BACKGROUND:In the context of global warming, the frequency of heat wave and the concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) have increased, and more people are co-exposed to air pollution and extreme heat. However, the interaction between heat wave and PM2.5 on cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality remained largely unknown. METHODS:We conducted a time-stratified case-crossover study of 40,169 CVD deaths in Shenzhen, China between 2013 and 2022. Meteorological data and air pollutants information were obtained based on the residential addresses from the validated grid datasets. A total of 21 heat wave definitions were constructed using various relative temperature thresholds and durations. Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the independent and interactive effects of exposure to heat wave and PM2.5 on CVD mortality. RESULTS:The odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for CVD mortality associated with heat waves ranged from 1.17 (95 % CI: 1.001,1.36) to 1.91 (95 % CI: 1.42, 2.56). For every increase of 10 µg/m³ in PM2.5 exposure, the ORs (95 % CI) for CVD mortality ranged from 1.0283 (95 % CI: 1.0162, 1.0406) to 1.029 (95 % CI: 1.0169, 1.0413). There was a synergistic effect between heat wave and PM2.5 exposures on CVD mortality. It was estimated that up to 2.03 % of CVD deaths were attributable to heat wave and PM2.5 levels exceeding the interim target 4 in the World Health Organization air quality guidelines (≥ 25 μg/m3), resulting in 816 premature deaths. Females and individuals over 75 years old were vulnerable populations. CONCLUSIONS:Heat wave and PM2.5 exposures individually and synergistically contributed to increased risks of CVD mortality. Our findings indicate that reducing exposure to both heat wave and PM2.5 may yield significant health benefits and prevent a significant portion of premature deaths from CVDs.

毒理基因组学(toxicogenomics,TGx)是将基因组学应用于毒理学的一门新兴学科,其主要研究基因表达与环境污染物之间的关系,它一方面深入到分子生物学的角度对毒理学进行研究,另一方面,它还可以对致毒机制提供海量信息.毒理基因组学对毒理学的发展起到了很大的推动作用,推动免动物试验在管理毒理学中的应用.本文将讨论体外TGx系统及其对风险评估的潜在影响,使人们认识到由基因组技术发展产生的新的基因组特征促进了风险评估的发展;本文重点强调在管理毒理学中应用TGx测试时结果可重复性的重要意义,同时也强调机器学习在开发基于TGx的预测模型中的作用;接下来阐述TGx方法如何推动有害结局路径(adverse outcome pathways,AOP)策略在毒理学中的发展,并进一步推动其在监管中应用;最后,本文总结目前基于TGx进行风险评估所做的努力,以及未来面临的挑战.

Cold spells have been associated with specific diseases. However, there is insufficient scientific evidence on the effects of cold spells on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Data on OHCA cases and on meteorological factors and air pollutants were collected between 2013 and 2020. We adopted a quasi-Poisson generalized additive model with a distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) to estimate the effect of cold spells on daily OHCA incidence. Backward attributable risk within the DLNM framework was calculated to quantify the disease burden. We compared the effects and OHCA burden of cold spells using nine definitions. The risks of different cold spells on OHCA increased at higher intensities and longer durations. Based on Akaike’s information criterion for the quasi-Poisson regression model and the attributable risk, the optimal cold spell was defined as a period in the cold month when the daily mean temperature was below the 10th percentile of the temperature distribution in the study period for at least 2 days. The single-day effect of the optimal cold spell on OHCA occurred immediately and lasted for approximately 1 week. The maximum single-day effect was 1.052 (95

Background Metal exposure affects human health. Current studies mainly focus on the individual health effect of metal exposure on hypertension (HTN), and the results remain controversial. Moreover, the studies assessing overall effect of metal mixtures on hypertension risk are limited. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted by recruiting 1,546 Chinese adults who attended routine medical check-ups at the Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen. The plasma levels of 13 metals were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Multivariate logistic regression model, restricted cubic spline (RCS) model and the Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) model were applied to explore the single and combined effect of metals on the risk of HTN. Results A total of 642 (41.5%) participants were diagnosed with HTN. In the logistic regression model, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 0.71 (0.52, 0.97) for cobalt, 1.40 (1.04, 1.89) for calcium, 0.66 (0.48, 0.90), and 0.60 (0.43, 0.83) for aluminum in the second and third quartile, respectively. The RCS analysis showed a V-shaped or an inverse V-shaped dose-response relationship between metals (aluminum or calcium, respectively) and the risk of HTN (P for non-linearity was 0.017 or 0.009, respectively). However, no combined effect was found between metal mixture and the risk of hypertension. Conclusions Plasma levels of cobalt, aluminum and calcium were found to be associated with the risk of HTN. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings and their potential mechanisms with prospective studies and experimental study designs.

