BackgroundThe formation of the Han Chinese is deeply rooted in the Neolithic cultures of the Yellow River basin, particularly the pivotal Longshan cultural sphere which bridged prehistoric societies and early dynastic civilization. However, the genetic impact of Longshan-era populations on subsequent historical groups remains largely unexplored due to a critical lack of ancient genomic data from this key transitional period. This gap hinders a clear understanding of how early cultural integration in the heartland shaped the genetic structure of later Chinese populations.ResultsThis study reports 28 newly sequenced ancient human genomes from the Han Dynasty Xujiacundong and Zhouhe archaeological sites in Shandong Province, which are integrated with previously published regional datasets to investigate the genetic legacy of Neolithic Longshan populations in the formation of Han Chinese ancestry. Our analyses reveal pronounced genetic differentiation between Longshan populations from the Central Plain and lower Yellow River basin during the Late Neolithic period. Most individuals from the Xujiacundong site exhibit mixed ancestry, predominantly derived from Central Plain Longshan-related ancestry (93.8%) with a minor contribution from southeastern coastal China-related ancestry (6.2%). In contrast, all individuals from the Zhouhe site exhibit genetic homogeneity with Central Plain Longshan-related ancestry. These results indicate substantial genetic heterogeneity within the lower Yellow River basin during the Han Dynasty. Moreover, we found a high degree of genetic homogeneity between ancient Han Dynasty populations and modern Han Chinese from Shandong. Admixture modeling and f-statistics further demonstrate that Longshan-related ancestries-particularly those associated with the Central Plain-played a dominant role in shaping the genetic structure of historical populations across a wide geographic range, including the Upper Yellow River, the West Liao River Basin, and Southwest China, etc.ConclusionsThese findings underscore the profound and pervasive genetic influence of the Central Plain Longshan populations on surrounding regions, driving the demographic expansion and genetic homogenization of the Han Chinese. This interplay of population movements and cultural diffusion highlights the central role of Longshan-era demic expansion in shaping the genetic landscape and cohesion of the Han people.

While fish remains are common in Chinese archaeological sites, their utilization during the Eastern Zhou Period remains poorly understood. In this study, we re-examined the fish bones unearthed from Jiwanggu Tomb No.1 and identified two types of large, uniform-sized marine fish originating from distant regions: brown croaker and snapper. These marine fishes were reserved for funerary ceremonies rather than daily consumption, which reveals a tribute system involving a complex chain of marine fish harvesting, processing, transportation, and interment. Compared with the nobiliary tombs of other regional states during the Eastern Zhou period, as well as tombs belonging to the Ju State's aristocracy, the marine fishes in this tomb are unique. The tomb owner held an unparalleled social prominence in the Ju State, acquiring valuable marine resources through social control over communities possessing fishery expertise along southeastern Shandong coastline.

Recent studies have suggested that dogs were domesticated during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in Siberia, which contrasts with previous proposed domestication centers (e.g. Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia). Ancient DNA provides a powerful resource for the study of mammalian evolution and has been widely used to understand the genetic history of domestic animals. To understand the maternal genetic history of East Asian dogs, we have made a complete mitogenome dataset of 120 East Asian canids from 38 archaeological sites, including 102 newly sequenced from 12.9 to 1 ka BP (1,000 years before present). The majority (112/119, 94.12%) belonged to haplogroup A, and half of these (55/112, 49.11%) belonged to sub-haplogroup A1b. Most existing mitochondrial haplogroups were present in ancient East Asian dogs. However, mitochondrial lineages in ancient northern dogs (northeastern Eurasia and northern East Asia) were deeper and older than those in southern East Asian dogs. Results suggests that East Asian dogs originated from northeastern Eurasian populations after the LGM, dispersing in two possible directions after domestication. Western Eurasian (Europe and the Middle East) dog maternal ancestries genetically influenced East Asian dogs from approximately 4 ka BP, dramatically increasing after 3 ka BP, and afterwards largely replaced most primary maternal lineages in northern East Asia. Additionally, at least three major mitogenome sub-haplogroups of haplogroup A (A1a, A1b, and A3) reveal at least two major dispersal waves onto the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in ancient times, indicating eastern (A1b and A3) and western (A1a) Eurasian origins.

