The Huanghuai Plain is located in a transitional climate zone between the Yangtze River and Yellow River valleys in Central China, where mixed farming of millets and rice appeared 8,000 years ago. However, when this specific agricultural model became the primary subsistence strategy and how the crop structure developed in this area have not been confirmed, largely due to the lack of sufficient archaeobotanical evidence and accurate chronological data. In this study, accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) radiocarbon dating and identification of the plant remains have been conducted at the Neolithic site of Shigu. The results indicate that mixed farming of millets and rice was practised at Shigu during the Yangshao Culture period (ca. 6400–5300 a BP), during which broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica) dominated. This finding is different from the earlier Peiligang Culture sites (9,000–7,000 BP) in the same research region, where wild editable plants were more abundant. Although the crop structure at Shigu changed around 6,000 years ago, with a noticeable decrease in rice cultivation, millets and rice were always the primary plant foods for the local population. The present study thus proposes the formation of a crop-based agricultural society at least 6400 years ago at Shigu in the western Huanghuai Plain of Central China.

The middle and lower Huai River Valley, located between the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, was a key transitional zone for the northward spread of rice and southward migration of millet agriculture in central-eastern China during the Holocene. Knowing when millets spread here, how they were combined with rice in mixed farming, the reasons for their spread, and the temporal variation of cropping patterns is of crucial significance to the development of our understanding of ancient adaptation strategies adopted by human societies in response to climatic and cultural changes. Focusing on crops, phytolith analyses of the soil samples, in tandem with radiocarbon dating from the Wanbei site, reveal evidence of a multicropping pattern of combining rice (Oryza sative), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), and foxtail millet (Setaria italica) during the Dawenkou culture period between 5720 and 4426 cal. BP in the middle and lower Huai River Valley, China. The data show that rice was always the principal crop of the pattern, and that domesticated rice was developed during the early and middle Dawenkou culture periods. However, its domestication rate became lower during the late Dawenkou culture period. Broomcorn millet and foxtail millet with domesticated traits appeared only in lower proportions of the total produced throughout the period. The proportions of rice and foxtail millet increased slightly, while the proportions of broomcorn millet decreased over time. Finally, the formation of the multicropping pattern at Wanbei may have been primarily influenced by both the warm and wet climatic environment and the cultural exchange and communication between the Haidai region and the middle and lower Huai River Valley during the Dawenkou culture period. The findings in this paper may not only contribute to mapping the spatiotemporal route for the northward expansion of rice agriculture and southward spread of millet agriculture, but also assist in understanding the human adaptation strategies employed in eastern China during the Holocene.

豫东地区是史前中原文化系统、海岱文化系统等的中介地带,由于这里地处黄泛区且人口密集,史前遗址或被掩埋在地下数米深处,或位于岗地、堌堆之上,后期破坏严重,目前缺乏相关植物考古资料,对史前农业发展的认识并不清晰.本研究对河南项城市贾庄和后高老家遗址开展浮选,获取了仰韶时代中期的炭化植物遗存,其中炭化植物种子主要包括粟、黍、水稻三种农作物和狗尾草属、马唐属、稗属、黍亚科等野生植物,可食用野生植物的核壳来自菱属、芡实、柿属、栎属、桃属等.农作物及典型田间伴生杂草遗存的量化结果显示,两处遗址仰韶时代中期的农作物结构以粟、黍为主,水稻的比重很低,具备黄淮地区稻粟兼作农业的地域性和时代特征.多种可食用野生植物遗存显示了植物性食物资源的多样性.各类植物遗存的绝对数量和出土概率表明,农业在生业经济中占据主体地位,采集野生植物仍然是先民获取植物性食物资源的重要方式.贾庄和后高老家遗址炭化植物遗存分析结果为了解豫东地区仰韶时代原始农业发展状况提供了重要资料,对探索中华文明早期阶段的农业发展状况及其与文明演进的关系有重要意义.

本文以舞阳湖南郭遗址和阿岗寺遗址出土的炭化植物遗存为切入点,探讨淮河上游南部地区仰韶时代中、晚期的农业状况.量化分析显示,最迟从仰韶时代中期开始,农业已成为淮河上游南部地区生业经济的主体,稻粟兼作、以粟作农业为主是显著特点.从仰韶时代中期到晚期,稻作农业的比重下降,粟作农业的比重上升.淮河上游仰韶时代中、晚期的农作物结构趋于一致,区域内部的南北差异不明显.

本文利用植物考古分析方法对江苏双沟酒厂老厂区明代房址内发现的疑似酒糟土样进行检测,发现了丰富的植物遗存,其中植物遗骸以水稻稃壳为主,植硅体来自水稻、疑似高梁等植物.检测结果为探讨泗洪双沟地区明代的酿酒原料提供了直接证据.

