Food preservatives are widely recognized as essential food additives that play critical roles in ensuring food safety， at the same time， the use of preservatives in food has been strictly regulated at home and abroad. Consequently， the accurate identification of various types and concentration levels of food preservatives is pivotal for safeguarding public health. This study aims to review the standardized methods for the detection of food preservatives at home and abroad， with a specific focus on the analytical characteristics and application status of liquid chromatography， and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Furthermore， the emerging trends and future directions in the development of detection technologies for food preservatives are also going to be discussed.
ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the current status of neonicotinoid pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits sold in Jilin Province from 2022 to 2025， and to assess dietary exposure risks among residents， thereby providing a reference for regulatory authorities to strengthen pesticide residue monitoring and management.MethodsSeven hundred and twenty-seven vegetable samples and 310 fruit samples were collected from 9 prefectural-level divisions （prefectural-level cities and autonomous prefectures） in Jilin Province. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （HPLC-MS/MS） was used to monitor the residue levels of 12 neonicotinoid pesticides according to GB 2763-2021. Hazard quotient （HQ） method was employed to assess acute and chronic dietary exposure risks.ResultsThe detection rate of neonicotinoid pesticides among vetetable samples was 30.81% （224/727）， while the exceedance rate was 3.44% （25/727） and the co-occurrence of two or more pesticides was 11.14% （81/727）. Among fruit samples， the detection rate was 31.61% （98/310）， while the exceedance rate was 1.29% （4/310）， and the proportion of samples with multiple pesticide residues was 7.42% （23/310）. The acute， chronic， and cumulative dietary exposure risk quotients for different types of neonicotinoid pesticides were all well below 1.ConclusionNeonicotinoid pesticide residues are present in vegetables and fruits sold in Jilin Province， and some samples exhibit occurrence of multiple pesticide residues. The current dietary exposure risk of neonicotinoid pesticide residues to residents remains at an acceptable level. However， it is still necessary to continuously monitor neonicotinoid pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables， and to conduct targeted monitoring for different categories.
ObjectiveTo investigate the contamination status of Burkholderia gladioli throughout the entire production-to-sales chain of wet noodles and wet starch-based products， and to analyze the genomic characteristics of the isolates based on whole-genome sequencing data.MethodsFood and environmental samples were collected from the production/processing and sales stages of wet noodles and wet starch-based products in Henan Province from May to September in 2024， to detect and analyze B. gladioli contamination. Whole-genome sequencing analysis was performed to conduct multilocus sequence typing （MLST）， bongkrekic acid biosynthesis-associated bon gene cluster and antimicrobial resistance genes screening， and phylogenetic characterization.ResultsAmong 568 samples tested， the highest detection rate was found in food samples from the sales stage （3.23%）， followed by environmental samples from the production/processing stage （0.72%）. None of the food samples from the production/processing stage or environmental samples from the sales stage tested positive. Thirteen isolated strains were identified， belonging to 8 sequence types. Of all the isolates， 23.08% （3/13） carried a complete bon gene cluster. All isolates harbored the resistance genes ceoA， ceoB， and opcM. Collinearity analysis revealed that these three genes existed in a closely linked gene cluster across all isolates. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the isolates were distributed across multiple lineages， indicating high genetic diversity. Notably， strains carrying the bon gene cluster exhibited closer evolutionary relationships.ConclusionWet noodles and wet starch-based products are at risk of Burkholderia gladioli contamination. It is recommended to strengthen routine microbial monitoring of such products， with a particular focus on B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans， a pathovar that predominantly carries the bon gene cluster. Simultaneously， vigilance should be maintained against the potential antimicrobial resistance risk mediated by multidrug efflux pump genes in this bacterium， so as to enhance early warning and prevention capabilities for foodborne diseases.
