为筛选适宜韶关烟区种植的优质烤烟品种,以当前主栽烤烟品种粤烟97为对照,选用云烟207、湘烟6号、NC297、NX212等4个烤烟品种为试验材料,在乐昌和乳源两地同时进行了品种比较试验.结果表明:品种间的差异在不同试验点表现基本一致;湘烟6号和NC297的农艺性状指标比对照品种粤烟97略低,云烟207和NX212则高于粤烟97,尤其云烟207在株高、叶片数、最大叶面积等方面显著高于其他品种;抗病性来看,NC297和云烟207表现较好,与对照品种粤烟97相当,湘烟6号的发病率较高;NX212的单叶重显著高于其他品种,其次是云烟207,NC297的单叶重最低;经济性状上,NX212和云烟207的产量产值不仅显著高于其他品种,与对照品种粤烟97也差异显著,NC297的产量产值在不同试验点均为最低;烤后烟叶化学成分上,NC297的烟碱含量上部叶和中部叶在各个试验点均偏高,而糖碱比则偏低,总糖和还原糖含量以NX212与对照品种较为接近.综合比较来看,云烟207和NX212在各方面较为接近或略优于对照品种粤烟97,可以在韶关烟区进一步种植观察.

烟叶质量是包含外观质量、评吸质量、化学成分、安全性、物理质量的综合性概念,由于烟叶质量会随着时间、地点、人们消费习惯的改变而变化,因此有人说它是一个动态的、相对性的术语.文章对烟叶外观、评吸质量特征与化学成分三者间的相互关系进行了总结,为构建科学的烟叶质量综合评价体系提供了参考.

为了明确烤烟不同施肥方式的应用效果,本文以烤烟品种粤烟97为材料,设计基肥穴施、 中间条施、 双侧条施和不施肥等4种施肥方式处理,研究施肥方式对烤烟根系生长和烟叶产量、 品质的影响.结果表明,与不施肥相比,3种施肥方式均不同程度促进了不同生育期的烟株和根系生长.其中,中间条施显著提高了大田烟株旺长前期的株高,平均提高7.4 cm;与穴施相比,中间条施和双侧条施显著增加烟株叶组织和整株干物质积累;中间条施烟株根系区域内根长、 根重皆显著大于穴施,其中根长是基肥穴施的4倍,而根重是基肥穴施的9倍多;与穴施相比,中间条施原烟的均价增加2.35元·kg-1,每667 m2产值增加600.27元,中上等烟比例增加7.24百分点,而双侧条施处理则对原烟的各经济性状无显著影响.本研究表明,中间条施的施肥方式主要是通过改善烟株根系生长发育环境,协同促进烟株地上、 地下部生长发育,最终改善烟叶品质和经济效益.

[目的]明确南雄烟区主要气象因子对烟叶烟碱含量的影响.[方法]收集南雄烟区2011—2020年主要气象资料及烟叶烟碱含量数据,分析近10年南雄烟区烤烟大田期主要气象因子和烟叶烟碱含量,对主要气象因子与烟叶烟碱含量进行相关性分析.[结果]3月上旬降雨量与中部烟叶烟碱含量呈显著负相关;伸根期降雨量与中部烟叶烟碱含量呈极显著负相关,与上部烟叶烟碱含量呈显著负相关.[结论]针对南雄烟区伸根期降雨量偏多的状况,可采取高起垄、高培土、深挖沟等措施,排除田间积水,促进根系生长发育,以提高烟叶烟碱含量.

[目的]研究生物质燃料的物理特性和燃烧特性,探讨生物质燃料在烟叶烘烤应用上的可行性.[方法]采用HCK045A型高效生物质颗粒机压制9种不同配方的颗粒燃料,同时以100％煤粉为对照(CK),对不同配方生物质燃料的结构组成、工业分析、发热量、灰分元素、结渣率、灰熔点、物理性状等物理特性及燃烧特性相关指标进行比较研究.[结果]不同配方生物质颗粒燃料在物理特性和燃料特性方面有一定差异,其中含有木屑或烟秆配方的颗粒燃料纤维素和木质素含量高于含有烟梗的配方处理,因而挥发分和固定碳含量也较高,但灰分和含水量则低于含有烟梗的配方.燃烧过程中,含有木屑或烟秆配方的燃料由于软化温度高,因而底灰结渣率低于CK,而含有烟梗配方的处理则高于CK;同时,含有木屑或烟秆配方的颗粒燃料点火时间比CK快543.55 s,燃烧持续时间比CK长1.8倍.但在抗碎强度与抗渗水性等物理性状方面,则是含有烟梗配方的处理较好.[结论]与100％煤粉烘烤相比,虽然生物质燃料发热量略低,但其他燃烧性能指标均能达到烟叶烘烤的工艺要求,可以作为烟叶烘烤的替代能源,其中50％木屑+50％烟秆的配方尤佳.

In order to study the feasibility of using biomass fuel in tobacco curing,on the base of early research results,the text used the formula 50% wood chips plus 50% tobacco stem as materials to produce 8 mm-diameter pellet fuel by an efficiency biomass pellet machine(HCK045A).Five treatments were used during tobacco curing, including T0(100% coal)as contrast,T1(30% biomass fuel plus 70% coal),T2(50% biomass fuel plus 50% coal),T3(70% biomass fuel plus 30% coal)and T4(100% biomass fuel).Indexes including dry and wet bulb temperature,comprehensive thermal efficiency,chemical components of flue-cured tobacco leaves,pollutants content of combustion gas,economic characters and curing cost of different treatments were analyzed.The results showed that,the curing barn which used biomass fuel warned up more quickly during yellowing stage and leaf-drying stage than the curing barn which used coal but slower during stem-drying stage and the thermal efficiency was higher.The chemical components of cured tobacco leaves were more suitable and the coordination was better.The content of main pollutant SO2of combustion gas from the curing barn which used biomass fuel reduced significantly,especially the content of treatment T4 only was 4.17% of CK.The curing cost increased because the increasing of labor and materials,and the range of T1 was lowest(1.72%)but that of T4 was highest(20.62%).However,due to the high-er ratio of mid-high grade leaves the output values of curing treatments with biomass fuel all increased,especially the range of T1 was highest and extended 22.91%.