The population history of the northern coastal Chinese is largely unknown due to the lack of ancient human genomes from the Neolithic to historical periods. In this study, we reported 14 newly generated ancient genomes from Linzi, one of China's densely populated and economically prosperous cities from the Zhou to Han Dynasties. The ancient samples in this study were dated to the Warring States period to the Eastern Han Dynasty (similar to 2,000 BP). We found the samples derived all their ancestry from Late Bronze Age to Iron Age Middle Yellow River farmers rather than local Neolithic populations. They were genetically homogeneous with present-day Han Chinese of Shandong, suggesting 2,000 years of genetic stability. Our results highlight the role of the eastward migration of Yellow River farmers in the Central Plain to northern coastal China in forming the present-day genetic structure of Han Chinese.

The Eastern Zhou (770-221 BCE) was an important period of social transformation in ancient China. The development of class- and gender-based stratification of this period had profound effects on human diet. We aim to examine the relationships among diet, class, and sex (as a proxy for gender) during this period through comparative investigations of noble individuals and sacrificial human companions. We analyzed the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values of bone collagen of 61 human (26 nobles and 35 sacrificial companions) and 32 faunal samples from the Dahan (sic) cemetery (an Eastern Zhou archaeological site). There are statistically significant class-based dietary differences, with the nobles consuming more socially valued foods (high protein food and millets) compared with sacrificial companions, which is also supported by paleopathological evidence. Sex-based differences were specific to class, with no significant dietary differences found in the nobles, whereas males may have had better diets than females in the lower classes. Our dietary analysis suggests that some sacrificial companions may have benefited from the resources of their noble masters, however, most sacrificial companions had a poorer diet. In addition, one noble individual possibly experienced social mobility in his lifetime, as shown by the discrepancy in his burial treatment and his long-term diet. This cemetery-wide study of dietary differences between nobles and sacrificial companions allows for novel insight into the intersection of class, gender, and diet during the Eastern Zhou period.

邾系国家包括邾、郳、滥三国,他们地域相连,皆出 自曹姓,为祝融后裔,且后两个古国均是从邾国分封出的国家,因此,我们称之为邾系三国或三邾.古代文献对三邾记载较为简略,而随着考古工作的进展和一系列的考古新发现,为三邾文化面貌、墓葬制度、城址布局、世系族源及其分封、发展、灭亡的历史过程及相关问题的研究提供了可靠的线索和一定的条件,在此基础上掀起了对三邾研究的热潮.然而,由于史料不详,有关其世系、地望、婚姻制度诸方面还存在着些许矛盾和研究的分歧,这些皆需要新的考古发现和更加系统地研究.

本文对滕州大韩墓地第一次发掘出土的青铜器进行成分、金相及铅同位素比值分析.青铜容器的材质在春秋晚期主要为锡含量适中稳定的铅锡青铜;战国早期则多见高锡青铜.金相分析表明墓地出土的薄壁盘、匜等水器均为热锻成型,其中春秋晚期的M43刻纹鉴是重要的早期刻纹铜器.大韩墓地青铜器铅同位素比值具有主次分明、类别多样的特征,主要利用的铅料类别与中原及北方地区一致,其余多类铅料资源可能来 自长江中下游地区.

2017~2018年对大韩墓地的发掘,共清理东周时期墓葬52座.M22为战国末期的小型土坑竖穴墓,M43、M39皆为带一条墓道的中型土坑竖穴木椁墓,时代分别为春秋晚期和战国早期.墓葬的发掘,对研究苏鲁豫皖交界地区东周时期文化谱系、墓葬制度、泗上十二诸侯国及与周边古国的关系等提供了重要资料.>>详细2017~2018年对大韩墓地的发掘,共清理东周时期墓葬52座.M22为战国末期的小型土坑竖穴墓,M43、M39皆为带一条墓道的中型土坑竖穴木椁墓,时代分别为春秋晚期和战国早期.墓葬的发掘,对研究苏鲁豫皖交界地区东周时期文化谱系、墓葬制度、泗上十二诸侯国及与周边古国的关系等提供了重要资料.

昌乐都北东周墓地出土的鼎、敦、舟等铜容器,文化属性鲜明,时代集中于春秋晚期至战国早期.都北M33等春秋晚期墓出土的陶鼎、敦是齐地较早的仿铜陶礼器.都北墓地青铜容器均为含Sn 10％-12％的铅锡青铜,M34及M60青铜器的铅料与同期中原及鲁中南地区一致.M33鼎泥芯中的CaO含量较低,可见较多植物来源的碎屑,显示春秋时期海岱北部与江淮、吴越等东南沿海地区的制范技术存在关联.这些综合研究有助于全面认识东周齐地青铜器的组合、材质与资源特征.

