Social anxiety disorder is one of the most common anxiety disorders in adulthood. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an established effective intervention; however, previous meta-analyses have rarely focused specifically on adult populations. Therefore, the present study aimed to systematically synthesize existing evidence and estimate the overall effect size of CBT in reducing social anxiety symptoms in adults. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted through a comprehensive search of national databases from 2006 to 2024. Out of 567 identified studies, 14 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. Results indicated that CBT has a large and statistically significant effect on reducing social anxiety symptoms in adults (Hedges’ g = −2.274). Despite moderate heterogeneity across studies, including randomized controlled and quasi-experimental designs, sensitivity analyses supported the robustness of the findings. The main contribution of this study is its exclusive focus on adult populations and the synthesis of previously fragmented evidence that has not been sufficiently addressed in the literature. Overall, CBT appears to be an effective intervention for social anxiety in adults; however, future research should further examine the role of demographic and treatment-related factors.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are versatile and sustainable new green solvents that can be employed in the different application fields. DESs are created by combining a hydrogen bond donor and a hydrogen bond acceptor to form a stable liquid mixture with many unique physicochemical properties, including low volatility, tunable polarity, and excellent thermal stability. In this study, novel Glycerol-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were prepared by mixing different molar ratios of 1-propanol and 1-butanol as a hydrogen bond acceptor and glycerol as a hydrogen bond donor. The prepared new deep eutectic solvents were investigated by measuring their physical properties, such as freezing point, density, sound velocity, conductivity, and refractive index at different temperatures. The physical properties of new Glycerol-based DESs were decreased with increasing temperature and molar ratio due to increasing voids within deep eutectic mixtures. Furthermore, the new Glycerol-based DESs were applied for the first time as a liquid fuel.
This study investigates drainage density (Dd) characteristics and predictive modeling across climatic zones in Kurdistan Province, Iran, a tectonically active mountainous region in the Zagros fold belt exhibiting a pronounced west-to-east climatic gradient from humid to semi-arid conditions. Dd values averaged 1.47 Km/Km² province-wide, with highest means in Mediterranean (1.71 Km/Km²) and semi-arid (1.65 Km/Km²) zones, contrary to classic arid-maximum paradigms, attributed to seasonal rainfall intensity, reduced vegetation cover, and enhanced erosional efficiency. Humid zones displayed the lowest Dd (1.12 Km/Km²) due to greater infiltration promoted by dense vegetation. Six machine learning algorithms—Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting (GB), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Decision Tree (DT), and Support Vector Machine (SVM)—were employed to predict Dd, with models trained on 80
This study reports the green synthesis and characterization of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) film derived from shrimp shell waste and its application in a continuous bioreactor for the removal of sulfur chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from petrochemical wastewater. The produced BNC film was characterized using FTIR XRD BET surface analysis TGA DTG and FESEM. The results confirmed the formation of a crystalline porous and thermally stable nanocellulose matrix with a uniform three dimensional nanonetwork structure which is favorable for adsorption and biologically assisted removal mechanisms. Process optimization was performed using response surface methodology (RSM) by considering five independent variables including pH reaction time temperature number of BNC films and initial pollutant concentration while sulfur COD and BOD removal efficiencies were selected as response variables. Statistical analysis indicated that all investigated parameters significantly affected pollutant removal (p < 0.05). The optimal operating conditions were pH 7 temperature 30 °C reaction time 120 min and two BNC films under which maximum removal efficiencies of 95.6
Advertising in supply chains commonly includes global advertising, which builds brand awareness, and local advertising, which converts potential customers into actual buyers. Despite their complementary roles, limited research has examined how these instruments should be jointly allocated when manufacturers face budget and production constraints. Motivated by real-world capacity disruptions such as the global chip shortage, this study develops a two-echelon supply chain model formulated as a Stackelberg game in which the manufacturer acts as the leader and retailers are followers. Retailers’ interactions are further characterized through a Generalized Nash game to capture strategic interdependence under shared capacity and cooperative advertising decisions. The manufacturer determines global advertising expenditure, the share of retailers’ local advertising costs, and production allocation, while retailers choose local advertising investments under competitive conditions. Three structures are analyzed: two decentralized settings, one with competitive local advertising and one without, and a fully centralized benchmark. Results show that centralized coordination yields the highest total supply chain profit. Among decentralized settings, eliminating predatory advertising improves overall supply chain performance, although competitive behavior may sometimes benefit retailers individually. The analysis further demonstrates that greater production capacity and higher manufacturer budgets increase participation in local advertising and enhance customer acquisition when advertising remains profitable. Importantly, global advertising alone cannot fully translate market potential into realized demand without sufficient local advertising support. These findings offer practical guidance for capacity-constrained industries, highlighting the importance of coordinated advertising strategies and appropriate participation policies to maximize profitability under resource limitations.
