The konjac fly powder/starch blends were prepared by casting the konjac flour/starch and PVA as the main raw materials. The effects of fly ash on the properties of the films were studied from the degradation and the release of nutrient. Results After adding fly powder and pure starch,the blending ratio of 0.6∶1 blends was 0.96,st∶1 blends were 0.57,the punc-ture force and tensile force increased,and the proportion of fly powder was higher. The effect of 0.6∶1 blends was 70.538 N and 1 253.18 N respectively. The 28 days nitrogen slow release rate of pure starch film was 3.170% and of pure PVA mem-brane was 4.201% respectively. The nitrogen slow release rate range of different fly powder content membrane were from 17.704%~50.210%. The peak of 3 700~3 000 cm-1was narrowed at 2 910 cm-1And the interaction between fly powder and polyvinyl alcohol was enhanced. After scanning electron microscopy,it was observed that the surface of the blend film num-bered 0∶1 and st∶1 was not Significant holes,0.2∶1 and 0.4∶1,have a small number of pores on the surface of the blend film, while the fly powder 0.6∶1 has more pores on the surface of the blend film. And the emergence of mold point,indicating the degradation of the film. Conclusion Flying powder is beneficial to the sustained release of the film,and it also promotes the degradation.

Newborn bovine serum was irradiated respectively by 60Co at the average dose rate of 60 Gy/min and 600 Gy/min and by electron accelerator at the average dose rate of 300 kGy/min, then the bovine serum protein biochemical properties and the micro structure were researched to discuss the effect of high dose rate on inhibiting the denaturation of bovine serum protein during the irradiation sterilization process.The results show that compared with the no irradiated bovine serum, protein turbidity, fluorescence intensity of hydrophobic amino acid and exothermic peak time increase respectively from 0.742, 24.1 u and 16.5 min to 0.802, 99.3 u and 17.2 min, but the concentration and exothermic peak temperature decrease from 0.473 and 76.4 ℃ to 0.444 and 74.5 ℃.SDS-PAGE reveals that the protein content of 175 kDa and 58 kDa in 600 Gy/min of 60Co irradiated bovine serum were significantly higher than that in low dose rate irradiated one.The precipitation from irradiated bovine serum shows dense network structure in SEM images, and the soluble fraction presents fragments and globular body mixed morphology structure.The globular shape is not prominent for the sample treated by low dose rate.High dose rate is found to inhibit the effect of irradiation on the denaturation of bovine serum protein, and the effect of 600 Gy/min 60Co source is the most obvious in the three types.

为优化微波灭菌工艺,试验研究了微波灭菌不同时间及功率对鲈鱼半成品菌落总数、pH、水分损失及质构特性的影响.结果表明,随着微波灭菌时间和功率的增加,鱼肉的水分损失明显增加;鱼肉pH先上升后下降,最终稳定在6.6～6.7;鱼肉硬度、胶着度和咀嚼度先下降后上升.微波灭菌时间45 s、功率280W时,鱼肉水分损失最少,菌落总数可＜ 10 CFU/g;,保证灭菌效果的同时,鱼块外形、硬度及口感等也达到理想状态.

为保持工业生产中淡水鱼肉制品的嫩度,本文以鲌鱼为对象系统研究了复合磷酸盐、CaCl2和木瓜蛋白酶对鱼肉剪切力的影响,运用响应面分析法优化嫩化工艺,并通过扫描电镜观察嫩化前后鱼肉表面微观结构的变化.结果表明,复合磷酸盐浓度(0.8‰～1.6‰)、CaCl2浓度(1.0‰～2.0‰)和木瓜蛋白酶浓度(1.0‰～2.0‰)可显著降低鲐鱼肉剪切力.响应面分析结果显示,影响鱼肉剪切力的各因素主次顺序为CaCl2＞复合磷酸盐＞木瓜蛋白酶;最优嫩化剂组合为:复合磷酸盐1.3‰、CaCl21.6‰、木瓜蛋白酶1.5‰,嫩化后鱼肉的剪切力为0.073 kg/mm,与对照组鱼肉相比显著降低;扫描电镜结果显示,嫩化1.0 h后鱼肉肌纤维间连接物减少,肌纤维膨胀,并出现裂纹,嫩化效果明显.

