β-1,3-Glucanases (Glu) are key enzymes involved in plant defense and physiological processes through the hydrolysis of β-1,3-glucans. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the β-1,3-glucanase gene family in wolfberry (Lycium barbarum), including their chromosomal distribution, evolutionary relationships, and expression profiles. A total of 58 Glu genes were identified, distributed across all 12 chromosomes. Evolutionary analysis revealed six distinct branches within wolfberry and nine distinct branches when compared with Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression analysis showed that 45 Glu genes were expressed in berries, with specific genes also being expressed in flowers and leaves. Notably, LbaGlu28 exhibited significant expression during the tetrad stage of pollen development and was localized in the cell wall. These findings provide valuable insights into the functional significance of Glu genes in wolfberry, highlighting their roles in development and their potential involvement in reproductive processes, particularly in pollen development.

To elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underlie jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) flavor synthesis, we integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses on the ‘Lingwuchangzao’ cultivar across seven developmental stages. Our multi-omics approach detected 750 metabolites, categorized into 11 primary and 35 secondary classes, with K-means clustering revealing significant stage-specific variations in sugars, alcohols, and organic acids. KEGG enrichment analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in key metabolic pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism and plant hormone signal transduction, showing dynamic changes during development. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) further pinpointed gene networks related to starch/sucrose and carbon metabolism, and eight novel genes linked to starch and fatty acid metabolism. Notably, the white ripening stage (BS) emerged as the critical phase for flavor compound accumulation, offering new molecular insights and targets for quality improvement.

In low-light environments, plants face challenges in maximizing light acquisition for growth and reproduction. This study investigates the light-related adaptations of Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth, a climbing annual vine commonly known as morning glory. Field and laboratory analyses focused on the functionality of its leaf and petal interfaces. We observed that tendrils of I. purpurea enable it to climb surrounding structures, optimizing light capture. The leaves display absorption peaks at 400 nm and 700 nm, typical for plants that absorb light in the red and blue regions, with microstructural features like protrusions and folds aiding in self-cleaning. Petals, exhibiting grid-like patterns and specific reflectance spectra, attract pollinators such as bees. These functional traits, including self-cleaning mechanisms and specialized light absorption, highlight I. purpurea’s unique strategies for thriving in low-light conditions. The findings offer valuable insights into the potential use of I. purpurea for urban landscaping, vertical greening, and ornamental plant selection.

Pollen fertility is a critical factor in seed development and crop breeding. Extensive studies have explored the mechanisms of pollen fertility in model plants and economic crops. However, the mechanisms of pollen abortion in medicinal and edible plants, including Lycium barbarum, remain elusive. This study utilized transcriptome analysis to identify key genes and regulatory networks implicated in pollen fertility in L. barbarum. The results demonstrated differential expression of 12,185 genes (DEGs) between the sterile and fertile lines, encompassing 489 genes that exhibited variation across the five stages of pollen development. Additionally, GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that the DEGs were predominantly associated with energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and notably, hydrolase activity. Co-expression network analysis unveiled two modules intimately associated with fertility, each comprising 908 and 756 hub genes, incorporating β-1,3-glucanase genes (Glu) and co-expressed transcription factors (TFs). Phylogenetic analysis implied that LbGlu1 was a potential candidate gene implicated in regulating pollen abortion in L. barbarum. This work advances a novel understanding of pollen abortion in L. barbarum and offers theoretical support for the utilization of sterility genes to enhance crop improvement.