ObjectiveTo systematically evaluate the protein nutritional quality of cultured meat， clarify its digestibility， absorption efficiency and amino acid matching degree， and provide a scientific basis for the development and application of cultured meat as a novel protein source.MethodsUsing β-lactoglobulin as the standard control， 15 specific pathogen-free （SPF） male Sprague-Dawley （SD） weaned rats were randomly divided into three groups： the test substance （cultured meat） group， the standard control protein （β-lactoglobulin） group， and the protein-free （normal saline） group. According to the amino acid requirement pattern proposed by the joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations （FAO）/World Health Organization （WHO） expert consultation report， the true digestibility （TD）， amino acid score （AAS）， and protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score （PDCAAS） of proteins in cultured meat were systematically determined.ResultsBased on a linear mixed-effects model with animal ID as a random intercept， the TD of cultured meat was （95.56±0.91）%， which showed no statistically significant difference compared with that of β-lactoglobulin ［（96.18±0.85）%； group effect： F=1.231， P>0.05］. Cultured meat had a balanced amino acid composition， containing all essential amino acids， with isoleucine as the limiting amino acid. The AAS of isoleucine ranged from 0.98 to 1.05 across all age groups， and the AAS of other essential amino acid were all over 1.0， the raw PDCAAS reached or exceeded 1.00 and was therefore truncated to 1.00.ConclusionCultured meat exhibits good protein digestibility and absorption efficiency， with a relatively balanced amino acid composition and isoleucine as the limiting amino acid. Its protein nutritional quality reaches the level of traditional high-quality proteins， making it one of the high-quality alternative sources of traditional animal proteins.
ObjectiveTo systematically evaluate the contamination status and health risks of mycotoxins in wheat and wheat-based products in Henan Province from 2022 to 2024.MethodsFrom 2022 to 2024， local Centers for Disease Control and Prevention covering 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province collected a total of 2 736 batches of wheat and wheat-based products， generating 23 595 individual analytical data records for 14 mycotoxins. Isotope dilution ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （ID-UHPLC-MS/MS） was utilized to quantify the concentrations of target mycotoxins. Based on dietary consumption data of residents， the tolerable daily intake （TDI） approach and threshold of toxicological concern （TTC） model were adopted to conduct dietary exposure risk assessment.ResultsAmong the 23 595 analytical records of 14 mycotoxins， 9 161 records showed positive signals， accounting for 38.83%. For the 4 928 records corresponding to mycotoxins with national standard limits， 23 records exceeded the legal limits， with an exceedance proportion of 0.47%. The average concentrations of tenuazonic acid （TeA） and the exceedance proportions of deoxynivalenol （DON） in raw wheat grains and wheat flour were 532.14 μg/kg （2.59%， 17/657） and 63.13 μg/kg （0.09%， 1/1 147）， respectively. The proportion of positive tentoxin （TEN） records was significantly higher in bulk wheat flour than in packaged wheat flour （χ²=64.00， P<0.05）. The dietary exposure levels of deoxynivalenol （DON） via wheat flour and wheat-based products for general residents were 0.315 μg/（kg·BW·d） and 0.520 μg/（kg·BW·d）， while the corresponding exposure values of tenuazonic acid （TeA） were 173.02 ng/（kg·BW·d） and 104.05 ng/（kg·BW·d）.ConclusionMycotoxin contamination at varying levels exists in wheat and wheat-based products in Henan Province. The dietary exposure levels of relevant mycotoxins from wheat foods for residents are all lower than the recommended TDI and TTC values， which indicates that the overall dietary health risks are acceptable.
ObjectiveTo establish a rapid and comprehensive method for the simultaneous determination of 48 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances （PFAS） in milk by liquid-liquid extraction coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS）.MethodsMilk samples were measured， extracted with 10% methanol-acetonitrile （1∶9，V/V） solution. The mixture was shaken， frozen at -20 ℃ for 30 min and centrifuged at 4 ℃. The combined liquid was evaporated under nitrogen and resuspended for injection and analysis. Chromatographic separation was performed using a gradient elution with a mobile phase of 2 mM ammonium acetate aqueous solution and acetonitrile. The analysis was carried out on an C18 column （3.0 mm×100 mm， 2.7 µm）. Detection was carried out using negative ion electrospray ionization （ESI-） in multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） mode， and quantification was achieved by the internal standard method.ResultsThe correlation coefficients （R） for all 48 PFAS were greater than 0.998 6 within the concentration range of 0.01-20 µg/L. The method detection limits ranged from 0.3 to 4.5 ng/L， and the quantification limits ranged from 1.0 to 15.2 ng/L. Recovery rates for three different spiked concentrations （0.01， 0.05， and 0.20 µg/L） ranged from 60.1% to 119%， with intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviation （RSD） smaller than 15.2%. When applied to 15 milk samples from local supermarkets in Guangzhou City， only 17 PFASs were detected， of which 6：2 FTS （66.7%）， PFOA （53.3%）， PFHxDA （53.3%）， PFBA （46.7%）， PFNA （33.3%）， and HFPO-DA （33.3%） had higher detection rates， and the mean concentrations were 1.17， 0.46， 0.57， 1.27， 0.32， and 1.65 ng/L， respectively. Some emerging PFAS， such as 3，6-OPFHpA， PFOPA， Cl-PFOPA， 6：2PAP and N-MeFOSE were also detected at trace levels.ConclusionThis method exhibits excellent sensitivity， accuracy， precision， and ease of use， making it suitable for the simultaneous detection for 48 PFAS in milk samples.
