The 2002-2004 archaeological excavation of the imperial kiln site in Jingdezhen that was carried out jointly by Peking University School of Archaeology & Museology and other institutes resulted with such significant findings of objects and monuments of the Ming dynasty including the enclosure and the courtyard wall standing in the north of the site, groups of cucurbit-shaped kiln furnace opposite to the steamed bread-shaped stoves lying at the southern foot of Zhushan Mount, all of which are informative for probe into the scope and layout of the ancient site and its origin, development and attainment of firing techniques for imperial wares. Moreover, several small pits or piles of sherds and imperfections that failed to be chosen for imperial court have been found to be centrally treated while some others scattered aside anywhere. Most of the excavated wares are imperfect in colors and glazes, but they symbolize the high-level workmanship of that time embodying the diversity of designs and styles. Quite a few of which are ranked among the masterpieces ever discovered, several pieces were first discovered in here. It is expected that these archaeological findings will be informatively valuable for all-round and in-depth knowledge about the Mingdynasty imperial kilns and wares.

Color glazes of Ming and Qing official kilns are excellent representatives of the famous ancient Chinese porcelains. The study of official ware with Jilan glaze has been an important topic. But it made slow progress due to the rarity of samples with strict production management and using system. The recipes, chemical composition and chromaticity characteristic of the Jilan samples excavated from official kilns in the Ming and Qing dynasties were first discussed by systematical testing with the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and color difference meter. The results showed that the porcelain stone content in Jilan bodies of official kiln in the Ming dynasty is higher than the samples of the Qing dynasty. The manganese content in Jilan glazes of the Ming dynasty is higher than that in the Qing dynasty, while the glaze ash addition and the lightness value in the glaze are opposite.

一、问题的缘起 2006年9月至2007年1月,文物考古工作者对浙江龙泉大窑枫洞岩窑址进行了考古发掘,出土了一批遗迹、遗物,其中出土的瓷器不仅有民用瓷器,而且还有官用瓷器(沈岳明:<枫洞岩窑址发掘的主要收获和初步认识>,刊<龙泉大窑枫洞岩窑址出土瓷器>,文物出版社,2009年版,第1～10页).

洪州窑是中国古代著名的青瓷窑,窑址分布在江西省丰城市所属的5个镇(乡)的9个行政村。创始于东汉晚期,兴盛于东晋至唐代中期,唐代晚期五代时期衰落。它的产品除大量销售于江西地区,还较多地销往江西以外的地区。流布的范围,南到广东、广西,北到郑州、洛阳、西安一线,东到浙江,西到湖北,并且还传到了韩国。洪州窑瓷器之所以能较多地销往江西以外的地区,是因为它具有自己鲜明的特点和好的质量。它在江西和江西以外地区的销售主要是通过水路进行的。

The Ding kiln was a renowned porcelain kiln of the Tang-Song period,famous for its fine white-glaze wares.On the basis of classic materials unearthed at the kiln site,it is estimated that the Ding kiln began firing porcelain in the mid-9th century.The Tang-Five Dynasties period saw the creation and development of the kiln,and this era is divided into two phases:(1)the first phase comprises the mid- and late-9th century when innovative firing occurred at the kiln and the porcelain wares encompassed a wide variety of types;(2)the second phase runs from the end of the 9th century to the year 960,when the kiln underwent further development and the white-glaze porcelain products of the kiln began to dominate output.The techniques used at the Ding kiln were influenced by those at the Xing kiln,and by the second phase of development the Ding kiln began to take over from the Xing kiln.There were many reasons for this,but the energy put into the production of white-glaze wares, the strenuous improvement of output quality and the production of batches of wares made in imitation of gold and silver objects were among the most important factors.The‘Guan’mark that appeared on Ding kiln porcelain should not be interpreted as a general designation for official kilns,but should be narrowly be seen as referring to a particular government unit engaged in firing kiln and this was very possibly an abbreviated term that referred specifically to the Taiguanshu under the Guanglusi.The development of the Ding kiln in the Tang-Five Dynasties period laid excellent foundations for the prosperity and glory of the Ding kiln in the Northern Song dynasty.

