数字技术的到来,开启了人类智能化发展方向.人类文明发展必然以技术发展作为支撑,数字在人类发展史上发挥着不可代替的作用,现今人类社会已经进入高度数字化的时代.审视数字发展,要看到其与特定社会生产方式之间的关系,在资本主义语境下,数字经济带来了经济、政治、文化、意识形态和生态等各方面危机.中国式数字文明在建构征程中需警惕数字资本主义的负面影响,消解数字被资本权力占有和控制的隐患,积极发挥平等、共享的公有制度的数字发展优势;警惕资本权力借助数字化加重剥削劳动主体,以数字共建共享保障人民的权力主体性;在驾驭资本中积极推进数字文明发展,与世界各国一道共建数字经济的命运共同体.
资本主义现代化同质化趋势压制了现代化"多样化"趋势,使精神文化成为资本的"宾语"而失去主体地位,导致文化衰退乃至自我瓦解.中国历史和中国人民选择了社会主义的中国式现代化新道路,竖起了人类文明特别是精神文化的新标杆.改革开放后,中国经济实现了 40余年快速增长,我们更需要牢筑新时代中国特色社会主义文化支柱,共筑新时代中国人的民族精神和时代精神,使抓精神文明建设这一"手"切实硬起来,在全社会培育良好的精神文化氛围,建设物质文明和精神文明共同发展的现代化.
全球价值链是当今全球经济基础存在的现实重要组成.全球价值链发展影响全球政治经济格局,既是中国高质量发展新格局形成的基础与关键,更是中国式现代化发展所依赖的物质基础.马克思主义政治经济学为认识全球价值链提供了理论工具,实现动态且完整的全球价值链构建,通过多要素的价值链节点组合,形成具有引领性、强辐射的全球价值链体系,是中国式现代化建设的客观本质要求,而中国式现代化的全球价值链构建必将创造人类文明发展的新形态.
在全球化时代,国家的命运与海洋紧密相连.伴随改革开放日益深入,中国逐渐融入全球化体系,海洋在中国经济和社会发展中发挥着越来越重要的作用.马克思、恩格斯高度关注海洋强国兴衰成败的历史,从历史唯物主义角度出发分析了西方国家海上力量兴衰变化的过程,甚至分析了海洋对近代中国历史发展的影响.马克思、恩格斯的这些论述对于今天中国建设海洋强国,推动"一带一路"倡议高质量发展,建设陆海兼修的现代化强国,以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴等具有重要的理论价值和现实意义.
以数字技术为主要标志的数字资本主义正呈现出新的虚幻表征和困境,是充满矛盾的体系.认识当代数字资本主义,需要回到马克思主义.数字资本主义的神秘性、进步面只是外在的假象,并未从根本上解决资本主义生产方式的固有矛盾.对此,我们需要廓清数字资本主义幻像,把握当代资本主义实质,认真应对在数字经济领域两种制度长期合作与斗争的现实挑战.
城市和乡村构成现代化的一体两面,乡村问题是资本主义现代化的必然结果.因此,实现现代化必须扬弃乡村问题.与西方现代化不同,历史充分表明,中国式现代化是一个城乡空间重构的辩证过程.乡村不仅是中国式现代化的空间起点,更是空间落脚点.乡村振兴战略开启了中国乡村空间的全面重构之路,在遵循乡村空间差异性与多样性基础上,试图解决乡村空间的固有矛盾和内生问题,建构超越城乡对立的全新空间形态,为人类文明新形态奠定坚实的空间基础.
The development of the world socialist movement has been uneven, with its centre shifting first to Britain and later to France, Germany and Russia. After the dramatic changes in the Soviet Union, China adhered to and developed Marxism,and successfully embarked on the path to socialism with Chinese characteristics. The major achievements of socialism with Chinese characteristics have fully demonstrated the superiority of the socialist system and made China increasingly the mainstay of the world socialist cause. While the Paris Commune and the October Revolution were milestones in the history of the world socialist movement, the major achievements of the socialist cause with Chinese characteristics, especially the success of the socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, have largely changed the once passive situation of the world socialist movement after the end of the Cold War. Chinese socialism is of great significance in the history of the development of the Chinese nation, the history of the world socialist movement and the history of human social development, as it will become the third major milestone in the history of the world socialist movement through propelling world history from the Atlantic era into the Pacific era.