ObjectiveTo analyze the antimicrobial resistance and molecular characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from aquatic products in Taiyuan’s supermarkets.MethodsOne hundred and two aquatic samples were collected from major supermarkets in Taiyuan City for isolates identification by National Food Safety Standard - Food Microbiological Examination - Vibrio parahaemolyticus （ GB 4789.7-2013）， and then the purified isolates were carried out for whole genome sequencing. The sequencing data were applied to perform multilocus sequence typing （MLST）， O- and K-antigen genotyping， screening of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes， as well as functional annotation and comparison of plasmids for the isolates. A phylogenetic tree was constructed for analysis including 21 clinical and environmental isolates.ResultsThe total detection rate of Vibrio spp. in the samples was 26.47%， with V. parahaemolyticus at 13.73%. The highest V. parahaemolyticus detection rate was observed in shrimp （23.53%）， followed by mollusks （10.71%）. No V. parahaemolyticus was detected in fish samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing results showed that all isolates were resistant against sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim， and the resistance rates to ampicillin and tetracycline were 52.94% and 47.06%， respectively. All isolates were susceptible to amikacin， meropenem， gentamicin， polymyxin B， tigecycline， and azithromycin.MLST analysis showed that the 17 isolates were classified into 10 sequence types （STs）， with ST722 the dominant type. The strains exhibited high genetic diversity without obvious origin-specific clustering. Gene screening revealed that the β-lactam resistance gene blaCARB-21 was the most prevalent. The same blaCARB gene subtype was found in the same ST type. Furthermore， the tetracycline resistance gene tet（B） was located on a plasmid containing the IS10 insertion sequence， indicating a potential risk of horizontal gene transfer. As for virulence genes， all isolates carried the V. parahaemolyticus specific gene tlh， and genes related to T3SS1 and T2SS. However， none of the 17 isolates carried the core virulence genes tdh or trh， nor was the T3SS2 related genes detected.ConclusionThere is a certain degree of V. parahaemolyticus contamination in aquatic products from supermarkets in Taiyuan. The isolated V. parahaemolyticus strains exhibit genetic diversity and carry various resistance and virulence genes， with some resistance genes possessing the potential for horizontal gene transfer.
ObjectiveTo establish a rapid analytical method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UHPLC-MS/MS） for the simultaneous detection of 31 toxic alkaloids in Chinese medicinal materials and plant-based foods.MethodsFifteen samples of traditional Chinese medicinal materials and plant-based foods， along with nine samples from poisoning incidents， were extracted using a 50% acetonitrile aqueous solution containing 0.2% formic acid. The extract was diluted with an equal volume of purified water and then separated on a C18 column using a gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of 2 mmol/L ammonium formate （containing 0.1% formic acid） and acetonitrile. Mass spectrometric analysis was performed in positive electrospray ionization mode with multiple reaction monitoring for detection， and quantification was carried out using the external standard method. Validation was conducted using blank matrices of Ficus hirta （Chinese medicinal material）， canned mixed congee （plant-based food）， and Ficus hirta decoction （liquid sample）.ResultsAll 31 toxic alkaloids showed good linearity in the concentration range of 1.0-100 μg/L， with correlation coefficients （R²） no less than 0.997 6. Using the three validation matrices， the spiked recoveries ranged from 75.2% to 117.8%， with relative standard deviations between 0.4% and 9.2%. In Ficus hirta and canned mixed congee matrices， the limits of detection （LOD） ranged from 0.7 to 3.3 μg/kg and the limits of quantification （LOQ） from 2.3 to 9.9 μg/kg. In Ficus hirta decoction matrix， the LOD ranged from 0.2 to 0.7 μg/L and the LOQ from 0.5 to 2.2 μg/L. In the 15 samples of Chinese medicinal materials and plant-based foods， 24 alkaloids were detected and the single extraction efficiencies were all above 78%. Meanwhile， gelsemium alkaloids were detected in all 9 poisoning incident samples.ConclusionThis method is simple， rapid， and reliable. It is suitable for the rapid and simultaneous quantification of multiple alkaloids in emergency poisoning incidents.
