat yang memiliki keterbatasan pendidikan, ekonomi, dan akses terhadap informasi hukum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis argumentasi hukum penerapan asas fiksi hukum dalam sistem penegakan hukum pidana serta menilai efektivitasnya ditinjau dari prinsip kepastian dan keadilan hukum melalui studi terhadap Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Probolinggo Nomor 179/Pid.B/2014/PN PBL. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan kepustakaan, pendekatan kasus, dan pendekatan konseptual, dengan menggunakan teori kepastian hukum, teori keadilan John Rawls, dan hukum progresif Satjipto Rahardjo sebagai pisau analisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan asas fiksi hukum dalam putusan tersebut efektif dalam menjamin kepastian hukum, namun berpotensi mengabaikan keadilan substantif karena tidak mempertimbangkan kondisi sosial dan keterbatasan subjektif terdakwa. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa penerapan asas fiksi hukum perlu dilakukan secara proporsional dan kontekstual agar tercapai keseimbangan antara kepastian hukum dan keadilan substantif dalam sistem penegakan hukum pidana di Indonesia.
This study explores the implementation of the Syafa'ati method and participants' perceived experiences of Qur'an memorization at the female dormitory of Selaparang Islamic Boarding School. A qualitative field research design was employed to obtain an in-depth understanding of the memorization process within its natural setting. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, observations, and documentary review, and analyzed using the Interactive Model of Data Analysis proposed by Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña, which involves data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The credibility of the findings was strengthened through source and method triangulation. The findings show that the Syafa'ati method consisted of three interconnected stages: planning, implementation, and evaluation. During the planning stage, memorization targets were adjusted to students' individual learning capacities. The implementation stage emphasized gradual guidance, small-group learning, and regular muroja'ah activities. At the same time, evaluation was carried out through Hifzoty books and per-juz assessments to monitor memorization accuracy and recitation fluency. Participants described the method as providing a structured memorization process that supported their motivation to learn, recitation fluency, and accuracy in applying the rules of tajwid and fashahah. Evidence from observations and documentary records likewise indicated that individualized targets, continuous guidance, and regular muroja'ah contributed to maintaining students' memorization routines. Within the context of this study, the Syafa'ati method was perceived as offering a systematic framework for supporting Qur'an memorization in the Islamic boarding school environment.
Kehamilan akibat perkosaan menimbulkan dilema kemanusiaan dan hukum yang kompleks. Di Indonesia, korban yang memilih melakukan aborsi demi melindungi kesehatan mentalnya kerap dihadapkan pada ancaman kriminalisasi akibat benturan norma antara Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) dan Undang-Undang Kesehatan. Di sisi lain, doktrin fikih klasik cenderung mengharamkan aborsi demi perlindungan hak hidup janin. Penelitian hukum normatif yang bersifat preskriptif-analitis ini bertujuan menguraikan benturan norma tersebut melalui pendekatan ta‘āruḍ al-maqāṣid (konflik antartujuan syariat). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hukum aborsi bagi korban perkosaan dalam Islam tidak bersifat tunggal, melainkan dipengaruhi oleh fase perkembangan janin sebelum dan sesudah peniupan ruh (nafkh al-rūḥ). Melalui pendekatan maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, dirumuskan kerangka tarjīḥ yang membolehkan aborsi secara terbatas sebelum peniupan ruh demi melindungi jiwa (ḥifẓ al-nafs), kehormatan, dan martabat korban (ḥifẓ al-‘irḍ). Implikasinya, legalisasi terbatas aborsi dalam hukum positif Indonesia pada prinsipnya dapat dibenarkan secara maqāṣid, meskipun tetap memerlukan evaluasi kebijakan secara berkelanjutan agar benar-benar menghadirkan kemaslahatan dan keadilan substantif bagi korban perkosaan.
This research examines the constitutional legitimacy of imposing sanctions on Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) personnel engaging in LGBT conduct within the framework of Indonesia’s Pancasila legal state. While global discourses often advocate for full inclusivity, this study argues that the restriction of such rights in the Indonesian military context is constitutionally valid and strategically justified. Employing a normative legal research method with statutory, conceptual, case, and philosophical approaches, this study analyzes the intersection between human rights, public morality, and defense strategy. The findings reveal three fundamental justifications. First, Pancasila as the Grundnorm and constitutional morality positions religious values and public ethics as legitimate bases for limiting human rights, as explicitly authorized by Article 28J(2) of the 1945 Constitution. Second, under the doctrine of military necessity, the military operates as a lex specialis institution where individual liberties may be curtailed to ensure unit cohesion, command authority, and operational readiness. Third, jurisprudential evidence from military courts demonstrates that sanctions are not directed at sexual orientation as a status, but rather at specific sexual misconduct that disrupts the chain of command and institutional integrity. The study concludes that the dismissal and penalization of LGBT conduct in the TNI are not arbitrary violations of human rights, but proportional measures to uphold the nation's constitutional identity and national defense requirements.