[目的]金叶火炬树是常规火炬树的变种,传统的繁殖方式繁殖系数低、生长速度慢,而且原材料数量有限,难以满足现代工厂化生产的需求.该研究旨在探究适宜的组织培养技术,以提高金叶火炬树的繁殖速度和产量.[方法]以当年生金叶火炬树的带芽茎段、带顶芽段和未脱离母体的种子为外植体,选用WPM基本培养基,添加不同激素配比,筛选出最适合金叶火炬树离体快繁组培的培养基.[结果]金叶火炬树茎尖最适初代培养基配方为WPM+2.0%蔗糖+0.7%琼脂+0.1 mg/L NAA+2.0 mg/L 6-BA+1 g/L活性炭,茎段最适初代培养基配方为WPM+2.0%蔗糖+0.7%琼脂+0.1 mg/L NAA+1.5 mg/L 6-BA+1 g/L活性炭.最适增殖培养基配方为WPM+2.0%蔗糖+0.7%琼脂+1 mg/L NAA+0.2 mg/L 6-BA.[结论]成功建立金叶火炬树的组培体系,该体系可以有效地提高金叶火炬树的繁殖速度和产量,缩短育种时间,为规模化生产奠定基础.

Leaves are essential for plants, enabling photosynthesis and transpiration. In arid regions, water availability limits plant growth. Some plants, like Elaeagnus angustifolia, a sandy sub-tree species widely distributed in arid and semi-arid regions, have unique leaf structures to reduce water loss and solar radiation. Here, we describe the leaves of Elaeagnus angustifolia L., with special functioning trichomes. Through leaf submicroscopic structure observation, in situ water collection experiments, photosynthesis measurements, and reflection spectrum analysis, we investigated E. angustifolia leaves, focusing on their functioning trichomes. These trichomes capture water vapor, reflect UV and NIR light, and possess a 3D interface structure composed of 1D and 2D structures. The 1D conical structure captures water droplets, which are then gathered by the radial conical structure and guided towards the stomata through wedge-shaped grooves on the 2D umbrella structure. The trichomes also reflect sunlight, with micropapillae reflecting UV light and the umbrella structure reflecting NIR light. These mechanisms reduce leaf temperature, respiration, and water transpiration, protecting against solar radiation damage. This study provides insights into water collection and light-reflection mechanisms, revealing adaptive strategies of plants with large leaves in arid regions.

In arid areas, the scarcity of rainfall severely limits the growth of plants in the area. In arid sandy deserts, plants survive by deeply rooting to absorb groundwater. In arid gravel soil deserts (Gobi), the gravel in the soil layer limits the growth and water absorption of local plant roots. Therefore, the strategies adopted by local plants to obtain water to sustain life have become crucial. Oxytropis aciphylla Ledeb. is a perennial, strongly xerophytic, cushion-shaped semi-shrub plant widely distributed in arid gravel desert areas. Its plant height is relatively short, its crown width is not large, and its root system is also underdeveloped. There are small and curly pinnate compound leaves and dense hairy fibers on the surface of the leaves. In this study, we focused on the function of leaf surface trichomes by observing the leaf submicroscopic structure, conducting in situ water harvesting experiments, measuring reflectance spectra, and analyzing chloroplast genomes of O. aciphylla leaves. The experimental results indicate that the surface of the leaves of O. aciphylla is densely covered with hair-like fiber arrays, and these hair-like fiber surfaces have micro and nanoscale protrusions. These structures can quickly capture moisture in the air and filter out ultraviolet and infrared rays from the sun, without affecting the normal photosynthesis of the chloroplasts inside the leaves. The important findings of this study are the nanostructures on the surface of the hair-like fibers on the leaves of O. aciphylla, which not only have a water capture function but also reflect light. This has important theoretical significance for understanding how plant leaves in gravel deserts adapt to the environment.

To better understand the taxonomy of the genus Oxytropis, we sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of Oxytropis aciphylla Ledeb. The total plastome of O. aciphylla Ledeb. is 122,121 bp in length with a GC content of 34.3%. It contains one large single-copy (LSC) region of 88,235 bp, one small single-copy (SSC) region of 10,400 bp, and one inverted repeat (IR) region of 23,486 bp, encoding 76 proteins, four rRNAs, and 29 tRNAs. The phylogenetic position shows that O. aciphylla Ledeb. is the closest to Oxytropis glabra.