ObjectiveTo systematically evaluate the health hazards of dibutyl phthalate （DBP） using the weight of evidence approach， identify its key toxicological effects and evidence strength， and provide scientific basis for risk management.MethodsLiterature in Chinese and English databases was retrieved from the earliest available records of DBP-related research up to September 20， 2024. The reliability and relevance of experimental and epidemiological studies were assessed in accordance with the toxicological data evaluation guidelines developed by the China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment. Based on the weight of evidence， the evidence streams for experimental and population studies were established， and comprehensive evidence integration was conducted from multiple dimensions including consistency， association strength， and biological plausibility. Meta-analysis was performed for homogeneous epidemiological studies.ResultsA total of 423 experimental studies and 62 eligible epidemiological studies were included. Weight of evidence integration indicated that sufficient evidence supported the reproductive and developmental toxicity of DBP， with a critical lowest observed adverse effect level （LOAEL） at 2 mg/（kg⋅BW⋅d）. Epidemiological evidence revealed that DBP exposure significantly increased the risk of preterm birth in humans （pooled OR=1.10， 95% CI： 1.01-1.20）. Evidence for immunotoxicity was limited yet critical， where animal studies demonstrated adverse immunological effects induced at a dose of 0.4 mg/（kg⋅BW⋅d）， which was lower than the LOAEL for reproductive toxicity. Limited evidence was obtained for neurotoxicity and metabolic toxicity， while evidence regarding cardiovascular toxicity and genotoxicity was insufficient. No significant correlation was identified between DBP exposure and male sperm quality via meta-analysis.ConclusionSystematic assessment based on the weight of evidence approach confirms that reproductive and developmental toxicity represents the key effect endpoints with the strongest evidence for DBP currently. Existing toxicological data supports the maintaining of its tolerable daily intake at 0.01 mg/（kg⋅BW）. Meanwhile， immunotoxicity is recognized as a potentially sensitive endpoint requiring high priority attention. The weight of evidence integration framework demonstrated in this study provides a methodological reference for comprehensive hazard assessments of DBP and other chemicals.
Risk communication is an important component of food safety management. Effective risk communication facilitates enhanced food safety risk management and promotes public health. With the rapid development and widespread application of algorithm recommendation， the way the public accesses food safety information has undergone profound changes， which have had a structural impact on their perception， judgment， and attitude towards food safety risks. In light of recent typical food safety incidents， this study employed a combination of literature review and case analysis to systematically examine the application of algorithmic recommendation in the dissemination of food safety information and analyzed the opportunities and challenges it posed for food safety risk communication. The findings demonstrated that while algorithmic recommendation mechanisms enhanced information dissemination efficiency， they also exacerbated problems such as information cocoons， emotional polarization， and public cognitive bias. Therefore， a multi-dimensional approach encompassing algorithm optimization， platform governance， and public literacy is necessary to improve the food safety risk communication system.