Content and antioxidant activity, Arachis hypogaea L. vine aqueous extracts (AHVAE) were ob-tained,and then mixed to health drink. Results showed that the contents of total sugar, soluble polysaccharide and flavonoids were respectively about(15.04±0.91)%,(5.79±0.51)%, and(2.03±0.36)%in AHVAE. The OH and DPPH free radical could be scavenged about(90.51±2.94)%and(80.75±3.05)%, when the AHVAE concentration was of 50 mg/mL. Based on results of the orthogonal test, the optimal Arachis hypogaea L. vine health drink was obtained when the formulation involved AHVAE 4.00 g/100 mL, sugar 6.00 g/100 mL, honey 2.40 g/100 mL, lemon acid 0.40 g/100 mL, mint essence 0.10 g/100 mL and composite stabilizer 0.15 g/100 mL (CM-Na∶xanthan gum∶pectin=5∶2∶3). The drinks obtained have strong oxidation resistance, good taste, deployment of simple and feasible method suitable for industrial production.

为改善淡水鱼加工和灭菌过程导致的肉质老化和嫩度下降问题,以大口黑鲈(鲈鱼)为研究对象,通过物性测定、十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和扫描电镜系统考察复合嫩化剂(氯化钙1.2‰、复合磷酸盐1.2‰、木瓜蛋白酶1.8‰,均为质量分数)作用时间对鲈鱼半成品的嫩化效果.结果表明:用该嫩化剂嫩化鲈鱼半成品1.0～1.5h,可显著降低鱼肉剪切力和硬度分别至(21.89±0.27)N和(111.98±3.46)g,提高鱼肉pH值和L*,并增加鱼肉肌原纤维小片化指数;上述指标均和对照组差异显著(P＜0.05).凝胶电泳结果显示,嫩化后鱼肉肌原纤维中分子质量38kD的蛋白和原肌球蛋白发生降解,在约37kD和28kD处产生了新的蛋白条带.扫描电镜结果表明,嫩化后鱼肉组织变得蓬松、肌纤维间连接物消失、肌原纤维发生断裂.该复合嫩化剂效果良好,嫩化1.0～1.5h可显著提升鱼肉半成品品质.

研究了鲜金针菇[Flammulina velutiper(Fr.) Sing.]杀青方法及干燥工艺,比较了不同杀青方法和干燥工艺对金针菇品质的影响.结果表明,漂烫、蒸气和微波杀青处理15s均可以抑制多酚氧化酶活性;热风干燥温度50℃、装载高度1.0 cm时金针菇干燥速度较快,品质较好;采用DSC法测定金针菇菇柄和菇帽的共晶点分别为-16.5、-18.8℃,共熔点分别为-1.7、-1.4℃;不同杀青处理冷冻干燥过程中金针菇水分含量变化情况不同,冻干22 h时,水分含量为漂烫杀青＜鲜样＜蒸气杀青＜微波杀青;不同干燥工艺得到的金针菇品质分析中,冻干样品品质最好,其次是变温热风干燥样品;综合成本因素,变温干燥是处理金针菇经济可靠的方法.

