Standards are the technical support for economic activities and social development. The construction and standardization of the pathogenic microorganism preservation standard system is an important technical foundation for the high-quality development of preservation work. Establishing a pathogenic microorganism resource standard system is also important to the national biosafety standards. Through the standardization of pathogenic microbial resource preservation, we can ensure the effective management and sustainable utilization of pathogenic microbial resources, promote the transformation of resources, and serve as an important new element of new productivity to assist the innovative development of biosafety science and technology. This article elaborates and analyzes the establishment background, construction framework, standardization process, and application effects of the standard system for preserving pathogenic microbial resources, providing stronger support for further improving the standard system and promoting the standardization of pathogenic microbial resource preservation.

To promote the reasonable development of reference materials in the field of health care in China, on the basis of introducing reference materials and certified reference materials, we summarize the current management system and management norms of reference materials in our country, summarize the development status and trends of reference materials in the field of health care at home and abroad, analyze and discuss the development status, development trend and current challenges of standard materials in the fields of environmental health, medical sanitation and virus detection in China, and look forward to the major demand for reference materials in the field of health in China.

新型冠状病毒大流行以来,全国各省及时总结防控经验,因地制宜制定地方标准,用标准化智慧指导防控工作开展.本文通过"全国标准信息公共服务平台"收集各省颁布的与新冠病毒防控工作相关的地方标准,并进行整理分析,以了解各省新冠病毒防控相关地方标准发布现状,分析存在的问题,为卫生健康标准化发展提供数据支持.

The pathogenic microorganism laboratory is the main workplace for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms, including bacterium and virus, or related samples, which plays an important supporting role in the prevention and control of infectious disease and the fight against biological terrorist attacks. Unified biosecurity standard and sound biosecurity standard system should be established for the laboratory experiment of pathogenic microorganisms.

目的 调查《疟疾的诊断》(WS259-2015)标准在各级疾病预防控制和医疗机构的知晓、掌握和现场应用情况,为进一步完善标准的内容和指标、精准化开展标准宣贯和强化标准实施提供科学依据.方法 根据全国疟疾疫情数据资料将全国流行省份分为高、中、低三层,每层选取一个省份,对不同层级工作人员开展问卷调查后,赴现场进行访谈;同时搜集国家正式发布且正在使用的与疟疾消除和诊断相关的文件.结果 回收调查问卷共320份,包括有效问卷301份,有效率达94.06％.有效问卷结果显示,94.35％(284/301)的疟疾防治工作者知晓该标准,获取途径以主动查阅为主.标准内容指标总体掌握率为72.09％(217/301),"疟疾诊断类型"和"疟疾临床表现"的掌握率较低,分别为39.53％(119/301)和36.55％(110/301).标准一致性调查中,现行疟疾工作方案、网报系统与标准中临床表现、诊断类型等内容不完全一致.适用性评价中,92.36％(278/301)的被调查者认为该标准完全适用,仅6.64％(20/301)认为需要修订.回收问卷中对于该标准实施的建议共67条.结论 各级疾控与医疗机构疟疾防治工作者对新版诊断标准掌握率偏低,理解有一定偏差,亟需加大培训宣传力度,开展标准解读.有必要在标准实施的不同阶段开展标准的跟踪评价,发挥标准的指导作用.

ObjectiveTo examine the application of national Indoor Air Quality Standard – GB/T 18883 – 2002 (IAQS) and its obstacles and to provide references for revising the standard.MethodsUsing stratified multistage sampling, we conducted a questionnaire survey among 91 professional institutions in 26 cities across China during July – October 2019. The selected institutions included centers for disease control and prevention, health supervision institutes, housing and construction companies, detection agencies, industry associations, and universities. Information on IAQS-related awareness and concern among the public were also collected from 1 052 valid responses in all provincial-level regions of mainland China simultaneously.ResultsValid information were collected from all the institutions selected. The IAQS was mainly applied by detection agencies and daily application of the IAQS was reported by 18.68% of institutions surveyed. In indoor air quality assessment performed by the institutions, the most commonly adopted indicators of the IAQS was formaldehyde (being adopted in 91.21% of the assessments reported), followed by benzene (68.13%), ammonia (62.64%), toluene (57.14%), and total volatility organic compounds (TVOC) (57.14%). There were 31% of the surveyed institutions reporting being able to conduct less than 10 of 19 indicators included in the IAQS. Of all the institutions, 91.21% were reported with the capability of detecting formaldehyde in routine monitoring, but only 28.57% with the capability of benzo(α)pyrene detection. Stratified indicator management, including the particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) as a quality index, and appropriate optimization of sampling and analyzing instrument were among the most frequent recommendations proposed by the institutions for the revision of the IAQS. Among the surveyed citizens, 43.82% reported the awareness about the IAQS and 73.8% reported the concern on indoor air.ConclusionThe national Indoor Air Quality Standard – GB/T 18883 – 2002 is generally reasonable and mainly adopted by detection agencies in daily routine indoor air quality assessment. Improvements in indicator selection and analysis instrument were suggested by professional institutions for the revision of the standard