ObjectiveTo conduct laboratory analysis of a suspected foodborne disease outbreak caused by Cronobacter spp.， thereby providing a methodological reference for rapid and accurate source tracing of similar outbreaks.MethodsEpidemiological data and clinical information from the outbreak were collected. Anal swab samples from affected individuals and kitchen staff， as well as samples of suspected contaminated food and environmental surfaces， were tested for diarrheal pathogens including Cronobacter spp. using quantitative PCR （qPCR）. Cronobacter positive samples were subjected for Cronobacter isolation. Cronobacter isolates were carried out for antimicrobial susceptibility testing， whole-genome sequencing （WGS）， and comprehensive bioinformatic analysis.ResultsIn this event， a total of seven Cronobacter strains were isolated from two anal swabs of affected cases， one anal swab of a kitchen staff member， three environmental surface swabs， and one sample of suspected contaminated food. All isolates were identified as Cronobacter sakazakii sequence type ST1116 （a novel ST）. Pairwise core-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） differences among the seven strains were ≤2， indicating high genetic relatedness.ConclusionThis study provides the first evidence of clonal transmission of C. sakazakii ST1116 associated with a suspected foodborne disease outbreak.
ObjectiveTo assess the health risks of alternaria toxin exposure from cereals， legumes， vegetables， and fruits among residents in Ningxia.MethodsBased on the alternaria toxin detection results of mixed food samples in Ningxia from the 7th National Total Diet Study and the food consumption survey data of Ningxia in 2024， the distribution of dietary exposure was calculated using a probabilistic assessment method combining bootstrap resampling and Monte Carlo simulation. The exposure risks of Alternaria toxins among Ningxia residents were evaluated by the threshold of toxicological concern （TTC） approach and the Margin of Exposure （MOE） method.ResultsThe average dietary exposure levels of alternariol （AOH）， alternariol monomethyl ether （AME）， tenuazonic acid （TeA）， and tentoxin （TEN） in the general population of Ningxia were 2.76， 2.66， 38.37， 6.83 ng/（kg·BW·d）， respectively. The proportions of the population whose mean exposure levels of AOH and AME exceeded the corresponding TTC values reached 61.70% and 79.20%， respectively， with the highest proportion observed in the 2-7 age group. The cumulative exposure risk assessment showed that the mean hazard index （HI） for combined exposure to AOH and AME was greater than 1 for all gender and age groups， and the total margin of exposure （MoET） was below the acceptable risk threshold of 10 000.ConclusionThe dietary exposure risks of alternaria toxins among Ningxia residents exhibit differential characteristics. The risks of AOH and AME exposure warrant attention， with young children aged 2-7 identified as a highly susceptible population， whereas TeA and TEN currently present no significant health risk.
Poisonous mushroom poisoning is one of the important causes of foodborne disease outbreaks in China， serving as the leading cause of fatalities associated with foodborne diseases. In recent years， the incident ratio shows a rising tendency. Therefore， clarifying the epidemiological characteristics of poisonous mushroom poisoning is a necessary precondition for lowering the mortality ratio. This review retrieved and synthesized the research literature on mushroom poisoning epidemiology in China published over the past decade， with reported data as early as 2003. Comprehensive evidence were analyzed across four dimensions including temporal trends， geographic distribution， demographic patterns， and exposure settings. The limitations of existing research were also evaluated. Based on the findings， this review outlines prospects for future research and prevention strategies against poisonous mushroom poisoning.
ObjectiveTo conduct on-site investigation of a foodborne disease outbreak， analyze the causes of the incident， and provide corresponding preventive and control measures.MethodsA field epidemiological investigation， food hygiene investigation， and laboratory testing were carried out in response to a group gastroenteritis incident reported at a closed sports training center on 2nd February 2024.ResultsThe event identified a total of 15 cases， with an attack rate of 15.46% （15/97）. The main symptoms included abdominal pain （80%，12/15）， nausea （80%，12/15）， and vomiting （26.67%，4/15）， with a median incubation period of 35 minutes. A case-control study revealed that undercooked soybean milk was the causative food， and saponins were detected in the leftover soybean milk.ConclusionThis incident is a foodborne disease outbreak caused by consumption of undercooked soybean milk. It exposes weaknesses in food safety supervision in collective dining facilities outside the education system. It is recommended that regulatory agencies incorporate such institutions into a routine regulatory framework with reference to school food safety management standards， and strengthen specialized inspections and health education during holiday periods.