To study the influence of 60Co γ ray irradiation dose on bovine serum component,as a single component model,BSA solution was irradiated by 0~50 kGy respectively and the protein content,secondary structure molecular and morphology were determined. The results showed that the BSA was mainly composed of 10 proteins and the molecular weights were 25~214 kDa,of which the protein content of 55 kDa was the largest one. The protein content was decreased with the increasing of irradiation dose and the content of 10 proteins were degraded after irradiated 50 kGy. The UV-Vis (UV -Visible Spectrophotometer) of BSA appeared two absorption peaks at 210 nm and 280 nm,respectively. The height of two peaks were decreased with the dose increasing and 1 280 nm-peak disappeared after the BSA was irradiated by 30 kGy. The secondary structure content of α-helix,β-fold & β-corner and random coil from BSA were 40.8%,37.3% and 21.9%. The α-helix content decreased with the dose increasing and the other structural content increased with the dose increading. Amide I band of infrared absorption peak of bovine serum albumin shifted from 1 650.8 cm-1 to 1 655.5 cm-1. The BSA had a smooth surface microstructure before irradiation and changed into a loose sheet after irradiaton. Thus,the main effect region of the radical irradiation was α-helix of BSA,subsequently led the increasing of β-fold,β-turn and random coil increases,finally the protein turned from the ordered state into a disordered state,the greater the dose,the greater the degree of reaction.

We studied the characteristics of a lotus seed starch paste, such as the gelatinization temperature, transmittance, viscosity, solubility, turgidity, retrogradation and freeze-thaw stability, in order to provide references for the deep processing of lotus seeds. The results showed that, the lotus seed starch paste had a high gelatinization temperature of 75.2℃, and had a low transparency of 11.6%, a low solubility of 32.67% under 95℃, and a small turgidity of 14.44%under 95℃. The supernate volume of the lotus seed starch paste was 73.5 mL after 24 hours, showing its retrogradation was higher. In addition, it had poor freeze-thaw stability.

为改善鲜香菇喷雾干燥效果,优化喷雾干燥工艺.研究了进风温度、助干剂添加量、热空气流量、蠕动泵转速对喷雾干燥效果的影响,通过单因素及正交试验优化喷雾干燥条件.结果表明,当进风温度210℃,蠕动泵转速50 r/min,风机热空气流量75 L/min,助干剂添加量50％,采用此种工艺所能得到的出粉率为66.8％.

通过对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii致敏蛋白质的提取,利用∞Coγ射线对其进行辐照,探讨了7个不同辐照剂量10、20、30、40、50、60、70 kGy对克氏原螯虾致敏蛋白质降解效果的影响,以及对致敏蛋白质浓度、浊度和疏水性等生化性质的影响.结果表明,随着辐照剂量的增加,致敏蛋白质条带逐渐减弱,部分条带消失,即使是最大辐照剂量70 kGy也未能使所有致敏蛋白质条带完全降解;与未辐照的克氏原螯虾致敏蛋白质相比,辐照后的蛋白质浓度降低,浊度增高,疏水性逐渐增强,说明辐照对克氏原螯虾致敏蛋白质有一定的降解作用.

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法分析酵母浸膏辐照后的挥发成分.结果表明:未经辐照的酵母浸膏萃取得到13种挥发性成分,其中含酸类1种、醛类2种、醇类2种、烯烃类1种、含氮化合物3种,主要成分为乙酸、吲哚、2-乙基己醇.辐照后的酵母浸膏萃取得到35种挥发性成分,其中酸类1种、醛类7种、醇类2种、烯烃类4种、酮类2种、含氮化合物14种、含硫化合物2种、酯类1种、苯类2种.挥发物的种类和含量均随辐照剂量的增加而增加.

Water Chestnut were stored and processed by Freeze-drying.Eutectic point and consolute point were measured by resistivity method.The main factors affecting the properties of freeze-drying product and production capacity of the equipment were studied using L12(35) orthogonal experiments.Water content of product,product form,rehydration character were evaluated.The optimal technics for freeze-drying Water Chestnut were following:deep freeze temperature-36℃,deep freeze time 20h,pressure of drying room while vacuum sublimation drying(120±10)Pa,pressure of drying room while vaccum resolution drying(40±10)Pa,shelf temperature while vacuum resolution drying 50℃,drying time 14h.

