为考察烟叶综合体利益联结情况,采用实地调研和问卷调查等方法对贵州烟叶综合体利益联结进行深入调研分析,发现运行模式、利益分配方式、运行风险、土地流转制度、烟农参与意愿、烟草公司、政府政策、合作社等因素是影响综合体利益联结的主要因素;同时烟叶综合体存在利益联结方式松散、利益联结模式不稳定、经营管理不够规范等问题.

为考察烟叶综合体产业融合发展情况,采用实地调研和问卷调查等方法对贵州毕节试验区五个烟叶综合体进行调研分析,发现综合体在产业融合等方面取得了较大发展,同时产业综合体在建设运行模式、土地流转、产业配套、主体培育、资源集聚、利益联结等方面仍存在问题.因此烟叶综合体建设应聚焦运行模式、土地流转、产品销售、三产融合、链条延伸、主体培育、利益联结等方面进行提质增效,多方共同发力推进综合体高质量发展,助力乡村振兴.

为改变当前烟叶生产单家独户、分散种植的被动局面,通过组建生产型和服务型两种烤烟专业合作社,实行"烟草企业+合作组织+农户"的模式,建立不同的运转机制,辅以合理的土地流转、专业化服务及机械化作业.通过一年探索与实践,两种类型合作社均取得阶段性成效.其中生产型最为突出,实现了劳动力的最大优化,具规模效应,烟叶生产标准化、规划化程度高、一致性好,充分体现普惠制、广受益;亩用工19.3个,较大面积传统生产省工18.6个,降低成本744元,亩产量达135.9 kg,较大面积增加7.5 kg,亩产值达2013.7元,较大面积增加146.1元,亩净收益680.9元,较大面积增加689.3元.该研究为推动现代烟草农业建设进程,开创山区烟叶生产新模式提供参考和借鉴.

The advances in occurrence and harm of continuous cropping obstacles of tobacco planting were reviewed,and the main causing mechanism of continuous cropping obstacles was discussed from the changes of soil physicochemical property,soil microorganism environment,soil enzyme activity and root exudates.Moreover,the main regulation technologies for preventing continuous cropping obstacles of tobacco planting were summarized,which included applying crop rotation and intercropping,rational fertilization and selecting resistant variety.In the end,several questions that should be paid attention to for further study were also discussed.

[Objective] In order to provide a theoretical basis for application of biomass pellet of straws in tobacco leaves production.[Method] Flue-cured tobacco straws were used as materials to study the effects of the different process on the quality and productivity of biomass pellet of flue-cured tobacco straws.[Result] The results showed that:the process was the best for biomass pellet of flue-cured tobacco straws when the moisture content was 20%,and the fermentation time was 5 days,and the aperture of screen was 12 mm.[Conclusion] The study can provide reference for application of flue-cured tobacco straw biomass pellet in practical production.

The experimental results showed that: in comparison with the conventional bulk curing barn used in the year 2009,using the baking room whose heat was provided by the atmospheric pressure hot-water boiler to bake tobacco leaves could reduce the emission quantity of flue dust,SO2 and NOx from 1 kg coal by 2.914,8.600 and 2.391 mg/kg,respectively.It also could decrease the curing cost of dry tobacco by 1 yuan/kg,increase the average price of flue-cured tobacco leaves by 1.26 yuan/kg,reduce the operating cost of each curing barn by 63.2 yuan,and enhance the net income of single-barn by 841 yuan,but increase the initial investment of each curing barn construction by 30979 yuan.

Maturity stage is subcritical period of water demand in flue-cured tobacco.The study was to analysze responses of matter accumulation and tobacco yield to different soil moisture regimes at maturity stage in field.The results showed that:prolonged soil drought at maturity stage was not conducive to the growth of tobacco plant;however,there was no significant difference in tobacco plant growing for re-watering after drought;significant difference was not found in effects of soil moisture regimes on stem perimeter and root volume.Prolonged drought at maturity stage was not conducive to improving biomass of root,stem and leaf,and conducive to root growth by increasing re-watering frequency after soil drought in tobacco;prolonged soil drought significantly reduced dry matter accumulation of tobacco plant,otherwise,re-watering would improve dry matter accumulation,but biomass of tobacco plant was still less than the full irrigation treatment.For prolonged drought at maturity stage,yield of flue-cured tobacco was reduced by 9.70%;nonetheless,for twice re-watering after soil drought tobacco yield was only decreased by 1.80%,proportion of high grade tobacco increased by 2.88% compared with the control treatment (relative soil moisture content of 70% to 75%),while production value per the unit area only decreased by 1.09%.To some degree,soil water stress at maturity stage limited the growth of tobacco plant,even though re-watering after soil drought;still,tobacco yield and production value was reduced a little.

