Uşak University is a university located in Uşak, Turkey. It was established in 2006.
This study examined how an eight-week orienteering training affected preschoolers' problemsolving abilities and attitudes toward their environment. An explanatory sequential mixedmethod design was used and involved 40 children in a public preschool in Afyonkarahisar, T & uuml;rkiye, ages 5 to 6. The Children's Attitudes Towards the Environment Scale - Preschool Version (CATES-PV), the Problem Solving Skills Scale (4-7 years) (PSSS), a demographic information form, and an open-ended questionnaire were used as data collection tools. The dependent-groups t-test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to determine the difference between pre-test and post-test scores. Descriptive analysis was applied for the qualitative part. Children's problemsolving abilities significantly improved throughout the training, according to the findings. The training was not generally associated with improvements in scores on the Children's Attitudes Towards Environment Scale, but it did improve the living habits dimension of the scale. Both parents and teachers have noted positive changes in children's problem-solving, environmental awareness, map-reading skills, and nature sensitivity. These results show that orienteering training is associated with promising changes, particularly in problem-solving. The study presents orienteering as an encouraging pedagogical approach for improving problem-solving skills in daily routine and contributes to the expanding literature on outdoor learning.
This study presents a comprehensive literature review on spherical fuzzy sets and their generalizations, with a particular focus on their theoretical foundations and practical applications in decision-making problems. First, the theoretical concepts of spherical fuzzy sets are examined, followed by a systematic discussion of their main extensions proposed in the literature. Subsequently, aggregation operators commonly used in spherical fuzzy set environments are reviewed in detail. In addition, the study provides an overview of decision-making methodologies and weighting techniques frequently integrated with spherical fuzzy frameworks, including objective, subjective, and hybrid weighting approaches. Beyond the theoretical perspective, a large-scale bibliometric and methodological content analysis is conducted based on 225 articles indexed in the Web of Science database. These studies are analyzed with respect to publication trends, methodological preferences, aggregation operators, weighting methods, application areas, and citation performance. The results reveal dominant research patterns, frequently adopted methodological combinations, and emerging application areas, while also identifying gaps and underexplored directions for future research. By systematically synthesizing both theoretical developments and empirical trends, this review aims to serve as a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners working on spherical fuzzy sets and multi-criteria decision-making problems.
One of the main causes of environmental pollution is the exhaust emissions emitted from internal combustion engines. Currently, the use of rare elements such as platinum, palladium and rhodium in metal catalysts, which form part of exhaust purification systems, causes production difficulties and increased costs. Furthermore, these elements do not possess particle retention properties. This study aimed to determine whether geopolymer materials could be used as an innovative exhaust purification system in the automotive industry, given that porous geopolymer structures contain catalyst materials, are resistant to pressure and temperature, are easy and inexpensive to apply, and can be made from waste raw materials. In this study, newly developed aluminum-carbon-boron (5% Al2O3 and 1% activated carbon) doped emission treatment filter (also named as “AlCBDoF”) and zirconium-boron (5% ZrO2 and 5% Zr(SO4)2) doped emission treatment filter (also named as “ZrBDoF”) are developed and their effects on the diesel engine performance and emissions were investigated. The developed novel emission treatment filters and a standard catalytic converter of the diesel engine were separately installed in the exhaust after treatment line of a 4-cylinder diesel engine under different speeds and loads. When standard catalytic converter is used, HC emissions are improved by up to 48%, while HC emissions are reduced by 60% when AlCBDoF is used and 70% when ZrBDoF is utilized. The fact that the filter output values of the CO2 are higher than the filter input values shows that the filters are effective in CO2 conversion of CO emissions by acting as a catalyst. It has also been observed to demonstrate over 99% improvement in particulate matter. Therefore, the newly developed Boron Doped Filters can be used as a single device instead of both Diesel Oxidation Catalyst and Diesel Particulate Filter. In addition to improving exhaust emissions, it has been shown that the developed products are environmentally friendly system with the ability to utilize waste products and they can be used as innovative materials in exhaust emission control in the automotive industry.
Background Although individuals with autism experience elevated rates of victimization, evidence concerning their experiences at specific stages of legal processes remains fragmented. This scoping review mapped the available evidence on victimization, legal-process experiences, barriers, supports, and research gaps. Method Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Anadolu University Library discovery service (inc. Scopus and PubMed) searches were conducted between February and 5 March 2026 for peer-reviewed sources published from 1 January 2016–5 March 2026. Eligible quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods primary studies and reviews were charted. The results were summarized using descriptive numerical analysis and inductive basic qualitative content analysis. Sixteen sources were included: 12 primary research reports and four reviews. Results The findings clustered into five categories: victimization patterns, prevalence, and risk factors; communication and procedural barriers in police, forensic interview, and court processes; difficulties in recognizing, disclosing, and reporting abuse; need for expert support, staff training, and interdisciplinary collaboration; and structural gaps in the legal system and accessible justice. Across studies, victimization was associated not only with elevated exposure to violence, but also with communication mismatches, limited accommodations, diagnostic overshadowing, credibility bias, and low professional preparedness. Three defendant- or custody-focused sources were retained as contextual evidence concerning systemic preparedness and structural accessibility; they were not interpreted as direct evidence of victim experiences. Conclusions The evidence indicates recurring communication, professional-knowledge, and accessibility barriers, but the literature is heterogeneous and relies heavily on adult, professional, caregiver, mixed-role, and contextual evidence. Victim-focused research evaluating accommodations and support practices, particularly for children and adolescents, remains limited.
Egypt and Brazil are among the developing countries receiving the highest levels of international finance for clean energy; yet, they differ substantially in their renewable energy potential, energy composition, and policy frameworks, allowing for a comparative analysis of how these factors affect the development of low-carbon energy. This study examines the impact of environmental taxes, international finance received for clean energy, government expenditures, green innovation, and ecological footprint on low-carbon energy in Egypt and Brazil from 2000 to 2022. The robust results indicate that environmental taxes have a positive influence on low-carbon energy in Brazil. In contrast, international finance for clean energy has a positive effect in Brazil but an adverse effect in Egypt. Government expenditures negatively impact low-carbon energy in Egypt, whereas the ecological footprint exhibits a negative effect in Brazil. These findings suggest that the effectiveness of international finance and government expenditures critically depends on domestic energy structures, renewable energy potential, and the allocation of fiscal resources. In Brazil, established renewable infrastructure and diversified energy sources support the positive impact of international finance for clean energy. In Egypt, reliance on fossil fuels and limited deployment of renewables may reduce the effectiveness of external funding. The results indicate that aligning financial and fiscal measures with renewable energy expansion and low-carbon strategies.