烤烟烘烤调制不仅决定着烟叶的产量,还影响着烟叶的香气、风格、色泽、吃味等质量性状以及烤烟生产的效益,在烟叶生产上起着至关重要的作用.烤烟烘烤特性是影响烤烟烘烤调制的重要因素.介绍了烟叶烘烤特性的概念、判断方法以及影响烘烤特性的主要因素.综述了不同烤烟品种在烘烤过程中烟叶的失水规律、变黄规律、定色规律以及物质转化规律,探讨了目前烘烤特性判断方法存在的不足,并对提高烟叶烘烤特性的研究方向进行了展望.

为了实现烤烟氮、碱量田间动态变化的实时无损监测,本试验设计了基于MSR216型多光谱辐射计的烤烟氮、碱量监测试验,在不同烤烟品种的基础上设置了3个氮素水平,用多光谱辐射计采集各处理烤烟的冠层光谱数据,选用了主成分分析法及人工神经网络方法对烤烟6个生长时期的氮、碱量进行了估算,并对2种方法的估算结果进行检验分析.结果显示:冠层光谱检测结果主成分分析法估算的氮、碱量决定性系数分别为0.68、0.58,均方根差分别为0.70％、0.65％;人工神经网络估算的氮、碱量决定性系数分别为0.94、0.92,均主根差分别为0.30％、0.26％,比较而言,人工神经网络估算效果最好,主成分分析法次之.综上而言,利用冠层光谱能够较好地监测和跟踪烤烟冠层氮碱量的动态变化.

Early flowering has deeply effect on the quality and yield of tobacco.With the developing of plant flowering research,the research of tobacco premature flowering was not just only on light,temperature,water,and nutrient,but also on molecular research.Causes of tobacco premature flowering are still not clear.This paper summarized and analyzed the influence of tobacco-flowering-time from many aspects,including physiological mechanism,molecular mechanism and external environment condition.Combining traditional research with the molecular research,we can expound all the problems comprehensive and find the way to solve them.It has great significance of the research of tobacco premature flowering.

In order to rapidly and quantitatively monitor the maturity of flue-cured tobacco,the spectral analysis of middle and upper tobacco leaves under two fertilizer application modes was conducted,and the relationships of chlorophyll content,carotene content and the ratio of carotene to chlorophyll in fresh leaves at different maturity stages with first derivative spectra and vegetation index were investigated.The results showed that with the increase of maturity,the spectral reflectance of fresh leaves increased gradually in visible bands,while decreased gradually in near-infrared bands.The wavelengths of 560,660,710 and 1100 nm could be used as the sensitive bands for monitoring the maturity of fresh leaves.There existed the highest correlation coefficient(r=0.984) between ratio vegetation index(RVI)(1100,660) and chlorophyll content,and the developed model could well monitor the maturity of fresh leaves(R2 = 0.9029).When the value of RVI(1100,660) ranged from 2.81 to 3.47,middle leaves were mature;when it was lower than 2.72,middle leaves became over mature;when it was higher than 3.75,middle leaves were unripe.

为解决烤烟生产中存在过高施氮或不合理的施肥技术措施致使烟叶产质量下降和氮素利用效率低下等突出问题,该研究于2008-2010年在广东韶关烟草产区以烤烟品种K326为材料,研究不同施氮水平下不同叶位及叶片不同位置上的叶绿素仪测定值(SPAD值)、叶绿素含量、总氮含量的变化特征及其与产质量的相互关系,分析实时氮肥管理(RTNM)模式下不同SPAD施肥阈值对烟草产质量及氮肥利用率的影响,结果表明:顶三叶的叶中位置SPAD值与叶片叶绿素含量、总氮含量的相关性最好,且变异系数小,是较为理想的指示叶或参照叶；获得较好产质量烤烟时的SPAD值在伸根期和旺长期的阈值范围为38.3～47.2.在设置不同SPAD阈值的RTNM模式下,SPAD阈值40.5～43范围内(氮肥用量为75～110 kg/hm2)能获得较高的烟叶产量、产值,最高产量和产值分别为2844.09 kg/hm2和26989.24元/hm2,烟叶化学成分较为协调.此外,通过与农民习惯施肥模式(167.8 kg/hm2)相比较,在SPAD设定阈值为43的RTNM模式下,相应的氮肥用量为110 kg/hm2,氮肥农学利用率和吸收利用率分别提高53.0％、46.5％,产值提高了7.4％,调制后烟叶的淀粉、总氮、烟碱含量显著下降,烟叶化学成分更为协调,内在质量较好.

In order to select good quality of flue-cured tobacco variety suitable for the ecological conditions of tobacco-producing region in Guangdong,the field comparison test of two varieties ' Huayan06 ' and K326(the check variety) were conducted and their agronomic,botanic,economic characteristics,disease resistance,outward appearance quality and inherent quality were studied at Shixing,Guangdong Province.The results showed that the growing period of ' Huayan06 ' in field was longer than that of K326,and the number of available leaves was much more compared to K326.The proportions of top and middle class tobacco leaves and the taste of two varieties had no prominent difference between two varieties,while the higher yield and value were observed at variety ' Huayan06 '.Based on the yields,qualities and resistances,' Huayan06 ' should be recommended for further demonstration at Shixing.