[Objective] The study aimed to explore the technology of producing the pet food with the freshwater fish entrails.[Method] With the freshwater fish viscera as the raw materials,the effects of the enzymatic and centrifugal methods for extracting the protein from the fish viscera were compared and the factors such as the extrusion temperature,screw speed,feed speed on the on the quality of product was investigated through the extrusion technology parameter selection test to confirm the optimum technology parameter for producing the pet food.[Result] The centrifugal method used to treat the fish entrails could get the protein recovery of 85.48%,but with more filter residues.The enzymatic method used to treat the fish entrails could get high recovery of the nutrient component such as the protein and lipid with less filter residues.The optimal enzymatic conditions were as follows: the digestion temperature was 50 ℃,the adding amount of the composite enzyme was 0.6%,the ratio of papaya and flavourzyme was 1∶ 2,the solid-liquid ratio was 1∶ 1.5 and the hydrolysis time was 2.5 h.The extrusion process parameters for pets(cats and dogs) food were confirmed as follows: the temperatures in each zone were 76 ℃ inⅠ zone,135 ℃ in Ⅱ zone and 176 ℃ in Ⅲ zone,the screw speed was 50 rpm and the feed speed was 17 rpm.[Conclusion] As for the technology of extracting the protein from the fish viscera,the enzymatic method was superior to the centrifugal method.

To study the absorption performance of Konjac-AA copolymer prepared by using irradiation,the water absorption capacity,sorbent speed and water keepingability were determined,DSC and TEM analysis were used to investigate the water content and structure characters.The results showed that the largest water absorption speed was 16g·g-1·min-1at room temperature,and the largest water absorption was 400 times within 60minutes.The water absorption was affected by granularity,temperature,ion content and ion type,especially the ion type.the water keepingability was affected by temperature and time,which was up to 35% of absorbed water when the fully water absorbed copolymer was kept under room temperature for 15d.The free and bounder water content which could be assimilated by the plants was 99.617%.The water stale copolymer has a three-dimensional spiral structure.

The structure of konjac,konjac-graft-acrylic acid(AA),and regenerant of graft were studied with scanning electron microscope(SEM).The effect of grafting,regenerating and urea loading on konjac structure were discussed.The results showed that the konjac's piece structure were transformed into grafter's dense network structure by grafting,the grafter's dense network structure was transformed into regenerant's tussocky structure by regeneration,and the grafter's structure was transformed into thick network by urea loading and the urea was filled in the hole.The urea absorbility of grafter was not influenced by the concentration of urea solution.The urea content of the swollen gel showed a linear relationship with the concentration of urea solution(R2=0.9998).

In this paper,the feasibility of cotton stalks instead of wood for cultivating wood rot fungi Ganoderma lucidum,and related issues were studied.The results showed that cotton stalks used as planting material in production of Ganoderma lucidum was feasible and safe.The quality and yield of Ganoderma lucidum were similar to those growing on woods,and the residues of heavy metals and pesticide residues were lower than those described in the national standards.

By the single factor experiment and the orthogonal experiment and using polysaccharides rate as the index,radiofrequency(RF) technology was used to extract polysaccharides of Ganoderma lucidum in this paper.The optimizing conditions were presoak time 60 min,RF(27MHz) temperature(80±2)℃,RF time 3 minutes,adding 60 times tap water.Compared with water extraction,microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasound extraction,radio-frequency technology was characteristic of short time and high quality.

The cryoprotective effect of konjac glucomannan (KGM) on myofibrillar protein from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) during frozen storage at −18°C and the influence of five levels of KGM (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%) on texture properties, water-holding capacity, and whiteness of grass carp surimi gels were investigated. KGM as a novel cryoprotectant could significantly mitigate the decrease in salt extractable protein (SEP), Ca2+-ATPase activity, and total sulphydryl and active sulphydryl contents of myofibrillar protein during frozen storage. KGM at the level of 1% showed the same good cryoprotective effect as a conventional cryoprotectant (10% sucrose–sorbitol, 1:1, w/w). As the levels of KGM increased, breaking force and deformation of grass carp surimi gels increased significantly. Water-holding properties of the surimi gels are improved with the increasing addition of KGM, but the whiteness decreased and the colour became darker. The optimum addition level of KGM was suggested to be 1%.