外泌体是分泌的膜结合囊泡,其中包含大量可以改变受体细胞中基因表达的核酸、蛋白质和脂质.毒物可以改变外泌体的合成及其生物活性内含物的成分,因此外泌体可以作为暴露与效应的生物标志.尽管人体和动物研究已确认器官毒性的外泌体生物标志,而体外模型是研究外泌体功能生物学机制的理想选择,在此领域进一步使用体外模型对于探索外泌体生物学在毒理学中的潜在应用至关重要.本文对外泌体在毒理学研究中的重要性,外泌体体外模型的应用及其在暴露相关疾病中的作用综述如下.

自2016年以来,深圳作为广东省4个监测城市之一参加公共场所健康危害因素监测项目工作.一直按照国家方案要求,编制实施方案,开展人员培训,完成现场调查与监测、数据上报与审核,并对数据进行汇总分析,完成技术总结报告.现将5年来深圳市公共场所健康危害因素监测工作情况进行总结,针对发现的问题提出对策与建议.

探讨广州市增塘水库浮游生物种群特征及水质现状,为水质安全监控提供基础资料.于2021年3—7月,运用环境流行病学现场调查采样方法,采集增塘水库浮游植物及浮游动物样本,分析其种群构成及丰度;采用Shannon-Weaver指数法分析水库浮游生物的多样性;采用Pielou指数法分析水库浮游生物的均匀度;基于上述指数对水库的水环境质量做出初步评价.本次调查共采集到浮游植物35种,隶属于5门27属.其中优势藻类为绿藻13种(37.15％),其次为蓝藻10种(28.57％);浮游植物丰度为29.00×105 ind./L,其中硅藻门的丰度最大,为13.05×105 ind./L.浮游动物共计14属19种,其中轮虫12种(63.16％),为优势种群,其次为桡足类5种(26.31％);浮游动物丰度为967 ind./L,其中轮虫丰度最大,为860 ind./L.浮游植物Shannon-Weaver H'为3.24,对应水质为清洁;浮游动物Shannon-Weaver H'为2.24,对应水质为轻度污染;浮游植物Pielou J'为0.63,对应水质为轻度污染;浮游动物Pielou J'值为0.53,对应水质为轻度污染.本次环境流行病学现场调查结果提示,广州市增塘水库水质目前处于轻度污染状态.

目的 探讨miR-148a-DNMT1对汽油添加剂甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)所致人支气管上皮细胞(16HBE)DNA损伤的影响.方法 运用Lipofectamine 2000脂质体将miR-148a mimics转染至16HBE细胞;qRT-PCR分析miR-148a及DNMT1 mRNA的表达;Western Blot分析DNMT1蛋白的表达改变;以终浓度为8μmol/L的MTBE对正常16HBE,16HBE-mimics及16HBE-NC空载体组细胞分别染毒培养48 h;运用单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)实验分析各组细胞的DNA损伤程度.结果 转染miR-148a mimics的16HBE细胞中miR-148a表达增强(P＜0.05),DNMT1 mRNA及蛋白表达降低(均P＜0.05),MTBE对各组细胞DNA有损伤,损伤程度无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论 尚未发现miR-148a-DNMT1的表达变化对汽油添加剂MTBE所致DNA损伤的明显影响.

目的 调查和分析《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》(WS 394-2012)(以下简称"《规范》")实施过程中相关单位的使用情况和存在问题,为规范修订工作提供技术支持.方法 2019年10—12月,选择广东省及江苏省的4个区和重庆市的3个区的集中空调使用单位、检测单位及监督执法单位共84家单位进行《规范》实施情况的问卷调查.结果 共收集调查问卷156份.100％的集中空调通风系统使用单位认为《规范》的出台对集中空调通风系统日常卫生管理工作起到促进作用.80.4％的监督执法人员认为《规范》实施后其所在地区公共场所集中空调通风系统的卫生状况有了显著改善.79.2％的使用单位能够达到《规范》中的卫生管理要求,但仅有12.5％的使用单位达到《规范》中的设计卫生要求.新风量、空气净化消毒装置、送风口和回风口均配置防虫媒装置、应急关闭回风和新风装置均配备的达标率分别为50.0％、56.3％、60.4％和66.7％.1类场馆新风量的达标率(40.0％)显著低于2类场馆(76.9％),半集中式空调系统的空气净化消毒装置及防虫媒装置配置的达标率(分别为44.8％和48.3％)显著低于集中式空调系统(分别为73.7％和78.9％),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).90.0％的检测单位开展了集中空调通风系统卫生学检测工作,但是65.0％的检测单位不具备《规范》中10项指标的检测能力,45.0％的检测单位未配备集中空调风管内表面采样机器人的设备.检测单位无法开展的项目主要是送风中嗜肺军团菌、β-溶血性链球菌、新风量及冷却水和冷凝水中嗜肺军团菌,主要原因是缺少设备、缺少检验人员及检验方法开展难度大.监督执法单位每年至少开展1次卫生监督工作,87.5％的监督执法人员接受过《规范》的宣贯培训,但56.5％的人员不能熟练掌握卫生管理知识.结论 《规范》的实施对我国公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生状况改善起到一定的促进作用,但是目前仍存在使用单位设计卫生不达标、检测单位能力不足、监督执法人员对条款熟练程度不足、部分条款实施存在难度等现象.建议今后加强使用单位集中空调卫生设备的配备,加强检测单位的能力建设和监督执法单位的技术培训;加强集中空调通风系统检测方法研制工作,为今后《规范》修订提供技术储备.

