Recent changes in broadcasting, culture, economics, geopolitics, and technology have affected both the way International Olympic Committee (IOC) operates and its systemic, political, and organisational governance. These changes have created a more complex and more challenging world for international sport and led to a crisis of legitimacy for the IOC. The present qualitative study provides a critical analysis of the new governance principles the IOC has adopted in response to this crisis since Thomas Bach was elected president in 2013. Bach's strategy, which combines careful assessment of the forces in play and deft risk management, can be considered a form of realpolitik. The current paper highlights parallels between Bach's realpolitik approach and neo-institutional sociological theories on how change occurs within a sector. Under Bach's presidency, the IOC has carried out intense institutional work to achieve the balance and compromise needed to strengthen its leadership of world sport.
Complex policy theory was adopted to find the logic of elderly sports policy network analysis,including its discrepancy,network form and the dominant roles of major participants.Based on the method of policy network analysis,the research was conducted on the 150 elderly sports policies of Shanghai for the intergovernmental relations,dominant roles of network participants and overall network patterns.The conclusions are as follows:The interaction of the government on municipality levels and district levels,as well as each municipal department,functions importantly on the aspects of agenda setting and resource allocation of elderly sports policies;The interaction between district government and sub-district government plays a critical role in coordinating and complementing elderly sports policies;Comprehensive elderly sports policies will lead to the interaction between the functional departments on municipal levels and district levels,hence to form the horizontal resource integration;Special elderly sports policies will lead to the interaction between the governments on district levels and sub-district levels,promoting the special resources directly to the bottom levels.Suggestions are proposed to integrate resource and optimize the right and responsibility to break barriers,and to locate the value of policy accurately through balancing the nature of guarantee and welfare.
Based on the global sports product export data of the HS96 version of the CEPII-BACI database from 1996 to 2021,the total export value of China's sports products are analyzed.It is found that China's total amount of sports product exports ranks first in the world during the sample period,with both the export expansion and its intensive margin at a relatively high level,and the total amount of classified sports product exports also in the leading position.In the meanwhile,however,the relative unit value method has been used to measure and compare their export quality from various countries and regions from 1996 to 2021.It is found that the export quality in China is at a low level;and,the use of the Trade Competitiveness Index shows that China's sports products export is competitive,although its root cause results from the category of export"quantity"rather than the quality.China's sports product export is in the"low-level and prosperous"state of"large but not strong".Therefore,multiple measures are needed to improve the export quality of China's sports products.
The construction of sports course with Chinese characteristics(SCWCC)from the perspective of"Five-education Integration"(FEI)is not only a response to the new requirements of China's education reform and development in the new era,but also a practical exploration to implement the concept of FEI as education concept in curriculum construction.It is believed that the value orientation of the SCWCC based on the FEI is an all-round development towards"humanization",the inter-subjectivity undertakes its philosophical basis,while the embodied cognition theory plays a supporting role as the basis of pedagogy for the design and implementation of the curriculum.Based on the practical exploration of"Chinese Archery"course,the practical path is put forward to realize the construction of SCWCC based on the FEI:starting from the top-level design to make overall planning and implementation strategies to ensure the systematic promotion of the FEI physical education curriculum construction;attaching importance to the"interactive subjectivity"of teachers and students by design dynamic and open course content to promote the renewal of teachers'teaching concept;building a teaching ecological environment that integrates physical education and multi-disciplines to improve teachers'"control ability"and"integration ability"of FEI;and promoting the collaboration of multiple departments and disciplines within and outside the university to realize a curriculum construction platform with multiple subjects that integrates physical education and multi-disciplines.
The transformation of traditional"xia"(chivalrous)and the mobilization practice of"new people"are examined through the method of literature review.It is believed that,under the background of domestic troubles and aggression from foreign powers in the modern period of modern China,the traditional"xia"was reactivated and reshaped into"Wuxia"(martial arts chivalry)by the intellectuals.In practice,it transformd from"helping with personal difficulties"to"helping the country's crisis",from"taking responsibility and self-conceited"to"striving to be strong",from"one or two chivalrous persons"to"every man is martial arts chivalrous".In the image shaping of"wuxia","new people"was set to be the goal,during which"saving the country","martial arts worship"and"vigorous"were taken as the key words to depict the new image of"wuxia",that is,serving the country and people,striving to be strong and with good physical skills.The intellectual elite took this image as an ideal blueprint to transform the body and mind of people,which became an important symbol of social mobilization.