Objective To investigate the status quo and associates of resource allocation in local health standardization and to provide evidences for promoting the construction of health standardization and the establishment of relevant technical support system with national and provincial coordination in China. Methods On-site interview and questionnaire survey were conducted among professionals and staff in 31 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs) at provincial level and 5 CDCs at sub-provincial level across China during May – October, 2019. The collected data and information were processed and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively with Excel 2010. ResultsOf the CDCs surveyed, only 4 employed full-time personnel for health standards management; 26 and 11 had senior professionals being selected as members of the National Health Standards Professional Committee and Local Professional Committees on Health Standards; and CDCs of Jiangsu province and Beijing municipality had more senior professionals being selected as members of the national committee. There were relative lack and allocation disequilibrium of senior professionals for local health standardization. In terms of financial resources, only 6 CDCs were supported with special funds or budgets for health standardization management and 8 CDCs had financial support for local health standardization management; in 2018, 17 CDCs obtained funds for research projects on health standardization and the CDC of Jiangsu province was involved in more projects with the funds; the funds for local health standardization research was relatively insufficient, and the fund amount was closely related to regional economic development. Conclusion In China, the resource allocation in local health standardization is imbalanced; more resources are allocated in economically developed regions but less in underdeveloped regions, suggesting that specific policies should be made to improve the situation nationwide.

近年来,贝类毒素食物中毒事件频发,给人们的健康带来严重威胁,同时也造成了极大的财产损失.贝类毒素食物中毒已成为国内关注的重点,但我国对贝类毒素中毒的认识不够全面系统.通过文献研究综述法,从贝类毒素概述、贝类毒素产生的原因、流行病学特征、检测方法、贝类毒素中毒处置、风险评估等方面对贝类毒素中毒进行归纳、总结并提出建议,为相关部门制定切实可行的防控方案提供参考依据.

Objective: To better promote the standardization of public health management in China, and provide evidence for the development and improvement of the standardization strategy and management system in public health field in China. Methods: This paper summarizes and analyzes the information about the standardized management mechanism collected from international organizations related with standardization in public health. Results: The standards in public health varied in different management systems of the international organizations, and there were great differences in organization nature, standard types, application, release, organization structure, standard development principles, advantages, transformation, promotion and implementation, and evaluation. Conclusion: China can benefit from the studying of the working mechanism of the international organization related with standardization in public health to facilitate its own standardization in public health.

目的 了解江苏省居民营养状况及变化趋势.方法 数据来自"2014年江苏居民营养与健康追踪调查"数据,调查采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,研究对象来自全省10个调查县(区),其中6～17岁儿童848人,成人8385人,并与2002年和2007年江苏省营养调查数据进行比较.结果 江苏城乡18岁及以上居民总体营养缺乏率为3.18％,超重和肥胖率达49.44％(超重率为36.26％,肥胖率为13.18％),占总人口的一半,比2002年和2007年分别提高了10和4.5个百分点;江苏城乡6～17岁儿童青少年营养不良率为11.44％,超重率和肥胖率分别为13.21％和14.86％;与前2次调查相比成人体重和体质指数上升明显、儿童青少年大部分同龄人的平均身高、体重均提高,平均体质指数(body mass index,BMI)值增大.结论 超重肥胖应引起公众及政府的真正重视,全民性的综合防治工作需加大力度;学龄儿童青少年超重肥胖率的上升更值得关注,应尽早干预.

目的 了解贵州省地产茶叶农药残留情况. 方法 采集2013-2018年贵州省地产茶叶样品323份,样品来源于超市、便利店、农贸市场和网店,按照国家标准检测48种农药残留,检测结果参照GB 2763-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》和GB 2763.1-2018《食品安全国家标准食品中百草枯等43种农药最大残留限量》进行评价.结果 323份茶叶样品中,检出农药残留样品161份.检测出氰戊菊酯、三氯杀螨醇、水胺硫磷和联苯菊酯4种农药超标,超标率分别为1.5％、0.9％、0.8％、0.4％.联苯菊酯检出频次最高,其检出率为(38.3％),其次为虫螨腈(19.9％)、氯氟氰菊酯(17.7％)、茚虫威(12.2％)和溴氰菊酯(10.9％).进行检测的48种农药中,28种未检出.定型包装和散装茶叶的农药残留检出率和超标率均无统计学差异(Fisher确切概率法,P=0.605). 结论 除个别超标样品外,贵州省地产茶叶农药残留水平不高,部分茶叶存在被禁用农药间接污染的情况,应加强监测和监管,完善茶产业标准体系.

To systematically analyze the status of the standardization of basic public health services, the project of basic public health service equalization and the first round of national pilot projects of the standardization of basic public services are carried out to provide support for the promotion of the standardization and equalization of basic public health services. The information about above-mentioned three aspects related to national basic public health services were collected, and a systematic comparison of standardization of basic public health services with the 14 specifications in the National Basic Public Health Service Specification (the 3(th) Edition) and the 51 pilot projects in the Notice of Carrying Out the Pilot Work of National Basic Public Service Standardization was conducted. The current public health standards are basically in line with the requirement of the resident health record management service specifications. However, the public health standards related to public health projects in other 13 service specifications and national basic public health service standardization pilot projects are incomplete or absent. The current public health standards cannot fully meet the requirements of the implementation of national basic public health services. In the process of promoting the equalization of basic public health service, it is urgent to develop targeted public health standards in related fields.