ObjectiveTo explore the application of mixture models in the acute dietary exposure risk assessment of histamine.MethodsHistamine concentrations in three typical food categories （marine fish， fermented meat products， and fermented bean products） were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS/MS）. Finite mixture models （FMM） and extreme value mixture models （EVMM） were constructed and compared with the traditional lognormal distribution model to identify the optimal fitting models. Acute exposure risk assessments were subsequently conducted incorporating data from the 2018 Chinese National Food Consumption Survey.ResultsThe optimal fitting models for the three typical food categories were Lognormal， Lognormal-GPD， and 2-Lognormal mixture models， respectively. At high contamination levels （P99）， the relative errors for four types of foods estimated by the traditional Lognormal model were 24%， 86%， 191%， and 286%， whereas those estimated by the mixture models were significantly reduced to 4%， 3%， 5%， and 25%. Probabilistic acute exposure assessments based on the mixture models revealed that the mean histamine exposures among consumers of the three food categories were relatively low （0.234-0.852 mg/d）. The high-end exposures （P99.9） were 20.609， 5.856， and 48.494 mg/d， respectively， all of which remained below the acute reference dose （ARfD） （50 mg/d）.ConclusionThe acute health risks associated with histamine intake from the three typical food categories in the Chinese consumer population are within acceptable levels. In fitting the histamine concentrations across these three food categories， mixture models consistently outperform single-distribution models. Integrating mixture models into acute dietary exposure assessments can effectively mitigate the tail-fitting bias associated with complex contamination data， serving as a robust methodological supplement to conventional assessment models.
ObjectiveTo characterize the molecular epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni （C. jejuni） infections in foodborne diarreal cases in Baoshan District， Shanghai， and to explore the genetic evolutionary relationships among C. jejuni isolates.MethodsStatistical and genomic analyses were performed on 68 C. jejuni isolates obtained from diarrheal cases at intestinal outpatient clinics in Baoshan District between 2023 and 2024. Based on whole-genome sequencing data， multilocus sequence typing （MLST）， clonal complex （CC） analysis， heatstable serotyping （HS）， and core-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） phylogenetic analysis were conducted.ResultsThe detection rate of C. jejuni was higher in spring and summer， with meat and meat products identified as the suspected food vehicles. A total of 46 sequence types （STs） were identified， which clustered into 16 clonal complexes （CCs）. The most prevalent CC was CC464， followed by CC574， and CC45. The predominant HS types were HS2， HS8/17， and HS5/31. Core-genome analysis revealed four pairs of isolates ≤5 SNP differences， and epidemiological investigation demonstrated a high degree of relatedness among these strains.ConclusionC. jejuni infections in the local population exhibit a higher detection rate in spring and summer， with meat and meat products as the primary suspected sources. Molecular epidemiology of these isolates shows a polyclonal distribution with evidence of short-chain transmission events. Integrating genomic sequencing into routine surveillance for rapid typing and cluster identification facilitates timely traceability and supports precise prevention and control of foodborne diseases.
Objective To establish an analytical method for the rapid determination of 5 microcystins(MCs)in aquatic products using dispersive solid phase extraction combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,and to determine the MCs in 106 aquatic product samples from Anhui Province.Methods After extraction and purification on aquatic samples,the separation of 5 MCs was achieved on a column under gradient elution conditions with 0.1%formic acid water and acetonitrile as the mobile phases.The measurements were performed using positive electrospray ionization mode under multiple reaction monitoring with segmented scanning.A total of 106 samples of fishes,shrimps,and bivalve shellfishes were collected from Anhui Province and analyzed using the established method.Results The 5 MCs exhibited good linearity in the concentration range of 0.01-10.0 μg/L,with linear correlation coefficients ranging from 0.998 5 to 0.999 9.The detection limits were between 0.05 and 0.25 μg/kg,and the quantification limits were between 0.1 and 0.5 μg/kg.The spiked average recoveries at three levels(low,medium,and high)ranged from 67.0%to 113.0%,with the relative standard deviations(n=6)below 11.4%.Among 106 aquatic product samples from Anhui Province,4 MCs,namely MC-LR,MC-RR,MC-YR and MC-LF were detected.Among these,MC-LR exhibited the highest detection rate(15.1%),with detected concentrations ranging from 2.62 to 117.00 μg/kg.Conclusion This method features simple pretreatment,excellent purification efficiency,high sensitivity and accuracy.it enables rapid determination of various microcystins in a large number of aquatic products.The detection rate of MCs in shrimps and shellfishes is higher than that of fishes from Anhui Province.This study provides technical support for the quality and safety supervision of aquatic products and rapid identification of potential hazards.