[Objective] In order to provide a theoretical basis for application of biomass pellet of straws in tobacco leaves production.[Method] Flue-cured tobacco straws were used as materials to study the effects of the different process on the quality and productivity of biomass pellet of flue-cured tobacco straws.[Result] The results showed that:the process was the best for biomass pellet of flue-cured tobacco straws when the moisture content was 20%,and the fermentation time was 5 days,and the aperture of screen was 12 mm.[Conclusion] The study can provide reference for application of flue-cured tobacco straw biomass pellet in practical production.

Maturity stage is subcritical period of water demand for flue-cured tobacco.This study was to demonstrate effect of different soil moisture regimes at the maturity stage on content of total sugar,reducing sugar,starch,total nitrogen and alkaloid in flue-cured tobacco in field.The results showed that:with soil moisture content of 70% to 85%,the flue-cured tobacco had high contents of tobacco total sugar,reducing sugar and starch at the late growing stage(after transplanting approximately 83 days);drought stress decreased carbon metabolism,however,after the drought re-watering enhanced carbon metabolism.When soil moisture content of 70% to 85%,total nitrogen and nicotine levels was lower;drought stress promoted nitrogen metabolism,and total nitrogen and nicotine content was increased;while re-watering after drought stress,contents of tobacco leaf nitrogen and nicotine was in the middle level.At the maturity stage of tobacco,soil moisture was too high or too low,not to facilitate the coordination of the balance between tobacco leaf carbon and nitrogen metabolism.

In order to discuss the functional area layout and configuration of facilities and equipment in loose-leaf purchasing and improve the working efficiency of professional grading staff,the concrete requirements for functional area layout and configuration of facilities and equipment in loose-leaf purchasing model were proposed based on the status quo analysis of functional area layout and configuration of facilities and equipment in tobacco purchasing,and combining with the consideration of requirement in loose-leaf purchasing.This effort would provide theoretical support in extending specialized grading and loose-leaf purchasing model,rationally distributing the functional areas,optimizing the layout of each functional area and improve the facilities.

In order to explore the specialized grading and loose-leaf purchasing model(SGLP Model) in tobacco-grown mountain area,the analysis of traditional tobacco grading and purchasing model in Qianxi County had the characteristics of grading and bunching by tobacco grower,selling at the appointed time after pre-examination,new model for mountain tobacco grading and purchasing supported by tobacco station integration and tobacco workshop integration were put forward,which was named SGLP Model.Based on the principle of specialized grading,marketing operation and flow management,and sticking to modern tobacco agriculture as command,industrial demand was as carrier.After 3 years operation of SGLP model,the results showed that the cost of grading was decreased and efficiency of grading and purchasing was improved,and was beneficial for the tobacco company providing uniform service and realizing the intensive management.

[Objective]The research aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the application of microbial agent in to bacco production.[Method] Flue-cured tobacco and organic fertilizer were used as materials to study the effects of microbial agent on the growth,appearance quality,economic properties of the tobacco leaves.[Result] The microbial agent could rot away organic fertilizer fully,and shorten the time of rotting.The organic fertilizer could promote the growth of the tobacco plants,and the tobacco leaves were easy to be roasted.The cured leaves had high appearance quality,and the economic character of cured leaves was superior to CK.[Conclusion]Microbial agent could be applied in the tobacco production.

Experiments were carried out to study the effects of different substrates in floating-seedling system on the emergence rate,seedling rate,growth of seedlings,and to provide a theoretical basis for new optimum substrate selection in tobacco production.The results showed that Hunan substrate could reduce the emergence duration,inrease the emergence rate,promote the seedling growth,and the cultivated tobacco plants were strong.The water retention reagent could reduce the emergence duration,increase the emergence rate,but the seedlings grew slower until great cross,afterwards,they grew as fast as other treatments on growth of seedlings.Therefore,Hunan substrate and water retention reagent could be a substitute for peat substrate.

In order to provide basis for tobacco balanced fertilization and ecological environment protection in karst areas, the spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients in karst tobacco-growing areas of Bijie, Guizhou province, was studied by the methods of geostatistics and GIS. Statistic analysis showed each soil nutrient had moderate variation. Spherical model fitted best for total N, total K and available P, linear model fitted best for soil total P and available K, and exponential model fitted best for other variables. By analysis of ratios of nugget to sill, soil available P showed strong spatial autocorrelation fundamentally controlled by structural factors, while other variables showed moderate spatial autocorrelation affected by both structural and random factors. According to the spatial distribution maps of soil nutrients, the distribution of total N, total K, available P and available K was continuous, other than total P, alkaline N, pH and organic matter,which should be due to the complicated site factors in karst areas and human impact.