目的 了解深圳市公共场所卫生状况,为开展公共场所卫生监督管理提供依据.方法 根据公共场所随机监督抽查的要求,2018-2019年共抽检597家公共场所.按照国家标准对抽检场所空气、游泳池水和用品用具微生物指标、化学指标等卫生指标进行检测.结果 抽检的公共场所合格率为78.73％,卫生指标合格率为96.88％;合格率偏低的公共场所是公共浴室和美容美发场所,分别为46.67％、60.84％;卫生指标合格率较低的是游泳池水细菌总数、游离性余氯和美容美发用品用具细菌总数,分别为88.28％、89.27％、89.14％.结论 部分公共场所的卫生指标不合格,应加强对公共浴室、美容美发场所、文化娱乐场所和游泳场所的卫生监督管理.

Objective:To analyze the pollution characteristics and source of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) in Shenzhen and Taiyuan, two cities in the north and south of China. Methods:PM 2.5 samples were collected from the year of 2017 to 2018. The levels of 10 heavy metal elements (Pb, Al, As, etc.) , 10 water soluble ions (F -, Cl -, SO 42-, etc.) and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Nap, Acy, Ace, etc.) in PM 2.5 were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) , ion Chromatography and high Performance Liquid Chromatography respectively. USA commercial carbon analysis was applied to detect organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) . Source of PM 2.5 was analyzed by Factor analysis method. Results:The concentrations of Pb, Mn, As, Ni, F -, OC and EC in PM 2.5 of Taiyuan city were significantly higher than those of Shenzhen City, and the concentrations of Na +, Cl -, and PO 43- were lower than those of Shenzhen City ( P<0.05) . Except naphthalene, the concentrations of PAHs in PM 2.5 of Taiyuan city were higher than those of Shenzhen City ( P<0.05) . The main sources of metal elements and water soluble ions in PM 2.5 in Shenzhen included: industry/vehicle exhaust factor (42.64%) , construction/soil factor (34.22%) and ocean factor (17.93%) . PAHs in PM 2.5 in Shenzhen mostly came from fuel oil/vehicle exhaust factor (38.58%) , coal combustion factor (30.78%) and biomass combustion factor (24.38%) . Differently, the main sources of metal elements and water soluble ions in PM 2.5 in Taiyuan included: construction factor (30.26%) , fuel oil and coal combustion factor (24.58%) , secondary particles/soil factor (22.03%) and industry factor (18.89%) . PAHs in PM 2.5 were from fuel oil/vehicle exhaust factor (54.71%) and coal combustion factor (43.54%) in Taiyuan. Conclusion:The sources of PM 2.5 pollution are different between Shenzhen and Taiyuan, the occupational health management must be continuously strengthened, measures should be strengthened contrapuntally on the basis of different pollution sources.

目的 探讨汽油添加剂甲基叔丁基醚(methyl tert-butyl ether,MTBE)对人DNA聚合酶β低表达细胞的DNA损伤情况.方法 运用RNA干扰技术构建人支气管上皮细胞(HBE) DNA聚合酶β(polβ)低表达细胞株HBE-polβ-;常规培养HBE-polβ-、pEGFP-C1空载体细胞及HBE细胞至对数生长期,分别以终浓度为0、2、4、8和16 μmol/L的MTBE染毒培养48 h;以单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)检测各组细胞的DNA损伤情况.结果 HBE-polβ-细胞中polβ表达仅相当于正常HBE细胞的18.38％;当MTBE染毒浓度为2、4、8和16 μmol/L时,各组细胞均出现明显的彗星拖尾现象,且HBE-polβ-组细胞DNA彗星Olive尾矩与对照组比较,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 polβ的异常表达对MTBE所致DNA损伤可能易感.