To achieve common prosperity, we must consciously follow the economic laws and have both a clear goal to strive for and a scientific method of implementation, so it is a long-term and arduous historical process. In the system of economic laws, the status of each economic law is different, among which the basic and main economic laws play a decisive role. The reality shows that promoting the common prosperity of the whole nation should follow both the basic economic laws as well as the main economic laws,and make them mutually reinforcing and organically integrated. In the primary stage of socialism, the law of ownership structure and that of income distribution are mutually interacting and organically integrated. They work together to promote the common prosperity with Chinese characteristics in two aspects, namely common development of diverse ownership economies and reasonable adjustment of income distribution. In a socialist market economy, the law of value and that of value appreciation are the driving force and method for promoting the development of the productive forces, the objective basis for realizing distribution according to labour and factors of production, the direct driving force for increasing wealth accumulation and achieving common prosperity, and the fundamental requirement for reforming and improving the market-economy system.
In terms of actual social forms, capitalism was established several hundred years earlier than socialist society, but socialist theories emerged before capitalist counterparts. As early as the primitive accumulation of capital,there were already theories about socialism—ideal socialism—despite their immaturity. Thomas More grew up in England in the late 15th and early 16th century, and his Utopia was the product of various factors in the times. During this period,the primitive accumulation of capital in Britain just began and gave rise to many social problems. These social contradictions deeply touched More and prompted him to transform from a humanist to a socialist. In Utopia he expressed his dissatisfaction and criticism of the real society in the words of Hythloday, and elaborated his simple socialist ideas in his depiction of the future society.
In the 30 years of modernization since the founding of New China, China’s rural society has undergone a revolutionary transformation in political, economic and ideological aspects. Studies on agrarian reforms during this period have mainly focused on the Han society in the central plains, while less attention has been paid to minority societies in the frontier mountains. Through oral interviews with Yi farmers in Liangshan, it is possible to present the historical features of the socialist agrarian reforms from the perspective of farmers, and to understand the profound transformation of the economic life, social life and ethnic relations in the frontier ethnic areas through Chinese democratic reforms and collective agricultural production. This will in turn provide a comparative perspective on the new changes of agrarian issues in the Yi region of Liangshan in the context of marketization, which will undoubtedly contribute to the current exploration of the Chinese path to modernization.
The stages of labour development and those of family development are the logical starting point for the reinterpretation of Engels’ “two theories of production”. In the two different spheres of labour and family, material production plays a decisive role in the production of human beings themselves, and thus in the historical development of society. At different stages of labor development and family development, the impact of the improvement of material production on human production changes from a positive to a negative correlation. With the acceleration of social development, the influence of material production on human production becomes more complex, obscure and tortuous. The reinterpretation of Engels’ “two theories of production”can provide some useful and practical insights for the balanced development of China’s population.
The successful localization and modernization of Marxism in China partially lies in the fact that it is a scientific theory. The formation of a scientific system is not only the essential characteristics and basic basis of an autonomous and unique thought, but also the basic identification and concentrated presentation of a mature and definitive theory. The CPC’s innovation theory in the new era has a clear ideological essence and distinct theoretical themes that run through its entire content. As for the theoretical themes, the theory comprehensively raises and scientifically responds to the major and prominent issues in the era. Meanwhile, it puts forward a series of original, ideological and realistic viewpoints, arguments and judgements concerning theoretical themes and major topics of the times, with a strict, complete, smooth and self-consistent logical structure. The Party’s innovation theory in the new era are gradually formed,developed, matured and increasingly systematized in the practice of historic reforms. Successfully localizing and modernizing Marxism in China is more feasible than merely possible.
For a long time, evaluating the performance of the third-front construction has featured its complexity. The third-front construction should be considered as a long-term strategy to benefit the country and the people, if it is assessed in the context of a sinister security environment after the founding of New China, against the macro backdrop of the competition between socialism and capitalism all over the world, and in terms of its long-term comprehensive benefits and precious spiritual wealth. Unlike ordinary construction projects in peacetime, the third-front construction was the one for war readiness that the PRC had to implement on the brink of war. One of the key motivations for the decision was to prepare for war, and the other was to change the long-standing irrational industrial layout in old China. At the same time, the entrepreneurs of the third-front construction created the invaluable spirit out of the project, which has become a valuable spiritual treasure of the Chinese nation.
党的十九大为乡村振兴擘画了蓝图,脱贫攻坚的胜利将乡村振兴战略推至全面实施阶段.当前农业、农村、农民的发展仍面临一些矛盾,重个体及其帮扶、轻集体的倾向导致农民向好发展的要求难以从根本上得到满足,有必要建构以农民集体为主体的发展权——农民集体发展权,使"三农"能够通过集体获得更好发展.在这一权利谱系中,壮大村集体经济、提升村民自治和农村治理效能、充分供给农村社会保障是主要内容.因此,纾解壮大农村集体经济的制约因素、促进农村"三治"有机结合、优化"后脱贫"时代的农村社会保障,理应是农民集体发展权的导向.