ObjectiveTo investigate the contamination levels of 11 mycotoxins such as aflatoxins in cereals and cereal products in Chongqing City， and to analyze the co- occurrence patterns of these mycotoxins， so as to provide basic data for the safety risk assessment， monitoring， and management of mycotoxins.MethodsUsing the monitoring data of mycotoxins levels in 358 cereal and cereal product samples in Chongqing City between 2016 and 2020， correlation cluster analysis and principal component analysis were adopted to analyze the correlations of the occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in different cereal and cereal product samples and the main contamination patterns.ResultsThe contamination levels of the 11 mycotoxins were generally low across all samples. However， simultaneous contamination with multiple mycotoxins was observed in a high proportion of individual samples （5.31%-92.00%）. Corn and corn grits demonstrated significantly higher contamination levels of mycotoxins than paddy and rice， with 16.00% and 8.99% co-contaminated with six or more mycotoxins， respectively. Mycotoxins within the same class showed high inter-correlations and comparable contamination levels. Detection rate comparisons and principal component analysis indicated that Fusarium metabolites constitute the predominant contaminant category in cereals and cereal products.ConclusionMixed mycotoxin contamination is prevalent in cereals and cereal products in Chongqing City， particularly in corn and corn products. Continuous monitoring is recommended， along with intensified field-based fungal prevention and control， and improved storage management during distribution， to reduce mycotoxin contamination levels in cereals and cereal products.
ObjectiveTo investigate the status and challenges of allergen labeling on prepackaged snack foods in Qingdao City.MethodsTotally 1 095 samples were randomly collected across nine major snack food categories. Allergen label information was then statistically analyzed using SPSS.ResultsThe results showed an overall allergen labeling rate of 68.13% （746/1 095）， with only 23.74% （260/1 095） of products featuring preventive allergen labeling （PAL）. Notably， domestically produced foods exhibited a higher overall allergen labeling rate and a lower PAL rate than imported foods. Among the labeled products， 17.69% （132/746） included allergic foods beyond the “eight major categories”， while 14.61% （109/746） displayed allergen information in inconspicuous locations. Additionally， significant variability was observed in the presentation formats of allergen labels.ConclusionAlthough the allergen labeling rate for prepackaged snacks has improved considerably， the standardization of the allergen labeling remains inadequate， particularly for PAL， highlighting persistent regulatory shortcomings. To mitigate allergy risks and safeguard consumer health， standardizing allergen label formats， enhancing PAL-related regulations， and strengthening enforcement and oversight measures are recommended.
ObjectiveThis study aimes to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks in schools of Shanxi Province from 2011 to 2024， so as to provide scientific evidence for the formulation of targeted prevention and control strategies.MethodsRelevant data of foodborne disease outbreaks during the 2011-2024 period were collected via the National Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were applied to analyze the distribution of incidents by time， region， location， causative foods， and pathogenic agents. Statistical approaches were used to analyze trends， seasonal distribution， and correlations.ResultsA total of 109 school-related foodborne disease outbreaks were reported in Shanxi Province from 2011 to 2024， involving 1 550 cases and 566 hospitalizations， with no deaths. The total number of outbreaks showed an upward trend between 2011 and 2017， followed by fluctuations after reaching the peak in 2017. High-incidence periods occurred in May， June， September， and November. Outbreaks were reported across all prefecture-level cities in the province， with the largest number recorded in middle schools and school canteens. Mixed foods， grains， and grain products， as well as meat and meat products were the predominant implicated foods. Improper food processing and storage were the leading causes. Pathogenic agents were identified in only 25.69% of the outbreaks， mainly including bacteria， toxic plants， and norovirus. A positive correlation was found between sampling rate and the detection rate of pathogenic agents.ConclusionSchool foodborne disease outbreaks in Shanxi Province exhibit distinct temporal， spatial， and institutional distribution characteristics， and improper food processing and storage serve as the major potential safety hazards. Targeted interventions corresponding to each risk point should be implemented to consolidate the main responsibility of food safety， strengthen whole-process supervision， improve the professional training of catering staff， and enhance emergency investigation capacity. These measures are essential to prevent and control the risk of foodborne diseases in schools.
