There remains no optimal anticoagulation protocol for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) with regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) in pediatric patients with elevated D-dimer levels. We aimed to assess the effects of different anticoagulation strategies on the risk of CRRT filter clotting in these patients. Pediatric patients undergoing CRRT were retrospectively grouped based on pre-CRRT D-dimer levels and anticoagulant: D-RCA group (normal D-dimer, RCA only, n = 22), D+ RCA group (elevated D-dimer, RCA only, n = 50), and D+ RCA+ systemic heparin anticoagulation (SHA) group (elevated D-dimer, RCA combined with SHA, n = 55). The risk of filter clotting and incidence of bleeding were compared among the groups. Among the groups, the D+ RCA+ SHA group had the longest filter lifespan; further, the incidence of bleeding was not increased by concurrent use of low-dose heparin for anticoagulation. Moreover, concurrent heparin anticoagulation was associated with a decreased risk of filter clotting. Contrastingly, high pre-CRRT hemoglobin and D-dimer levels and post-filter ionized calcium level > 0.4 mmol/L were associated with an increased risk of filter clotting. RCA combined with low-dose heparin anticoagulation could reduce the risk of filter clotting and prolong filter lifespan without increasing the risk of bleeding in patients with elevated D-dimer levels undergoing CRRT.

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness and safety of regional citrate-anticoagulated (RCA) plasma exchange (PE) and whether citrate-related metabolic disorders can be improved by sequential RCA continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Methods: This retrospective, single-center observational study included 79 critically ill children requiring PE followed by CRRT (June 2018 to June 2021) at the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of Hunan Children’s Hospital, China. Patients were divided into the RCA-PE ( n = 30) and systemic heparin anticoagulation (SHA-PE) ( n = 49) groups. Filter level comparison post-PE assessed RCA-PE efficacy, and metabolic changes occurring pre- and post-PE and CRRT were used to evaluate the effect of CRRT on RCA-based anticoagulation safety. Results: The RCA-PE group had a better overall filter performance than the SHA-PE group. Two hours after PE, pH and HCO₃ − levels increased more significantly for the RCA-PE than the SHA-PE group. The RCA-PE incidence of metabolic alkalosis was 48.3%, higher by 4.2% ( p < 0.001) compared to the SHA-PE group. In the RCA-PE group, pH and HCO₃ − decreased significantly 4 h after CRRT; the metabolic alkalosis caused by RCA-PE decreased to 13.8% ( p = 0.005). No significant difference in pH, HCO₃ − , and metabolic alkalosis incidence was observed between the two groups 4 h after CRRT. Conclusions: The overall filtration performance of RCA-PE is superior to that of SHA-PE followed by CRRT. The metabolic complications associated with RCA-PE are mainly metabolic alkalosis that can be improved by using CRRT after RCA-PE and this is a better alternative for anticoagulation during PE in critically ill children.