达尔文进化论把生存斗争视作历史演进的主线,恩格斯对其展开了系统性批判.恩格斯认为生存斗争学说本质上是资产阶级的战争论、竞争论和人口论.如果把历史的主线简单理解为周期性生存斗争,那么人与动物的根本界线就会消除,历史发展的认知就要降维.生存斗争只是生理层面的历史现象,阶级斗争才是内在的历史本质.包括生存斗争在内的全部历史主线,应是围绕经济解放的阶级斗争而非其他.恩格斯对历史主线的科学阐释,为我们把握历史规律、提升历史自觉、增强历史主动,提供了历久弥新的认知范式和分析框架.
马克思主义科学揭示了教育与政治的辩证关系.一方面,政治作为经济的集中表现,对教育具有一定的制约作用.具体而言,教育性质受政治制约,一定阶级的教育是其"生产关系和所有制关系的产物";教育目的受政治制约,"为谁培养人"是由社会制度决定的;教育内容受政治制约,教科书反映了统治阶级对教育的基本要求;教育机会受政治制约,平等的国民教育是资本主义的谎言,社会主义教育则不断促进教育公平.另一方面,教育不是社会发展的被动适应物,可以对政治产生反作用,具体体现于对社会变革、新社会建设、新人培育等方面产生影响.在社会主义条件下,无产阶级政党应当正确认识和运用教育与政治之间的辩证关系,确立和完善党对教育工作的领导.为此,要坚持擦亮社会主义教育底色,打造社会主义教师队伍,保障优先发展教育事业.
农民合作社是实现乡村振兴的重要环节,也是促进乡村共同富裕的组织载体.马克思主义经典作家认为合作社是组织农民摆脱贫困,实现共同富裕的重要形式,也是夺取政权、战胜资本主义的中间环节.合作社意志是社会主义政权意志的体现,合作社的充分发展是通往共产主义社会理想的重要路径与实践先导.中国的合作社发展道路彰显更多的内外部张力,比如以集体经济为组织的合作化改造,以供销合作社为载体的"三位一体"综合改革等.从实践上看,合作社通过内部规范和高质量发展,推动农业增产和农民增收,促进乡村振兴与共同富裕.
恩格斯在《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》中提到了"两种"生产理论,引发学界热议.通过对MEGA2版本的分析,可以深入了解恩格斯的原意.恩格斯并没否定"历史中的决定性因素是物质生产"这一唯物史观基本观点.《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》(第一版序言)第二段第二句话并不是对第一句话的否定;恩格斯并没有使用"两种生产"的说法,始终说的是同一种生产(即物质生产)的两个方面,即物质生活资料生产和人的生产,要严格区分物质生产、物质生活资料生产,否则会带来混乱;生产的两个方面在历史及其发展中起着同样重要的作用,二者一体成为历史发展的决定性因素,合力推动社会历史的发展.
在世界百年未有之大变局的背景下,世界社会主义运动呈现新的发展态势,主要是社会主义国家与资本主义国家的力量对比在总体上呈现"东升西降"的发展态势,不同国家的社会主义运动呈现"多点开花"的发展态势,中国在世界社会主义运动中呈现"一枝独秀"的发展态势.从大历史观视野出发审视未来世界社会主义运动的发展态势可以看到,21世纪世界社会主义在变革发展中逐步走向振兴.面对未来世界社会主义发展趋势,准确把握百年未有之大变局的机遇期,还需加强对中国特色社会主义世界意义的准确把握、加强对资本主义社会内部矛盾及基本矛盾的研究、加强对社会主义力量之间联合的研究及对科技革命的深入研究,在百年未有之大变局中推动世界社会主义的宏伟发展.
"坚持全国一盘棋,调动各方面积极性,集中力量办大事",是中国特色社会主义制度和国家治理体系显著优势之一.集中力量办大事的优势来自对超越极端个人主义的集体主义原则的坚守,集体主义是集中力量办大事的核心要素和价值来源,也是实践蕴含.在社会主义现代化建设新征程中,只有继续坚持公有制主体地位以增进集体利益,不断推进全过程人民民主以构建更加平等的社会关系,积极践行社会主义核心价值观使个人将自身利益与集体利益自觉统一,集中力量办大事的优势才具有持续的经济、政治、文化保障,才能为全面建成社会主义现代化强国提供根本的制度基础.