通过挖掘大学生职业生涯规划课程中的思政元素,在课程设计中将思政元素融入课程讲授中,实现大学生职业生涯规划"课程思政"的路径探索.不断强化和增加教育的针对性和实效性[1](62),以期为提升高校大学生职业生涯规划教育教学质量和效果提供启发.

目的 了解小檗属植物叶绿体基因组成及结构特征,为小檗属的系统发育及基因组进化研究提供参考.方法 获取小檗属9个物种的叶绿体基因组,利用生物信息学方法比较叶绿体基因组间的结构特征与变异程度,并以小檗科的桃儿七属3个物种的叶绿体基因组为外类群分析了小檗属的系统发育关系.结果 小檗属9个种的叶绿体基因组均为双链环形结构,均包含1个大单拷贝区(large single-copy,LSC)、1个小单拷贝区(small single-copy,SSC)以及2个反向重复区(IRa和IRb).叶绿体基因组大小差异较小,最大差异为1984bp.基因排列顺序基本一致,各基因数量相对保守,其中核糖体RNA (rRNA)数量最为保守,均为8个.此外,小檗属叶绿体基因组在序列长度、基因组成以及GC含量等方面相对保守,但4个边界存在明显的多样性.小檗属叶绿体基因组中非基因编码区存在较大差异,变异程度较高,而基因编码区差异较小,具有较高的保守性.在叶绿体基因组4个部分中,SSC区的变异程度最高,IRa区的变异程度最低.小檗属叶绿体基因组中包括rps12、rps16、rpl2、rpl16、rpoC1、petB、petD、ndhB、ndhA、atpF、clpP和ycf312个含内含子的蛋白编码基因.大部分基因的编码区长度较为保守,但在内含子长度或编码区长度均存在少量改变.十大功劳组Berberis amurensis是最先从小檗属中分离出来,是小檗属的原始组.在十大功劳组中阿里山十大功劳B.oiwakensis和安坪十大功劳B.ganpinensis与其他小檗属物种存在较远的亲缘关系.而其余小檗属物种可分为2支,威宁小檗B.weiningensis为1支;黄芦木B.amurensis和朝鲜小檗B.koreana为1支.结论 小檗属叶绿体基因组具有较高的保守性,其基因排列顺序基本一致,未检测到大规模的倒位或基因重排,但其IR区与单拷贝区(single-copy,SC)边界存在明显的多样性.基于叶绿体基因组构建的系统发育树在一定程度上可以揭示小檗属物种的系统发育关系.

Programmed cell death (PCD) in tapetum provides nutrients for pollen development. Once this process becomes abnormal, the pollen will be aborted, and sterile lines will be formed. Lycium barbarum L. is a well-known medicinal and edible plant, and male sterile lines play an important role in the cultivation of its new varieties by utilizing hybrid vigor. However, the male sterility mechanism of L. barbarum is poorly understood. In this study, the main characteristic changes during the pollen development of L. barbarum sterile line (Ningqi No. 5) and fertile line (Ningqi No. 1) were compared through anatomical observation, physiological detection and gene expression analysis. Anatomical observation showed that compared with that of the fertile line, the tapetum of the sterile line persisted during pollen development, the organelle morphology and number of tapetal cells changed remarkably, and the PCD was remarkably delayed. Membranous peroxidation caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the sterile line occurred from the late tetrad to the pollen grain stage, and that in Ningqi No. 1 transpired in the tetrad stage. This difference in the dynamic changes of ROS affected the redox balance of microspore development. qPCR detection of DYT1 and MS1 genes regulating tapetum development showed that compared with those in the fertile line, the expression levels of both genes in the sterile line changed significantly from pollen mother cell stage to pollen grain stage. This finding may be associated with the start-up delay of tapetal PCD. All these results suggested that abnormal tapetal PCD is an important mechanism leading to male sterility in L. barbarum.