There has been no severity evaluation model for pediatric patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) that uses readily available parameters. This study aimed to develop a novel model for predicting the early mortality risk in pediatric patients with HLH using easily obtained parameters whatever etiologic subtype. Patients from one center were divided into training and validation sets for model derivation. The developed model was validated using an independent validation cohort from the second center. The prediction model with nomogram was developed based on logistic regression. The model performance underwent internal and external evaluation and validation using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration curve with 1000 bootstrap resampling, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Model performance was compared with the most prevalent severity evaluation scores, including the PELOD-2, P-MODS, and pSOFA scores. The prediction model included nine variables: glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, albumin, globulin, myohemoglobin, creatine kinase, serum potassium, procalcitonin, serum ferritin, and interval between onset and diagnosis. The AUC of the model for predicting the 28-day mortality was 0.933 and 0.932 in the training and validation sets, respectively. The AUC values of the HScore, PELOD-2, P-MODS and pSOFA were 0.815, 0.745, 0.659 and 0.788, respectively. The DCA of the 28-day mortality prediction exhibited a greater net benefit than the HScore, PELOD-2, P-MODS and pSOFA. Subgroup analyses demonstrated good model performance across HLH subtypes. The novel mortality prediction model in this study can contribute to the rapid assessment of early mortality risk after diagnosis with readily available parameters.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening hyperinflammatory syndrome characterized by excessive activation of the immune system, along with uncontrolled proliferation of activated macrophages and lymphocytes. The clinical features of HLH often overlap with the clinical features of other severe inflammatory conditions such as sepsis, hindering accurate and timely diagnosis. In this study, we performed a data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry-based plasma proteomic analysis of 33 pediatric patients with HLH compared with four control groups: 39 healthy children, 43 children with sepsis, 39 children hospitalized in the pediatric intensive care unit without confirmed infections, and 21 children with acute Epstein-Barr virus infection. Proteomic comparisons between the HLH group and each of the control groups showed that HLH was characterized by alterations in complement and coagulation cascades, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and platelet activation pathways. We identified eight differentially expressed proteins in patients with HLH, including plastin-2 (LCP1), vascular cell adhesion protein 1, fibrinogen beta chain, fibrinogen gamma chain, serum amyloid A-4 protein, extracellular matrix protein 1, apolipoprotein A-I, and albumin. LCP1 emerged as a candidate diagnostic marker for HLH with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.97 in the original cohort and an AUC of 0.90 (sensitivity = 0.83 and specificity = 1.0) in the validation cohort. Complement C1q subcomponent subunit B was associated with disease severity in patients with HLH. Based on comparisons with multiple control groups, this study provides a proteomic profile and candidate biomarkers of HLH, offering researchers novel information to improve the understanding of this condition.

PURPOSE:The first step in diagnosing hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is to suspect its presence and then order the appropriate diagnostic tests. The development of screening procedures for HLH could facilitate early diagnosis. In this study, we evaluated the utility of fever, splenomegaly, and cytopenias as screening criteria for identifying pediatric HLH at an early stage, built a screening model using commonly measured laboratory parameters, and developed a step-wise screening procedure for pediatric HLH.METHODS:The medical records of 83,965 pediatric inpatients, including 160 patients with HLH, were collected retrospectively. The utility of fever, splenomegaly, hemoglobin level, and platelet and neutrophil counts at hospital admission as screening criteria for HLH was evaluated. For HLH patients who might be missed by screening based on the presence of fever, splenomegaly, and cytopenias, a screening model using common laboratory parameters was developed. Following that, a three-step screening procedure was then developed.RESULTS:The criteria of cytopenias affecting two or more lineages plus fever or splenomegaly had a sensitivity of 51.9% and a specificity of 98.4% for identifying HLH in pediatric inpatients. Our screening score model comprises six parameters: splenomegaly, platelet count, neutrophil count, albumin level, total bile acid level, and lactate dehydrogenase level. The use of the validation set had a sensitivity of 87.0% and a specificity of 90.6%. A three-step screening procedure has been developed: Step 1: Is fever or splenomegaly present? (Yes: risk for HLH should be considered, go to Step 2; No: less likely HLH); Step 2: Are cytopenias affecting at least two lineages? (Yes: consider HLH; No: go to Step 3); Step 3: Calculate the screening score. Is the sum of the score greater than 37? (Yes: consider HLH; No: less likely HLH). The overall sensitivity and specificity of the three-step screening procedure were 91.9% and 94.4%, respectively.CONCLUSION:A significant proportion of pediatric HLH patients present at the hospital without having all three symptoms: fever, splenomegaly, and cytopenias. Our three-step screening procedure, utilizing commonly available clinical and laboratory parameters, can effectively identify pediatric patients who may be at high risk for HLH.