大汶口文化时期是安徽淮河流域新石器时代文化发展的重要阶段,也是该地区原始农业发展的关键时期.作者梳理近年来的植物考古研究成果,本文认为:安徽淮河流域在大汶口文化时期阶段实现生业经济由低水平食物生产向原始农业为主体的转变,粟、黍的种植在本地区不断普及,与原有的稻作农业传统融合,呈现出以稻粟并重为特色的稻旱兼作种植模式.原始农业的发展受到气候变化和文化传播、发展的双重影响,大汶口文化晚期气候条件的改善和考古学文化的发展促进了原始农业的快速发展,而原始农业的发展也推动了大汶口文化晚期的繁荣局面.

本研究采用浮选法对万北遗址2015年度发掘的土样开展植物考古研究,获得了丰富的炭化植物遗存.分析结果显示,万北遗址相当于大汶口文化时期的农业是以稻作为主、粟黍为辅的稻旱兼作农业,商周时期新增了大麦和小麦.万北遗址出土的菰属籽粒是中国境内目前发现年代最早的菰属遗存,为古代中国利用菰提供了新证据.长期依赖菰属、菱属、芡实等水生植物是万北先民植食资源利用的显著特点.以稻作农业为主是淮河下游(苏北)地区原始农业区别于海岱文化区其他区域的显著特征.研究结果显示,采集与原始农业相互补充、在不同时期可能此消彼长,共同为万北先民提供必需的植食资源.研究结果对揭示淮河下游(苏北)地区史前先民的植食资源利用、生业模式及农业结构演变提供了重要线索.

本文通过对临泉宫庄遗址试掘采集土样的浮选分析,获取了该遗址大汶口文化早中期、龙山时期、商周时期的炭化植物遗存,主要包括水稻、小麦、栎属、铁苋菜.量化分析结果显示,宫庄遗址自大汶口文化早中期至商周时期的农业保持着稻作农业传统,与周边同时期的遗址存在显著差异.结合淮河中游地区诸遗址的植物考古证据,大汶口文化早中期该地区的稻作农业持续发展,并成为获取植食资源的主要方式,可能没有形成稻粟兼作农业模式.

The eighth season of excavation at the Jiahu Site in the autumn of 2013 uncovered eight house foundations, 25 ash pits and 97 burials, along with hundreds of artifacts made of pottery, stone, bone and ivory. One of the most intriguing findings was the burial of two adult males underneath the living floor of a house foundation 2013F5 belonging to Phase I. They yielded rich grave goods that included bone flutes, engraved ivory plaque, a set of turtle shells, and other high-ranking artifacts. They are, to date, the first ever in-house burials found in Chinese archaeology. In addition, the other burials also yielded large amount of turquoise ornaments and exquisitely engraved ivory plaques. These findings are significant to the study of the prehistoric funeral practice and social differentiation during the early and middle Neolithic Age of China.

本文通过对屈家岭遗址油子岭文化至战国晚期各时期遗迹和文化层土样的浮选,经鉴定发现了炭化植物种子及硬果核壳等共计1599粒.其中农作物种子1245粒,包括541粒水稻(Oryzasativa)和638粒水稻基盘、33粒粟(Setaria italica)、27粒小麦(Triticum aestivum)以及6粒大豆(Glycine max),其余可鉴定的杂草种子及核壳22种共计245粒,未知杂草种子109粒.从出土炭化植物遗存的14C年代测定和量化统计分析来看,屈家岭遗址自距今约5800年,稻作农业已经在生业经济中占据主体地位,并延续至距今约4400年.粟的利用出现年代较水稻稍晚,在距今约5600～5300年间,且粟在农业作物中的比重始终很小.本项工作为江汉平原地区史前人类的植物资源利用以及农业发展研究提供了准确的年代和实物证据.

前 言 河南舞阳贾湖遗址的植物考古研究为探讨中原地区和淮河流域农业起源与发展、史前先民的生业经济等提供了重要资料.截至目前,针对贾湖遗址已经开展了多方面的植物考古研究.早在20世纪90年代初,发掘者就在贾湖遗址发现了稻作农业的有力证据,包括炭化稻米、稻壳印痕和水稻植硅体等遗存[1].为了解贾湖古稻的属性,先后进行了水稻植硅体分析和多次粒型测量,粒型特征的多样性表明贾湖古稻是一种尚具有不少野生稻性状的原始栽培稻[2].