Accumulating evidence reveals that exosome plays an important role in cell-to-cell communication in both physiological and pathological processes by transferring bioactive molecules. However, the role of exosomal secretion in the adaption of its source cells to the stimuli of environmental chemicals remains elusive. In this study, we revealed that the exposure of hydroquinone (HQ; the main bioactive metabolite of benzene) to human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) resulted in decreased ability of cell proliferation and migration, and simultaneously DNA damage and micronuclei formation. Interestingly, when exosomal secretion of HQ treated 16HBE cells was inhibited with the inhibitor GW4869, cellular proliferation and migration were further significantly reduced; concurrently, their DNA damage and micronuclei formation were both further significantly aggravated. Herein, we conclude that exosomal secretion of 16HBE cells may be an important self-protective function against the toxic effects induced by HQ.

The potential health hazards of trihalomethanes (THMs) contamination in drinking water in Shenzhen were estimated.The concentrations of THMs in drinking water from 13 centralized water supply systems were determined from Jan 2015 to Dec 2016 in Shenzhen.The water environmental health risk assessment model recommended by USEPA was established based on the water monitoring data of THMs.Preliminary health risks of THMs through ingestion of drinking water were assessed.The median concentrations of THMs, TCM, DBCM, BDCM and TBM in drinking water were 37.0, 24.5, 2.3, 7.8 and 0.3 μg/L respectively.The values of carcinogenic risks for THMs, TCM, DBCM, BDCM, and TBM to the individual per year in drinking water were 4.52 × 10 -5 , 2.38 × 10 -5 , 6.07 × 10 -6 , 1.52 × 10 -5 and 7.45 × 10 -8 respectively.The values of non-carcinogenic risks for THMs, TCM, DBCM, BDCM and TBM to the individual per year in drinking water were 9.32 × 10 -2 , 7.68 × 10 -2 , 3.61 × 10 -3 , and 1.23 × 10 -2 and 4.71 × 10 -4 respectively.The health risk caused by THMs to the individual through ingestion of drinking water was in the order of TCM, BDCM, DBCM and TBM from high to low.The carcinogenic risks induced by THMs through ingestion of drinking water are acceptable with tolerable value offered by USEPA (1.0 × 10 -6 -1.0 × 10 -4 ), but reached to the tolerable value (5.0 × 10 -5 ) by International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP).The non-carcinogenic risk of THMs is tolerable (HI < 1).

目的 了解深圳2014-2018年间公共场所空调系统微生物污染状况.方法 对深圳市117家公共场所空调系统风管内表面、送风中及冷却水、冷凝水进行卫生学调查,运用卡方检验对检测结果进行统计分析.结果 2014-2018年117家不同公共场所集中空调通风系统的检测结果显示:风管内表面细菌总数、真菌总数的合格率分别为93.8％和93.3％,空调送风中细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌的合格率分别为72.0％、80.6％和98.6％;冷却水、冷凝水嗜肺军团菌的检出率分别为11.7％和1.1％.空调送风中微生物合格率低于风管内表面微生物合格率之间,冷却水嗜肺军团菌检出率逐年下降.各年间风管内表面细菌总数、真数总数、空调送风中真菌总数、冷却水嗜肺军团菌合格率间差异有统计学意义(x2分别为33.066和102.314、23.512、22.744,P＜0.05).结论 针对深圳市公共场所空调系统微生物污染情况,应加大对空调系统微生物监测的力度,加强对经营场所加强空调系统的清洗消毒、日常运行的卫生管理等工作的指导.

目的 布草中微生物污染和洗涤引起的pH值超标直接影响消费者人身健康和安全.本研究分析深圳市住宿场所布草卫生状况及清洗质量状况,为住宿场所卫生监督提供依据.方法 2016-2017年采用方便抽样的方法,在深圳市区选择住宿场所共144家,对其布草细菌总数、大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌及pH值进行检测.结果 毛巾和床单的金黄色葡萄球菌全部合格,细菌总数、大肠菌群仅有少量不合格,毛巾和床单细菌总数合格率分别为98.17％和99.59％,毛巾的大肠菌群合格率为99.39％;毛巾和床单pH值合格率分别为62.45％和60.26％.毛巾和床单pH值(t=3.145,P＜0.01),不同星级住宿场所毛巾pH值(t=4.442,P＜0.05),不同星级住宿场所床单pH值(t=4.390,P＜0.001)比较,差异均有统计学意义,并且三星级以下住宿场所布草pH值水平高于三星级及以上住宿场所.结论 深圳市住宿场所布草卫生状况整体上较好,但清洗质量有待提高,未来应加强对住宿场所布草清洗质量的监督管理.