PurposeWe aimed to explore the relationship between serum phosphate concentration and 90-day mortality in critically ill children receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT).MethodsData from the medical records of children aged <13 years who received CRRT at the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of Hunan Children's Hospital, China from January 2015 to June 2020 were retrospectively collected. Children were grouped into four categories according to the baseline phosphate concentration before CRRT and mean serum phosphate concentration during CRRT: <0.81 mmol/L (hypophosphatemia), 0.81–1.19 mmol/L, 1.2–2.4 mmol/L (normal phosphate concentration), and >2.4 mmol/L (hyperphosphatemia), with the normal phosphate group serving as the comparator group. The correlation of the serum phosphate concentration before and during CRRT with the 90-day mortality after CRRT initiation was analyzed using logistic regression.ResultsA total of 177 children were included in our study. The mean serum phosphate concentration before CRRT was 1.46 mmol/L (quartiles: 1.04, 2.20). The 90-day mortality rate was increased in children with a serum phosphate concentration >2.4 mmol/L before CRRT (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.42–9.86, P = 0.008). The mean serum phosphate concentration during CRRT was 1.2 mmol/L (quartiles: 0.91, 1.49). The 90-day mortality rate was increased in children with a mean serum phosphate concentration >2.4 mmol/L during CRRT (aOR 7.34, 95% CI 1.59–33.88, P = 0.011).ConclusionHyperphosphatemia before and during CRRT predicts a higher 90-day mortality rate.

Background Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening disorder. How to stratify high risk patients is one of the current challenges for the treatment of HLH. HLH patients usually fulfill multiple but not all eight diagnostic criteria. Different combinations of the fulfilled criteria may naturally cluster into previously undescribed subsets or phenotypes that may have different pathophysiology and demonstrate different risks for a poor outcome. The objectives of this study were to identify HLH subgroups according to the fulfillment of diagnostic criteria and evaluate the risk of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and 30-day mortality for subgroups. We retrospectively collect medical records of patients with discharge diagnosis of HLH between June 2015 and October 2018 from a tertiary children’s hospital in China. Latent class analysis was used to identify class defining variables from HLH diagnostic items, and subgroups were defined according to different combinations of the class defining variables. Results Triglyceride and fibrinogen were identified as the class defining variables. When evaluated in combinations, patients with hypertriglyceridemia and normal fibrinogen levels during hospitalization had the lowest risks for MODS (27.8%, OR = 1) and 30-day mortality (18.8%, OR = 1), and patients with normal triglyceride and hypofibrinogenemia had the highest risks for MODS (86.2%, OR = 16.24, P = 0.0002) and 30-day mortality (57.1%, OR = 5.78, P = 0.0187). The fulfillment status of hypertriglyceridemia and hypofibrinogenemia within 72 h of hospital admission was also associated with the risk of adverse outcomes. Conclusions The fulfillment status of hypertriglyceridemia and hypofibrinogenemia were associated with the risks of MODS and 30-day mortality among pediatric HLH patients. Further studies are needed to validate this association and investigate its clinical utility in the severity evaluation for HLH.

Background and aimsDeciding when to suspect hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and perform diagnostic tests in patients with acute infection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is challenging, given the high prevalence of EBV infection, the life-threatening risk of EBV-HLH, the relatively low incidence of EBV-HLH, and the wide spectrum of disease presentations. The aim of this study was to develop an EBV-HLH screening model for pediatric patients diagnosed with acute infection of EBV.MethodsAn inpatient cohort with 3183 pediatric patients who were diagnosed with active infection of EBV was used to construct and validate the EBV-HLH screening score model. The model parameters were selected from common laboratory parameters using the method of Akaike Information Criterion-optimal selection through cross-validation under logistic regression. Performance of the score was evaluated and compared with the performance of screening methods using the number of cytopenias lineages.ResultsThe EBV-HLH screening score has five parameters, including hemoglobin, platelet, neutrophil, albumin, and lactate dehydrogenase. Using a cut-of value of 29, the scoring model had a sensitivity of 89.2% and a specificity of 89.5% in the validation set. The false negative rate, false positive rate, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value in the validation set was 10.8%, 10.5%, 26.8%, and 99.5%, respectively, similar to that of the training set.ConclusionsWith five common laboratory parameters, the EBV-HLH score provides a simple tool to assist the identification of EBV patients who require further evaluation of HLH. Further studies are needed to evaluate the generalizability of the score and optimize the diagnose process for EBV-HLH.