Diaoyutai site(32°54′N,117°20′E),located in the south of the Huaihe River,central-Anhui Province,Eastern China,was excavated from June,2014 to January,2015.This site consisting of 4 platforms with a total area of more than 10000 m2 contains different cultural remains dated to Late Longshan Period,Western Zhou and the Spring and Autumn Period,respectively.A total of 112 soil samples were collected for flotation work from ash pits,cultural layers,house ruins and so on.Systematic flotation work at Diaoyutai site discovered abundant charred plant remains which included 312.59 g of charred wood pieces,21 pieces of nut shells,and 1646 plant seeds.Nut shells included Quercus,Trapa,Ziziphus,Armeniaca mume Sieb.,Amygdalus,and so on.Plant seeds were dominant findings of the floatation work which included five crops and some weedy seeds like Gramineae,Cyperaceae and Leguminosae.The five crops were rice(Oryza sativa),foxtail millet(Setaria italica),broomcorn millet(Panicum miliaceum),wheat(Triticum aestivum)and soybean(Glycine max).In addition,some plants such as Amaranthus,Rumex,Chenopodiaceae and Portulacaceae might have been used as vegetables.The statistical analysis results indicated rice with more quantity and higher ubiquity than foxtail millet was the dominant crop during the Late Longshan Period,foxtail millet was less important at this site,and the ancient people at the Diaoyutai site also might have cultivated soybean at that time.The agricultural pattern of Diaoyutai was a mixed farming of rice and millets during the Late Longshan Period.From the Western Zhou to the Spring and Autumn Period,the absolute number and the ubiquity of rice was still the highest.However,the new crop wheat with the second highest ubiquity developed rapidly and its absolute number was slightly less than foxtail millet.Soybean and millets only occupied a small quantity and their ubiquity was also low.Based on the findings of plant remains from Diaoyutai and other contemporary sites,it can be seen that a new agricultural pattern with many different crops planting had formed in the middle Huaihe River Valley during the Western Zhou and the Spring and Autumn Period.However,it is worth noting that the roles of rice and dry crops in the subsistence economy were obviously different between the north and south of the Huaihe River.In general,during the Late Longshan Period and the Western Zhou Period,rice and millets have equal importance in the agricultural structure of the sites located in the Huanghuai Plain,the north area of the main stream of the Huai River.However,in the south of the Huaihe River,rice was more widely cultivated than dry crops.Comprehensive analysis for the carbonized plant remains from archaeological sites of different geographical locations indicates that within the study area,the importance of rice increases while millets and wheat declines along with the latitude decreasing.This phenomenon should be related to the different climatic conditions varying with the latitude.In addition,the study also shows that wheat spread to the south side of Mountain Tai-Yi during the Late Longshan Period and then distributed in the northern area of the Huanghuai Plain in the period of Yueshi Period,it is also clear that at the latest by the Early and Middle Western Zhou Period,wheat had dispersed into the Jianghuai area.

We used flotation to separate out plant remains from the soil samples collected during the2009-2010 excavations at the Shang city site in Zhengzhou. Experimental results show that carbonized crop seeds from foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rice (Oryza sativa) were dominant among all recovered charred plant remains. In addition, there were also some other charred plant remains from Gramineae, Leguminosae, Chenopodium sp., Vitis sp., Amygdalus sp., and so on. Statistical analysis shows that the amount of foxtail millet was highest, followed by rice, wheat and broomcorn millet. This result indicates a multi-crop agricultural system had been established in the Zhengzhou area during the early Shang Dynasty, a system dominated by foxtail millet and supplemented with rice, wheat and other crops. At the same time, edible fruits such as Vitis sp. and Amygdalus sp. were also exploited by Erligang period Shang city residents. As the capital of the early Shang Dynasty, the Zhengzhou Shang City site is important to Chinese archaeological research.Charred plant remains from this site can provide significant information for studying the agricultural development and crop structure in central China during the early period of Chinese civilization.

本文通过对郑州东赵遗址2013～2014年度考古发掘采集土样的浮选分析,获取了该遗址新砦、二里头、二里岗三个不同时期丰富的炭化植物遗存,其中炭化植物种子主要包括粟、黍、水稻、小麦和大豆五种农作物以及狗尾草属、稗属和马唐属等不同种属的杂草种子等.对遗址不同阶段炭化农作物及典型田间杂草遗存的量化分析结果显示,东赵遗址自新砦期至二里岗期的农业生产始终保持着以种植粟、黍为主的特点,大豆是该遗址先民稳定的食物来源之一,而水稻在整个农业经济结构中的比重一直很低.值得注意的是,从新砦期至二里岗期,粟、黍两种旱地作物在东赵遗址农业经济中的比重不断上升,而先民的旱地田间管理技术也随之取得了明显的进步.小麦的种植始于遗址二里头文化期,至二里岗期时迅速发展,成为当时先民重要的农作物品种之一.东赵遗址炭化植物遗存分析结果为了解夏代早期至商代前期中原核心区域农业经济的特点及其发展过程提供了重要资料,对探索中国国家起源与早期发展阶段农业经济技术发展状况及其与文明演进的关系有重要意义.

