农村留守儿童教育实践存在万能化倾向、问题矫正倾向、功利化倾向等定位偏差问题.实践定位偏差出现的主要原因是对留守儿童教育相关概念的错误认知以及对它们相互关系的错误定位,留守儿童教育实践主体的模糊化加剧了实践定位的偏差.准确定位留守儿童教育实践,应明确留守儿童教育不是问题儿童矫正教育,它也不能全面解决留守儿童问题,更不能将其打造成一个独立的教育体系.留守儿童教育要以学校教育为主要责任主体,联合多种社会力量并重视个性化关爱,通过不断促进留守儿童身心健康发展来缓解留守儿童问题.

深圳碳交易于2013年6月18日启动,是中国最早开始碳交易试点的城市。通过对纳管企业的实地调研,梳理了深圳碳交易体系存在的主要问题并给出政策建议,以期为2017年建设全国性的碳交易市场提供参考。

目的:分析成人变应性鼻炎患者的血清变应原特异性IgE(Serum allergen specific IgE,sIgE)、皮肤点刺试验(Skin prick test,SPT)及外周血嗜酸性粒细胞(Peripheral eosinophilic,Eos)计数与鼻部症状视觉模拟量表评分(Visual analogue scale,VAS)的相关性.方法:2009年9月～2011年5月我科就诊的变应性鼻炎患者66人,男31人,女35人,年龄20～76岁,平均(34.17±13.51)岁.通过病史、典型试验量表对喷嚏,清涕,鼻堵,鼻痒评分,分别分析血清sIgE、SPT与VAS评分和外周血嗜酸性粒细胞计数之间的相关性.结果:血清sIgE和皮肤点刺试验显著正相关(r=0.532,P＜0.01);血清sIgE、SPT与鼻部症状VAS总分及外周血嗜酸性粒细胞计数均无明显相关性.结论:血清sIgE和皮肤点刺试验对诊断变应性鼻炎都具有显著意义,皮肤点刺试验反应、血清特异性IgE水平和外周血嗜酸细胞计数不能正确反应变应性鼻炎患者的临床症状和生活质量状况.

OBJECTIVE The frontal bullar cell can obstruct the frontal sinus outflow tract,but it is poorly described in literature.The purpose of the study was to study the frontal bullar cell and its relationship with the frontal sinus drainage pathway with three dimension computed tomography and to discuss the surgical technique about how to remove the frontal bullar cell and open the frontal sinus ostium.METHODS Multislice helical CT scans of the sinuses were performed with overlapping 0.5-mm thick axial cuts.Sagittal and coronal planes were reconstructed.The presence of the frontal bullar cells was identified,and how to remove it and open the frontal sinus ostium by endoscopic sinus surgery was studied.RESULTS The frontal bullar cell was obvious when reviewing the sagittal and coronal CT scans.It was pneumatized along skull base into frontal sinus from posterior frontal recess.The frontal sinus drainage pathway was anterior to the frontal bullar cell and the upper portion of the bulla lamella should be removed to open the frontal ostium.CONCLUSION Three dimensional CT reconstruction is very useful for identifying the relationship between frontal bullar cell and the frontal sinus drainage pathway.The frontal bullar cell caused serious obstruction of the drainage pathway and remove it can obtain a patent frontal ostium.

OBJECTIVE Patients undergone septoplasty, which is one of the most common procedures, always feel very painful after surgery because of routine nasal packing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of septal suture technique without nasal packing after septoplasty. METHOD Eighty patients who had undergone septoplasty were included in this study. The patients were allocated into tow groups: packing group, mercel was used for nasal packing after septoplasty and inferior turbinate coblation; suturing group, septal suture and inferior turbinate coblation were performed after septoplasty without nasal packing. Postoperative signs and symptoms(visual analogue scale,VAS) were compared between the two groups. RESULT The patients of packing group experienced significantly more postoperative nasal pain, headache, dysphagia, sleep disturbance and bleeding after surgery (P < 0.01). No difference of epiphora was found between the two groups. More pain and bleeding were experienced during the pack removal(packing group), compared to that during the clearance of nasal cavity (suturing group ). One patient with postoperative septal hematoma was found in the packing group. CONCLUSION Nasal septum suture combined with inferior turbinate coblation might be a significantly more comfortable, reliable alternative to nasal packing. Nasal packing is not the necessary application for septoplasty.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the effects of nasal septum suture and inferior turbinate coblation after septoplasty with nasal packing.METHODS Eighty patients who had undergone septoplasty were included in this study.The patients were allocated into tow groups: Packing group,patients in which were packed with mercel in nose after septoplasty and powered inferior turbinatectomy;Suturing group,in which septal suture and inferior turbinate coblation were performed after septoplasty without nasal packing.Postoperative signs and symptoms(Visual analogue scale,VAS) were compared between the two groups.RESULTS The patients of packing group experienced significantly more postoperative nasal pain,headache,dyaphagia,sleep disturbance and bleeding after surgery(P<0.05).More pain and bleeding were experienced when compared the pack removal(packing group) with the clearance of nasal cavity(suturing group).One patient with postoperative bleeding and one with septal hematoma were found in the packing group.CONCLUSION Nasal septum suture combined with Inferior turbinate coblation might be a significantly more comfortable,reliable method alternative to nasal packing.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of subcutaneous immunotherapy(SIT)on symptoms of allergic rhinitis and quality of life in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis who were refractory to common methods.METHODS Forty seven allergic rhinitis patients who were sensitive to house dust mite and responded poorly to routine pharmacotherapy were included in this study.Allergen immunotherapy with Dermatophagoides pteronissinus and D.farinae was given by subcutaneous route.The change in nasal symptoms was assessed using total nasal symptoms scores(TNSS),and the quality of life was evaluated using the rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire(RQLQ).Follow up questionnaires(during SIT)were answered at basline(before treatment),3 months,6 months,and 12 months after treatment.RESULTS Three months,six months,and 12 months after treatment,TNSS and RQLQ reduced(TNSS: 8.6,5.8,4.4 and 2.7,RQLQ: 2.9,2.0,1.4 and 0.9).There was a significant difference in symptom and quality of life scores between each consecutive treatment.There was a correlation between TNSS and RQLQ score.CONCLUSION The symptom and quality of life of patients sensitive to house dust mite was improved after SIT.Three months after treatment,the efficacy started and it continually improved as time went on.