Background Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been increasingly used as rescue therapy for severe pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS) over the past decade. However, a contemporary comparison of venovenous (VV) and venoarterial (VA) ECMO in PARDS has yet to be well described. Therefore, the objective of our study was to assess the difference between VV and VA ECMO in efficacy and safety for infection-associated severe PARDS patients. Methods This prospective multicenter cohort study included patients with infection-associated severe PARDS who received VV or VA ECMO in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) of eight university hospitals in China between December 2018 to June 2021. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included ECMO weaning rate, duration of ECMO and mechanical ventilation (MV), ECMO-related complications, and hospitalization costs. Results A total of 94 patients with 26 (27.66%) VV ECMO and 68 (72.34%) VA ECMO were enrolled. Compared to the VA ECMO patients, VV ECMO patients displayed a significantly lower in-hospital mortality (50 vs. 26.92%, p = 0.044) and proportion of neurologic complications, shorter duration of ECMO and MV, but the rate of successfully weaned from ECMO, bleeding, bloodstream infection complications and pump failure were similar. By contrast, oxygenator failure was more frequent in patients receiving VV ECMO. No significant intergroup difference was observed for the hospitalization costs. Conclusion These positive findings showed the conferred survival advantage and safety of VV ECMO compared with VA ECMO, suggesting that VV ECMO may be an effective initial treatment for patients with infection-associated severe PARDS.

目的:回顾性分析12例自身免疫性胶质纤维酸性蛋白星形细胞病(autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy，GFAP-A)患儿的临床资料，总结其临床特点及治疗经验。方法:回顾性分析2020年2月至2022年4月湖南省儿童医院重症医学科诊断的12例GFAP-A患儿病例资料，对患儿的临床表现、实验室检查、神经影像学、脑电图、治疗方案及预后等情况进行分析。结果:12例GFAP-A患儿平均发病年龄6.5岁，男女比例3∶1。主要以发热(10例，83.3%)为前驱症状，临床表现为认知或意识水平下降9例(75.0%)、头痛或头晕6例(50.0%)、呼吸衰竭6例(50.0%)、癫痫发作7例(58.3%)等。实验室检查脑脊液呈炎性改变10例(83.3%)，脑脊液、血清GFAP-IgG抗体阳性分别为8例(66.7%)、9例(75.0%)，合并抗体2例(16.7%)。头颅MRI为颅内多发性病灶8例(66.7%)，垂直于脑室周围线状放射状样强化1例(8.3%)，脊髓长节段受累伴强化4例(33.3%)。录像脑电图背景节律慢化7例(58.3%)。12例患儿急性期均给予大剂量甲基泼尼松龙冲击或联合丙种球蛋白等治疗，10例(83.3%)好转，1例症状反复，1例因合并多系统感染死亡。结论:儿童GFAP-A临床表现为急性或亚急性脑膜脑炎伴或不伴脊髓炎综合征，脑脊液或血清抗体阳性，特异性MRI改变，大部分患儿经早期激素及免疫治疗预后良好。