Objective: To systematically analyze the basic characteristics and contents of the current health standards for infectious disease, environmental health, school health and disinfection in the context of COVID-19 prevention and control, and provide support for the further optimization of epidemic prevention and control guidelines and reference for the revision and improvement of related health standards. Methods: Public health standards used in COVID-19 prevention and control were selected for a systematic comparison with "The Plan of COVID19 Prevention and Control (the 6(t)h Edition)" and other epidemic prevention and control guidelines from the perspectives of application scope and technical elements. Results: The current standards of public health are with scientificity, timeliness and feasibility. The application scope and technical elements of the current public health standards basically meet the needs of the prevention and control of COVID-19 epidemic, but the public health standardization system still needs improvement, and some public health standards need to be revised. Conclusions: The implementation of current public health standards can provide strong technical support for the prevention and control of COVID-19 epidemic. The experience obtained from COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control might promote the further improvement of the health standardization system.

标准化战略日益受到各国的重视,近年来,随着健康中国建设提升至国家战略,在实施健康中国战略作为国家发展基本方略的大背景下,卫生标准作为卫生领域现代治理体系的重要技术支撑,在实施健康中国战略中的作用凸显.文章通过回顾国内外标准化战略和近年来健康相关领域卫生标准相关规划等内容,对健康中国战略下的卫生标准硕层设计进行梳理,分析在国家标准化体系建设及健康中国战略层面对卫生标准提出的相应要求,以进一步完善卫生标准体系建设,更好的发挥卫生标准在卫生与健康事业发展中的作用,助力健康中国战略的实施.

Recent years,national laws and government policies were published as series to encourage the development of group standardizations.The updated Standardization Law of the People's Republic of China,implemented on January 1st,2018,stipulates that group standard is a part of the Chinese standard system.Under the current supportive circumstances,more institutes and organizations have joined in the writing and releasing procedures of group standards'.Despite the rapid development of group standardization to publish,we are still at the phase of exploring and regulating group standardizations.This review summarizes the development and practice on the development group standardization in the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association and analyzes current condition and deficiency of the work in China,in order to develop suggestions and strategies to improve and regulate group standardization.

Discordance,such as overlap,repetition and inconsistent,of standards is one of the major problems in current standardization affair in China.Therefore,improving the unity and authority of standards through reduction of overlap,repetition and inconsistency has become the main goal of deepening standardization reform in China.This paper summarizes the discordance in public health standards in China,analyzes the major reasons and provides specific strategic suggestions through case analysis of public health standards in the ways of comparisons of same kind standards of other deparments and standards in administration documents and guidelines or technical specifications of academic associations or societies.

As the most important phase in standardization activity, implementation saves as the essence. CDC in China are the major institutions undertaking disease control and prevention. Implementing the standards of public health provides technical basis for CDC to complete the task of disease control and prevention. In the study, spot conversation and questionnaire were used to investigate the implementation of standards on public health in CDC. Results showed that the staff of CDC got to know the standards through the Internet. The departments of CDC which conducted training and sent staff to attend training courses accounted for 50.00%(25/50) and 34.00%(17/50), respectively. State mandatory rule is still the main reason for relevant departments to implement the standards of the public health. Government promotion activities facilitate the implementation of Standards, and the degree of familiarity with Standards affects the implementation as well. The paper summarizes the existing problems, such as the lack of coordination between departments of public health at provincial level or below, lack of access to standards, and the need to strengthen the training of the standard implementation etc. It puts forward some suggestions to strengthen the implementation of public health Standards.

目的 分析与评估全国营养标准宣贯师资培训效果,为不断完善培训方式提供科学依据.方法 对35名来自全国各省、自治区、直辖市疾病预防控制中心营养相关专业人员进行培训,在培训前后对其进行问卷考核,对培训效果进行量化分析和评估.结果 营养标准专业知识测试成绩总得分由培训前的(68.38 +12.12)分,提高至培训后的(88.50±8.42)分,差异有统计学意义(Z=4.87,P＜0.01).高血压患者膳食指导、寄宿制学生营养餐、人群贫血筛查方法、人群铁缺乏筛查方法和中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量这五条营养标准相关内容培训后得分均高于培训前得分,差异有统计学意义(Z =4.87,P＜0.01),培训后学员的及格率明显提高.结论 通过培训,有效提高了相关专业人员的营养标准知识,达到了培训的预期目的.但是通过培训评估,也发现了培训过程中尚存在一定的不足,需要不断地改进和完善.

文章运用midas Gen软件对清水池整体建模,计算内水压力作用下的水池池壁内力,对清水池受力复杂部位进行对比分析,并与传统查表法计算结果比较.研究结论可为复杂水池结构的有限元分析提供参考.