Astragalus galactites is a medicinal plant. The total plastome length of A. galactites is 126,117 bp. It contains a large single-copy region of 69,805 bp, two inverted repeat regions of 20,638 bp, and a small single-copy region of 15,036 bp. The cp genome contains 110 complete genes, including 75 protein-coding genes (75 PCGs), 4 ribosomal RNA genes (4 rRNAs), and 30 tRNA genes (30 tRNAs). The overall GC content of cp DNA is 33.9%, the corresponding values of the LSC, SSC, and IR regions are 33.0%, 30.4%, and 43.3% respectively. The phylogenetic tree shows that A. galactites has the closest relationship with A. laxmannii.

研究以牧草苦豆子花期阶段全草为试验材料,采用顶空-固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC/MS)技术,测定了苦豆子根、茎叶、花3个部位的挥发性成分种类与含量,并通过聚类和主成分分析对苦豆子3个部位挥发物进行区分和判定.结果 表明:苦豆子根共检测到17种挥发性物质,甲酸己酯、己醛、二甲基丙醛、2甲基丁醛等化合物可能为苦豆子根的主要特征挥发性成分;苦豆子茎叶共检测到17种挥发性物质,其中2-己烯醛、二甲基丁醛、2-乙基-呋喃、二甲基硫醚、己醛等化合物可能为苦豆子茎叶的主要特征挥发性成分;苦豆子花共检测到16种挥发性物质,其中己醛、甲酸己酯、2-己烯醛、3-戊酮等化合物可能为苦豆子花的主要特征挥发性成分;苦豆子根、茎叶、花3个部位中共鉴定出28种芳香成分,其中醇类、醚类、醛类、酮类、烷类、酯类等6类物质进一步维度降至1个维度分析,累积方差贡献率达44.61％,可反映花期苦豆子全草大部分挥发物信息.

The ‘home-field advantage (HFA) hypothesis’ predicts a litter-field affinity effect on litter decomposition. In terrestrial ecosystems, plant roots have comprehensive roles in regulating litter-decomposer interactions, yet their potential influences on HFA remain unsolved. To fill this gap, we conducted a litter transplant experiment in a subtropical forest, and tested whether roots affect litter-field affinity via interactions with soil microbial functions.

Due to the direct and sufficient contacting with the aqueous environment, the directional and continuous transport of gas bubbles on open surface without energy input will advance a variety of applications in heat transfer, selective aeration, water electrolysis, etc. Unfortunately, the behaviors of gas bubbles in aqueous environment are mainly dominated by the buoyancy moving gas bubbles upward, resulting in their difficult manipulation. Therefore, realizing the directional and continuous transport of gas bubbles on open surface still remains a great challenge. Herein, a novel strategy integrating the super-aerophilic wettability with geometry-gradient structure is proposed, which can engender high driving force and low hysteresis resistance force acting on the gas bubbles. In experiment, these fabricated superaerophilic geometry-gradient polyethylene surfaces demonstrate distinguished performance of directionally and continuously transporting gas bubbles on open surfaces without energy input. In addition, the antibuoyancy bubble transportation device and the underwater bubble microreactor are successfully prepared in this manuscript, both of which illustrate the feasibility in the applications of complex environment and gas-related fields. It can be envisioned that this study will promote the understanding and development of underwater functional superwettability materials to achieve the directional and continuous transport of gas bubbles on the open surface.

This study investigated the effects of adding vermiculite to the food waste composting process. Four treatments with varying vermiculite percent compositions, 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% (w/w, wet weight of food waste basis) mixed with initial food waste were designed and then composted for 42 days. Results show that adding vermiculite prolongs the thermophilic phase, speeds up the organic matter loss, reduces the NH3 emissions and electrical conductivity values. Compared to the control, the amount of nitrogen loss through NH3 emissions in the treatments of 5%, 10% and 15% vermiculite decreased by 9.89%, 26.39% and 18.65%, respectively. Finally this work suggests that vermiculite is a suitable additive for food waste composting, especially when the makeup of the compost is 10% vermiculite.