Qianxi 1 is a new flue-cured tobacco variety,which was bred from the mutant of K326 and was approved by Guizhou Tobacco Variety Examination Committee in 2011.The field growing stage was 127 days.It grew even with strong disease resistance.Its yield,output value,mean price,rate of first-class tobacco leaves was 2 090.40 kg/ha,19 907.40 yuan/ha,9.70 yuan/kg and 30.12%,respectively,and compared with K326,the increase rate was 3.22%,7.98%,6.01% and 12.68%,respectively.The smoking quality of Qianxi 1 with good appearance and harmony chemical composition were slightly better than K326 in general.

The spatial heterogeneity of soil microelements in Krast tobacco-growing areas of Bijie in Guizhou province was studied via the geostatistics method combined with GIS.Statistics analysis showed that variation coefficient of soil microelements ranged between 45.75% and 82.45%,which showed moderate variation.Linear model fitted best for available Cu,Zn and Fe,and exponential model fitted best for Mn,B and Mo.By analysis of ratios of nugget to sill(C0/(C0+C)),all the microelement variables showed moderate spatial autocorrelation affected by both structural and random factors,such as soil parent materials,topography and climate,fertilization,field management,and so on.According to the spatial distribution maps of soil microelement nutrients,the distribution of available Fe was continuous,but not for other microelements.

‘ Qianxi-1 ’ was a tobacco variety which was obtained from the variant plants of K326. It had passed by The Guizhou tobacco species approving officially the committee in 2008. It was tested to study the botany properties, economics properties, external quality, internal quality , cultural practice and so on, the results showed that: ‘ Qianxi-1 ’ grew uniformly and vigorously in field. It was resistant to weather spot/black shank, moderately resistant to brown spot/bacterial wilt. It had 2193.75 kg/hm 2 , 11.42 yuan/kg, 25052 yuan/hm 2 , superior leaves were 27.1%. The leaves of ‘ Qianxi-1 ’ featured full maturity and were easy to cure. The cured leaves were largely in gorden color, and high apparent quality. The contents of chemical components were appropriate, and the comprehensive evaluation of smoking was superior to K326. In short, ‘ Qianxi-1 ’ has good characters in botany and agronmy, strong resist, good adaptability, and it was easy to cultivate and flue dried.

In order to accurately identify the characteristics of new flue-cured tobacco varieties breeded in Guizhou,which provide scientific proofs for the cognizance and spread of varieties,13 new flue-cured tobacco lines were tested with plot experiments in different ecological areas in Guizhou in 2010.The results showed that in according with the current status of tobacco leaf production in Guizhou and the request of industry company for tobacco leaf materials,based on the analysis of the agronomic characteristcis,economic traits,disease resistance,the intrinsic quality of flue-cured tobacco leaf and smoking quality of the tested varieties,Bina-1 was considered the potential variety in future tobacoo leaf production,GY0802,GY0905,A10 Guiyan-1 were with some potential but need further experiment to confirm.

通过3种喷雾器和2种农药组合的6个处理,对烟草赤星病进行防治试验。结果表明,选用WS-18D电动喷雾器(山东卫士植保机械有限公司生产)和10%宝丽安可湿性粉剂(生物农药)防治烟草赤星病,能达到较好的防治效果。

Trichoderma harzianum could effectively control the tobacco black root rot caused by fusarium and promote tobacco growth when 100～200 g/667m2 of Trichoderma harzianum mixed with soil and barnyard manure was applied and the best control effect was from applying 150 g/667m2 of Trichoderma harzianum.The interaction results between fungi,bacteria,actinomyces in soil and Trichoderma harzianum showed that Trichoderma harzianum had a strong inhibition to superior fungi including some fungi pathogens by soil infection.Two strains of three tested bacteria strains did not inhibit Trichoderma harzianum growth,but inhibit or promote its spore production and the another bacteria strain slightly inhibited the Trichoderma harzianum without any effects on its spore production.Most strains of actinomyces could inhibit the growth and spore production of Trichoderma harzianum.The results showed that Trichoderma harzianum had the strong competition ability in the soil system,but its survival was limited by many soil microbes and controlling Tobacco diseases by using Trichoderma harzianum was of the ecological safety to a certain degree.