淮河流域尤其是淮河上游地区是中华文明起源的腹地,在中华文明起源与发展过程中具有指标性意义.农业起源与发展正是人类对气候环境适应的过程.农业为中华文明的诞生提供了重要的物质基础.国家重大科学研究计划项目"末次冰消期以来中国中东部极端气候环境事件与农业起源发展和人类适应研究"课题2"淮河流域稻作-旱作农业演替过程及其环境和文化背景研究"的总体目标是揭示淮河流域稻作-旱作农业演替过程及其文化和环境背景.该课题依托于中国科学技术大学、中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所、中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所的研究平台,课题负责人为中国科学技术大学张居中.通过两年的工作,课题已经建立了淮河流域稻粟兼作农业的演替过程的基本框架,未来将细化部分时段的农业发展情况,同时进一步深入研究相应的环境和文化背景,进而全面了解该地区考古学文化演替和原始农业发展过程的关键时间节点与末次冰消期以来极端环境事件的对应关系,为全面认识中国中东部地区极端气候事件与农业起源、发展和人类适应研究提供重要依据.

The upper-middle Huai River valley (HRV) is located in the transition zone in the middle of eastern China. Previous studies have shown that the past populations in the upper HRV obtained plant food through gathering and cultivation of both rice and millet during the middle Neolithic. However, for the middle HRV it is not very clear what methods were used by humans to obtain plant food in that time. In this paper, starch grain analysis was carried out on 17 stone tools and 29 cauldron pottery sherds unearthed at Shunshanji (8.5–7.0 kyr BP), which is known as the earliest Neolithic site in the middle HRV excavated so far. Here, ancient starches from Coix lacryma-jobi, Triticeae, Oryza sativa, Trichosanthes kirilowii and one unidentified specie were recovered. This study contributes to the limited knowledge of food strategies as observed in the middle HRV. It demonstrates that both gathering and cultivation of rice took place during the middle-Neolithic. Among the identified species, Coix lacryma-jobi appears to have been the main plant food at Shunshanji. Moreover, it is clear that Oryza sativa was not consumed as much as other plant species according to the occurrence frequency of different starch grains. Starch grains were also found on the used surfaces of grinding stone implements as well as pestles, which means that these stone tools were used for food processing. In addition, axes from Shunshanji may also have been used for food processing as well as wood working because starches were also found on the edge of axes. Information about subsistence strategies and tool use at Shunshanji will also be helpful to understanding the utilization of plants and agricultural development in the middle HRV during the early-middle Neolithic period.

本文利用浮选法获取了杨堡遗址的大汶口文化晚期、龙山文化、岳石文化和战国晚期--汉代的炭化植物遗存,量化分析结果表明,在大汶口文化晚期,农作物以水稻为主,粟、黍所占比重较小;岳石文化时期,粟的比重上升,与水稻的地位相当,同时小麦和大豆出现,且小麦初具规模,黍的比重较小;到了战国晚期--汉代,粟和小麦成为主要作物,水稻的地位明显下降.上述研究结果显示,以杨堡遗址为代表的淮河中游地区最晚在新石器时代晚期就开始实行多种作物的种植制度,并不断发展;稻-旱混作农业模式在这里长期延续并经历了此消彼长的演变过程.研究结果对揭示淮河中游地区古代人类生业模式及农业结构演变有重要价值.

安徽淮南小孙岗遗址是淮河中游地区一处紧邻淮河的堌堆状遗址,其文化性质属于双墩文化,炭化植物种子AMS 14C测年数据显示,遗址年代约为7200～6800cal.a B.P,.本文通过对该遗址2012年9月至12月试掘时采集土样的浮选分析,发现了丰富的双墩文化时期的炭化植物遗存,包括菱属残块,葡萄属、柿属种子,栎属、枣属、桃属、梅等核壳,炭化稻米以及一些杂草种子.炭化稻米的发现表明淮河中游地区在距今7000年前后属于水稻栽培区,而大量野生植物资源的存在以及各类植物遗存的量化分析结果表明,采集是小孙岗先民获取植物性食物资源的主要方式.综合同时期已发掘遗址的动、植物考古资料研究结果,我们认为,采集、渔猎是双墩文化时期淮河中游地区先民的主要生业形式,稻作农业在当时仍只是一种辅助性的生业活动.