miR-221, an oncogenic microRNA, can promote cell proliferation and is highly expressed in various types of tumors. However, the role of exosomal miR-221 in benzene-caused carcinogenesis remains elusive. Our study was designed to investigate whether exosomes secreted by the hydroquinone (HQ; an active metabolite of benzene)-transformed malignant cells can transmit miR-221 to normal recipient cells and its possible effects on cell viability. Our investigation revealed that expression levels of miR-221 were significantly increased in HQ-transformed malignant cells relative to normal controls. Furthermore, exposure of control cells to exosomes that were derived from HQ-transformed malignant cells increased miR-221 levels and promoted their proliferation. Analyses of the biological potency of exosomes derived from HQ-transformed malignant cells in which miR-221 levels were decreased using an inhibitor, showed that both miR-221 levels and proliferation of recipient cells were decreased, but still were higher than those of normal 16HBE cells. Our study indicates that exosomal miR-221 derived from HQ-transformed malignant human bronchial epithelial cells is involved in the proliferation of recipient cells.

随着城市现代化交通网络的不断发展,被誉为"绿色交通"的轨道交通因其速度快、容量大和污染小的优点,已逐步成为国内外大、中型城市公交系统的重要组成部分.我国城市轨道交通起步较晚,但发展迅速.据交通运输部统计,截止2017年底,全国内地开通运营城市轨道交通的城市共33个,开通线路150多条,运营里程超过4 500km;而21世纪初,全国仅有4城市共7条地铁线路,总里程146km.按照国务院颁布的《"十三五"现代综合交通运输体系发展规划》,到2020年全国城市轨道交通运营总里程预计达到6 000km.在城市轨道交通大发展时期需要规范公共交通场所卫生,以便于引导和规范我国城市轨道交通健康发展,为了保障轨道交通乘客身体健康和保障轨道交通的可持续发展,从公共卫生角度建立健全城市轨道交通相关法规、标准,满足轨道交通公共场所项目预防性卫生学评价的技术需求,特向原卫生部卫生标准专业委员会申请立项制定本标准— ——《城市轨道交通公共场所预防性卫生学评价规范》(简称"标准" ).

目的 了解深圳市医疗卫生专业人员对全球气候变化的关注、认知情况及影响因素,为相关决策提供科学依据.方法 2015年底,采用分层随机整群抽样方式,抽取深圳市医院、疾控中心、卫生监督所等医疗卫生单位共786名专业技术人员,对其人口学特征、气候变化的关注、气候变化相关知识的认知、获取气候变化相关知识的途径、参与适应气候变化工作的态度及应对气候变化的意愿与行为等进行问卷调查,采用logistic回归对关注度、认知情况及其影响因素等进行分析. 结果 深圳市医疗卫生专业人员气候变化知晓率为88.8％,关注度为49.4％,其中55～岁年龄组(关注率77.8％)和医院工作人员(关注率60.2％)关注度较高;获取相关知识的主要途径为网络(84.0％)、电视(75.3％)、报纸(66.9％)、书籍(52.7％);影响气候变化认知因素为曾经是否主动获取气候变化及其对健康影响相关知识(OR=1.934,OR95％CI:1.053～2.745)、对气候变化的了解程度(OR=1.630,OR95％CI:1.100～2.451). 结论 深圳市医疗卫生专业人员对气候变化的知晓率较高,但关注度相对不足.应加强气候变化相关知识宣传和培训.

目的 探讨砷化合物诱导人肝细胞(THLE-3)DNA损伤与IL-6/p-STAT3信号分子表达的关系.方法 取密度为2×105个/ml对数生长期的THLE-3细胞,分别用终浓度为0、4、8和16 μmol/L的亚砷酸钠处理48 h;运用qRT-PCR法分析IL-6/p-STAT3 mRNA表达;Western blot法分析IL-6/p-STAT3蛋白表达;单细胞电泳(SCGE)实验分析各组细胞的DNA损伤程度;运用Pearson相关性分析探讨IL-6/p-STAT3表达与DNA损伤的关系.结果 随着亚砷酸钠处理剂量的不断增加,THLE-3细胞IL-6、p-STAT3 mRNA及蛋白表达不断增加,DNA损伤程度不断增强;IL-6/p-STAT3表达与DNA损伤程度呈正相关(r1=0.961,P1=0.039;r2=0.948,P2=0.047).结论 IL-6/p-STAT3信号分子表达改变可能与砷化合物诱导人肝上皮细胞DNA损伤有关.