二○○六年五月至八月,景德镇明清御窑遗址发掘出土瓷器展览在北大赛克勒考古博物馆举行,二百多件明代御窑遗址出土器物,其中有以前从未发现或在传世品种极少见的孤品。明清御窑,是中国陶瓷史累世积淀的精华;层层揭示掩埋于地下的窑址、将有确切地层依据的御窑遗址考古发掘品与故宫传世御窑瓷器一一对看,这是否可以让我们发现更多有价值的信息?在考古专家说栏目,我们尝试为文物学找到一个科学的支点;考古虽不是唯一的答案,但至少可以作为一种有力的支持。抱着这个目的,我们请来北京大学考古文博学院教授;景德镇明清御窑考古发掘主持人之一的权奎山先生,以及故宫博物院古器物部陶瓷组研究员王光尧先生,分别从考古、文献、器物的角度对此次考古发掘抽丝剥茧;在将考古发现与故宫传世藏品对看互证的过程之中,希望可以为关注故宫文物收藏的读者们提供一种别样的思考。

sherds were collected from Hongzhou Kiln covering 8 periods from Eastern Han to Late Tang Dynasty/the Five Dynastied and their bodies were analysed by NAA. The results show that the elemental contents in different samples are quite distinct, even for those in the same period. It means no single element can be used as “fingerprint” to distinguish the period. The curves of the contents of Na, Rb, Ba and Fe varying with time are very similar, like “U” shape. As a colorant element, the content of Fe is consistent with the color of the body. The higher content of Fe, the more dark of the body. The outcome of principal component analysis (PCA) indicate that most of the sherds can be classified into 5 groups: 1 Eastern Han Eastern Wu; 2 Western Jin, Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties; 3 Sui; (4) Early Tang and Middle Tang; (5) Late Tang Five Dynasties.

Provenance characteristic is an important scientific parameter to identify ancient porcelain wares unearthed from sites and graves.The porcelain samples of Si-Long-Kou kiln of Zhejiang Province,Hong-Zhou kiln of Jiangxi Province and Yao-Zhou kiln of Shanxi Province have been analyzed with neutron activation analysis(NAA).The experimental data were studied with statistic methods.The results show that the chemical compositions of porcelain body samples for three kilns were different. The difference was able to be identified. The body materials of both Si-Long-Kou Yue kiln and Hong-Zhou kiln of Jiangxi were similar. The samples of Yao-Zhou kiln in north of China existed obvious difference.

The products of the royal kilns had to undergo a process of strict choice during the Ming and Qing dyˉnasties.A large number of products failed the process,and hence the problem as what to do with them.A practice from the Hongwu Reign to the Jiajing reign of the Ming dynasty was to break and bury them in the royal potter's workshop.During the Longqing and Wanli reign period,they were placed in the storehouse of the workshop,a way continuing into the early Qing dynasty.However,from the7 th year of the Yongzheng reign period to the7 th year of the Qianlong reign period,they were evaluated and put on inventories,and sent along with the chosen ones to the capital where some were stored in the royal house,while some sold in market,with the rest to be bestowed by Emperors upon his courtiers.From the7 th year of the Qianlong Reign period onwards,all of them except for those yellow glaze were sold in local markets.The change in the way they were treated had much to do with the institutional change of the time.

越窑是中国古代著名的青瓷窑,约创建于东汉晚期,中晚唐逐渐进入辉煌时期,北宋中期开始出现衰落的迹象,北宋晚期全面衰落,约公元13世纪早期以后停烧.从其出现衰落迹象到停烧,历时约150多年,其间并非简单、缓慢地直线下滑,而是经历了一个较为复杂、耐人寻味的过程.衰落的前期即北宋晚期,形势急转直下,经营者们显得极度无奈;南宋早期似有所醒悟,之后,开始改革青釉的配方,调整产品,但终因衰落时间太久,行动太晚,奇迹未能出现.其衰落的根本原因是缺乏创新,盲目将生产的重点转向刻、划花青瓷,放弃了自己的特色,刻、划花青瓷又质量平平,使产品逐渐失去了市场竞争力,丧失了生存的基础.

elements of eighty ancient celadon samples were analyzed by using synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SRXRF). V, Ni, Zn and Mn display variable dynastic orderliness. Results of statistic analysis show that Yue kiln ancient celadon has distinctively born character on different dynasty and kiln. The statistic analysis results of SRXRF and NAA are similar.

EDXRF was applied to study the chemical compositions of Cixi Yue and Hongzhou porcelain sherds. Significant difference in chemical compositions was observed for sherds from different kilns which were only several kilometers apart. Advancement and also retrogression of porcelain technology were abserved at these two porcelain production centres.

唐代陆羽以嗜茶著名,所著《茶经》一书阐述了茶的起源、品种和产地、焙制工艺、煮茶方法、生产工具和饮茶器皿等,在论述饮茶器皿时,对当时主要瓷窑所烧制的碗有如下评论:“盌,越州上,鼎州次,婺州次,岳州次,寿州、洪州次。……越州瓷、岳州瓷皆青,青则宜茶,茶作白红之色。邢州瓷白,茶色红;寿州瓷黄,茶色紫;洪州瓷褐,茶色黑,悉不宜茶。”这段记载对洪州窑瓷器的评论主要有两点:一是在述及的唐代6座青瓷名窑中,洪州窑的碗