OBJECTIVES:To investigate the risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI) in children with cardiac arrest (CA) and the influencing factors for prognosis.METHODS:A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical records of the children who developed CA in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of Hunan Children's Hospital from June 2016 to June 2021. According to the presence or absence of AKI within 48 hours after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) for CA, the children were divided into two groups: AKI (n=50) and non-AKI (n=113). According to their prognosis on day 7 after ROSC, the AKI group was further divided into a survival group (n=21) and a death group (n=29). The multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors for early AKI in the children with CA and the influencing factors for prognosis.RESULTS:The incidence rate of AKI after CA was 30.7% (50/163). The AKI group had a 7-day mortality rate of 58.0% (29/50) and a 28-day mortality rate of 78.0% (39/50), and the non-AKI group had a 7-day mortality rate of 31.9% (36/113) and a 28-day mortality rate of 58.4% (66/113). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that long duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (OR=1.164, 95%CI: 1.088-1.246, P<0.001), low baseline albumin (OR=0.879, 95%CI: 0.806-0.958, P=0.003), and adrenaline administration before CA (OR=2.791, 95%CI: 1.119-6.961, P=0.028) were closely associated with the development of AKI after CA, and that low baseline pediatric critical illness score (OR=0.761, 95%CI: 0.612-0.945, P=0.014), adrenaline administration before CA (OR=7.018, 95%CI: 1.196-41.188, P=0.031), and mechanical ventilation before CA (OR=7.875, 95%CI: 1.358-45.672, P=0.021) were closely associated with the death of the children with AKI after CA.CONCLUSIONS:Albumin should be closely monitored for children with ROSC after CA, especially for those with long duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, low baseline pediatric critical illness score, adrenaline administration before CA, and mechanical ventilation before CA, and such children should be identified and intervened as early as possible to reduce the incidence of AKI and the mortality rate.

目的:探讨体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)在重症甲型流感病毒感染患儿中进行院间转诊的临床应用，以提高ECMO在重症患儿院间转诊的认识和临床诊疗水平。方法:回顾分析1例我院ECMO支持下转运的重症甲型流感患儿临床资料，并复习相关文献。结果:1例4岁9个月患儿因"咳嗽4 d"于当地住院治疗，入院次日患儿病情加重，出现呼吸、心跳骤停，予气管插管、心肺复苏约20 min后，患儿心跳、呼吸恢复，在呼吸机辅助通气下仍呼吸窘迫、严重低氧血症和CO 2潴留，需ECMO治疗，由于当地医疗资源限制，由我院ECMO转诊团队立即至当地，评估后予ECMO治疗，患儿低氧血症得到改善，病情暂平稳，随即在ECMO支持治疗下进行了院间转诊，转诊过程中持续予咪达唑仑泵入镇静、镇痛，于当日夜间到达我院PICU，入我院后继续予ECMO支持治疗、呼吸机辅助呼吸及低温脑保护等治疗，患儿于入院后第9天成功撤离ECMO。但由于患儿前期心肺复苏时间长，存在重度缺血缺氧性脑损伤，最终家属放弃治疗后患儿死亡。 结论:ECMO能够为危重患儿提供有效的心肺支持治疗，降低病死率、减少并发症的发生率，提高患儿的生存率，在专业ECMO转诊团队监护下进行的ECMO院间转诊是安全可行的。

The difficulties and challenges of applying the HLH-2004 diagnostic criteria to early identification and diagnosis of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis have been fully addressed in previous studies. However, the distribution of the diagnostic time lag of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and related patient characteristics remain unclear. This study investigated the time lags between symptom onset and diagnosis and between hospital admission and diagnosis among pediatric patients with haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and identified factors that associated with a shorter or longer diagnostic time lag. The cohort of patients with haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis was drawn from a tertiary children's hospital and consisted of 122 pediatric patients. The distributions of symptom-to-diagnosis and admission-to-diagnosis time lags were assessed. Clinical characteristics within 48 h of admission and the fulfillment of HLH-2004 diagnostic criteria were compared among admission-to-diagnosis time lag categories. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with an admission-to-diagnosis time lag >3 days. The median interval from first symptom onset to HLH diagnosis was 12 days (range 4–71 days) and the median interval from hospital admission to HLH diagnosis was 2 days (range 0–23 days). The following factors were negatively associated with admission-to-diagnosis > 3 days: Epstein–Barr virus infection; admission through pediatric intensive care unit; diagnosis established without NK-cell activity and soluble CD25 tests; the performance of all readily available diagnostic tests for HLH (within 48 and 72 h); concurrent fever, splenomegaly, and cytopenias within 48 h; hemophagocytosis, hypertriglyceridemia and/or hypofibrinogenemia within 48 h; and elevated ferritin, total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, and prothrombin time within 48 h. Our findings suggest that performance of adequate diagnostic tests for HLH is essential for early diagnosis of HLH. Once suspected, immediate and adequate diagnostic tests for HLH should be arranged for PICU patients. Improvements in diagnostic procedures and monitoring plans are needed to promote early diagnosis of HLH.