山东滕州薛国故城1985至1994年间出土青铜器的年代集中于春秋中期至战国早期.薛国故城出土青铜容器以铅锡青铜为主,春秋中期早段的低锡容器较多,此后合金配比逐渐升高并稳定;铅料资源则与邻近的海岱及中原地区基本一致,并在春秋早中期之际、春秋中晚期之际和春战之际发生过三次变化.薛国故城出土青铜剑的材质多为高锡青铜,其中扁茎无首剑的铅含量显著高于圆茎剑.这批检测数据填补了东周薛国青铜器技术研究的空白,对认识东周时期汉淮海岱地区青铜器的资源与技术特征也具有重要意义.

蛛网膜颗粒是由蛛网膜绒毛成组聚集在一起而形成的,有时会在颅骨内板上形成局限性压迹,当颗粒较大时会造成颅内局部骨质吸收,形成溶蚀状小坑.在以往的病理观察中,蛛网膜颗粒压迹多不作为观察统计对象,然其溶蚀状的形态却容易被误认为是某些病理性改变.本文通过对济南大辛庄、刘家庄、曲阜奥体中心等六个遗址出土的114例人骨标本的观察发现:1)蛛网膜颗粒压迹从古至今均表现出较高的发生率且两性间不存在明显差异.2)蛛网膜颗粒压迹的最大径平均值大致在1-6mm之间,个体间存在较大差异,但总体上呈现出随年龄增长而增大的现象.3)蛛网膜颗粒压迹的出现位置最常见于顶骨和额骨,枕骨部位相对少见,但不同年龄组间的出现位置可能存在一定差异.此外,蛛网膜颗粒在颅内形成的溶蚀状小坑易与一些以骨质侵蚀为特征的疾病相混淆,如颅内感染、颅骨板障表皮样囊肿、嗜酸性肉芽肿、脑膜瘤等,需注意对其特征加以辨别.

纪王崮春秋墓系2013年中国十大考古发现之一,其中一号墓出土了数量较多的玉器和料器.本文利用拉曼光谱、X-荧光光谱、显微镜和测色计等便携式仪器对这批文物进行了无损分析,结果显示92件分析器物中,透闪石玉器76件,玛瑙器7件,绿松石器1件,釉砂器8件.在此基础上,本文对它们的材质特点和工艺特征进行了相关探讨.

In the excavation of Mushan reservoir ruins in Anqiu County and Shicun site in Guangrao County,Shandong Province,foot deformities were observed on three female remains.Compared with the historical records and X-ray films of bound feet of modern female,it can be speculated that the deformities of our ancient samples are resulted from foot-binding.Based on observations of their foot bones,three features of bound feet can be concluded:l) All foot bones are thin,especially the metatarsal bones;2) Wedge-shape evolution in tarsometatarsal joints and tarsal bones;3) Under-development in muscle crests of lower limb with smooth bone surface and articular surface appeared at lips of lower tibia.Comparing foot binding group and non-footbinding group,their metatarsal bones are found with most obvious difference.Moreover,the robustness of lower limb bone of foot binding group was slightly weaker than the non-footbinding group.

介绍了小清河潍坊段入海口基本情况，针对入海口管理现状，进行了管理模式探索，提出完善工程措施、进行确权划界、加大执法力度、部门联合、相互牵制、相互支持的管理思路，以确保河道安全行洪。

Based on the contrast of the history and geography of the Qi state during Zhou period, the article thinks that the Qi state shouldn' t be divided into Yin Qi and Zhou Qi (or Xia Qi and Yi Qi) , it should be a state. The article also explains the location and transference of the Qi state Shang and Zhou dynasties,

2000年,寿光市遇到了近20年来最严重的干旱.全年累计降雨量421.2mm,比历年同期减少201.3mm,特别是1～7月份降雨仅有135.8mm.全市大小17条河道全部断流;2500多眼机井干涸;地下水位自1975年以来急剧下降,平均下降了13.79m;农田受旱面积7.33万hm2,其中绝产0.41万hm2.有40个村庄,6.3万人人畜饮用水困难.水资源的短缺严重制约了全市工农业生产的发展.