目前,获得国际社会认可的创新型国家基本上应当具备如下特征:创新综合指数明显高于其他国家,科技进步贡献率高达70%以上,国家的研究开发投入占国内生产总值的比例一般在2%以上,国家的对外技术依存度指标通常在30%以下.对照这些指标,我国科技创新能力在49个主要国家中位居第24位,处于中等水平.要实现我国持续的经济发展,要实现国家的富强繁荣,就必须加强科技自主创新能力,建设创新型国家.

高等教育改革和社会的进步、经济的发展是相互促进的,高等教育是经济发展的领头雁,是社会进步的排头兵,经济发展和社会进步为高等教育提供了良好的发展环境.高等教育发展态势良好会给国家的经济发展带来乘数效应或者倍数效应,否则,会阻滞改革前进的步伐.

新制度主义是引领当代政治学研究潮流的一种新方法.新制度主义认为,虽然政治行为、政治选择受到了制度的约束,但制度只是影响人们行为的核心因素(或者重要因素),并非决定性因素.新制度主义着重解释性理论研究,把制度变量纳入理论框架,研究变量呈现多元化,制度对个人、群体行为的影响需要进行深层的考察和变量的分析,考虑路径依赖的因素,注重特定历史条件下的变化,通过归纳法的应用形成成熟的经验理论,再进一步应用到跨国研究或者别国的比较研究中去.特别是新制度主义还做了将制度科学化的工作,主张提出新理论,对新理论进行验证,并且要构建新框架来验证新理论.新制度主义拓宽了政治学的研究对象和研究领域,值得认真研究.

We have encountered a serial of problems during the rural social security system reform,for instance,narrow coverage,unclear governmental responsibility and lack of institutional arrangement and so on.As the main body of the reform,government should shoulder the main responsibilities,including developing the rural economy,offering plentiful financial support,regulating the relationships between interest groups,strengthening management and constraining responsibilities as well.The paper finally constructs the governmental responsibility system.

<正>近年来,随着越来越多的医疗事故、证券市场财务包装案件的曝光,医生、律师、会计师等专业人士因执业过程中的疏忽而造成他人损失的问题成为法学界关注的对象。1995年,梁慧星教授翻译了日本专门家研究会《专家的民事责任》文集中的若干篇章,其对专业人士执业过失法律责任的若干理论问题的总结似乎给我们提供了一个理想的研究起

随着我国教育事业的发展和教育水平的提高,国家培养了大批的优秀人才,获得高学位的人越来越多,这是社会进步和文明的标志.但是,紧接着出现了严峻的就业问题,主要表现在严重缺乏就业机会,社会对学历的消费越来越高,原来高中生能做的工作现在用人单位要求本科生来做,本科生也能完成的工作研究生也在做,用人单位对求职者的学历要求越来越高,被称为人才高消费.这一现象会对我国的教育、就业以及社会生活产生深远的影响,必须引起足够的重视,否则会引起社会生活新的瓶颈问题.

对在我所进行手术的膝关节内损伤37例进行局部骨密度检测,其中单纯前交叉韧带断裂10例,前交叉韧带断裂合并内外侧半月板损伤19例,膝关节内其他损伤但无前交叉韧带损伤的8例.结果显示,全部患者均呈现伤侧骨密度下降,有前交叉韧带断裂的患膝骨密度显著低于膝关节内其他损伤但无前交叉韧带损伤的;前交叉韧带断裂合并半月板损伤的与单纯前交叉韧带断裂相比,骨密度的差异无显著性;前交叉韧带断裂病史在2个月内患膝骨密度显著高于病史长于2个月者.由此建议对前交叉韧带断裂应在伤后2个月内进行修补;此外,当患膝的骨密度低于健侧的70%时,应在重建前交叉韧带时注意打孔和界面螺丝钉的技术操作,同时适当加强外固定,延长固定时间,以免术后移植骨脱落.