以宁夏中卫主栽枸杞品种‘宁杞1号’为对照,采用石蜡切片技术,用扫描电镜与显微镜系统跟踪观察枸杞‘YX-1’花药败育过程,从而比较二者在观察花药败育过程中的优劣.结果表明:在观察绒毡层形成周原质团、花母细胞分裂时显微镜优于扫描电镜,花药壁部分细胞转化成似维管束细胞、花药壁维管束细胞与花粉囊分离及花粉饱满程度时扫描电镜优于显微镜.用扫描电镜观察“YX-1”为完全不育株,与显微镜观察结果不一致.在植物育性鉴定方面,利用扫描电镜观察植物花药败育过程是一种可以利用的新途径和新方法.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in litter decomposition. This study investigated how soil nutrient level affected the process. Results showed that AMF colonization had no significant effect on litter decomposition under normal soil nutrient conditions. However, litter decomposition was accelerated significantly under lower nutrient conditions. Soil microbial biomass in decomposition system was significantly increased. Especially, in moderate lower nutrient treatment (condition of half-normal soil nutrient), litters exhibited the highest decomposition rate, AMF hypha revealed the greatest density, and enzymes (especially nitrate reductase) showed the highest activities as well. Meanwhile, the immobilization of nitrogen (N) in the decomposing litter remarkably decreased. Our results suggested that the roles AMF played in ecosystem were largely affected by soil nutrient levels. At normal soil nutrient level, AMF exhibited limited effects in promoting decomposition. When soil nutrient level decreased, the promoting effect of AMF on litter decomposition began to appear, especially on N mobilization. However, under extremely low nutrient conditions, AMF showed less influence on decomposition and may even compete with decomposer microorganisms for nutrients.

We extracted polyphenols from Lycium barbarum L.fresh flowers with microwave method,then research the in vitro anti-oxidation effects.To optimize extraction process we analyzed several influencing factors including ethanol concentration,extraction time span and extraction power using the regressive analysis method,and we analyzed the polyphenol extraction rate by drawing single factor response value and contour lines to determine the interaction effect among different influencing factors as well.Our results showed that the optimum extraction condition should be at 78.6％ ethanol,149 s extraction time span and 63.2 Wextraction power,concerning the three factors and the polyphenol extraction rate at this condition was 0.057 4％.The FRAP,IC50 to DPPH,ABTS+ and NO2-of polyphenol was 497.9/μ1,1.470 1 mg/1,0.178 6 mg/l and 0.413 3 mg/l respectively.Based on these data,it can be concluded that Lycium barbarum L.fresh flower ethanol water extracts could be considered as possible source of antioxidant agents.

The 'home-field advantage' (HFA) postulates that litter decompose faster in its home habitat than in other habitats. However, the HFA of litter decomposition appears to be highly variable, and the effects of environmental conditions on HFA have rarely been investigated. Thus, in this study, we performed a reciprocal litter transplant experiment using coarse and fine mesh litterbags under nitrogen (N) addition treatments in a subtropical coniferous forest dominated by Pinus massoniana and a broad-leaved forest dominated by Quercus variabilis. Results showed no significant difference in decomposition between the two dominant litters in the fine-mesh litterbags at home and away habitats under control and N addition plots. P. massoniana litter in the coarse-mesh litterbags decomposed twice as fast at home than in away habitats under N addition. The result suggests a positive HFA effect in the coniferous forest under N addition, but no significant HFA effect was observed in the control plots. N addition did not enhance Q variabilis litter decomposition in the home habitat. The positive HFA effect of P. massoniana litter in the coarse-mesh litterbags in N addition plots was associated with more abundant soil fauna than in the control plots. However, N addition had no significant effect on the activity of most soil enzyme during litter decomposition. Moreover, soil microbial biomass showed no relationship with the HFA of litter decomposition. Our findings suggest that N addition likely enhances the feeding activity of soil fauna by increasing fauna abundance. This further reinforces the habitat specificity of soil mesofauna in coniferous forests, resulting in a positive HFA of P. massoniana litter decomposition, C and N cycling in coniferous forest may be enhanced by N addition, and coniferous forest management should be suitable for this change. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.