Phenotypes of some rare genetic diseases are atypical and it is a challenge for pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) to diagnose and manage such patients in an emergency. In this study, we investigated 58 PICU patients (39 deceased and 19 surviving) in critical ill status or died shortly without a clear etiology. Whole exome sequencing was performed of 103 DNA samples from their families. Disease-causing single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and copy number variants (CNVs) were identified to do genotype-phenotypes analysis. In total, 27 (46.6%) patients received a genetic diagnosis. We identified 34 pathogenic or likely pathogenic SNVs from 26 genes, which are related to at least 19 rare diseases. Each rare disease involved an isolated patient except two patients caused by the same gene ACAT1. The genotypic spectrum was expanded by 23 novel SNVs from gene MARS1, PRRT2, TBCK, TOR1A, ECE1, ARX, ZEB2, ACAT1, CPS1, VWF, NBAS, COG4, and INVS. We also identified two novel pathogenic CNVs. Phenotypes associated with respiratory, multiple congenital anomalies, neuromuscular, or metabolic disorders were the most common. Twenty patients (74.1%) accompanied severe infection, 19 patients (70.1%) died. In summary, our findings expanded the genotypes and phenotypes of 19 rare diseases from PICU with complex characteristics.

目的:了解换血疗法在儿童重症百日咳肺炎中的应用情况。方法:收集2019年1月至2020年3月入住湖南省儿童医院重症监护病房应用换血疗法的重症百日咳肺炎患儿4例，总结重症百日咳肺炎的临床特点和换血疗法在重症百日咳肺炎中的疗效及预后。结果:4例患儿中，3例好转出院，1例死亡。4例患儿换血前白细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数均明显升高，白细胞计数升高持续时间长，换血后白细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数明显下降。3例好转患儿，在白细胞计数升高早期或器官功能损伤早期使用换血疗法，对重症百日咳肺炎治疗有效。1例死亡患儿的白细胞计数显著升高，在换血治疗之前已出现多器官功能障碍，虽换血治疗后呼吸功能好转，但其他器官功能仍差，特别是心功能差，最终死亡。结论:重症百日咳肺炎白细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数明显升高，在白细胞计数及淋巴细胞计数升高早期、器官功能损伤早期予以换血治疗，可降低白细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数，改善预后。

目的 探讨PDCA(Plan-Do-Check-Act)循环应用于体外膜肺氧合患儿医院感染管理质量中的效果,总结16例体外膜肺氧合患儿医院感染控制与预防护理经验.方法 收集2018年11月—2019年11月在本院PICU行体外膜肺氧合治疗的患儿临床资料,根据计划-执行-核查-处理原则,加强全员教育培训,对重点环节实施标准化、规范化、系统化、科学化管理.比较PDCA实施前后患儿体温及白细胞数变化,医护人员手卫生合格率及院感知识考核合格率.结果 与PDCA实施前比,PDCA实施后,患儿体温波动小,白细胞数明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);医护人员手卫生合格率及院感知识考核合格率均有显著提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 PDCA循环促进各项工作严格执行程序化、标准化、科学化管理,是提高体外膜肺氧合患儿医院感染管理质量的好方法.

Objective:To summary the mixed infection as well as clinical characteristics and analyze the risk factors for mixed infection of severe adenovirus pneumonia(SAP) in children.Methods:The clinical data of 114 children with SAP were retrospectively analyzed.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the risk factors for mixed infection.Results:The incidence age was from 6 months to 2 years(62.5%). High fever(94.7%), cough(98.2%), dyspnea(86.8%) and lethargy(95.6%) were the main symptoms.Laboratory examination showed that children with SAP were prone to increased white blood cell count, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and CK-MB, as well as decreased proportion of CD3 + , CD4 + , CD8 + , CD4 + /CD8 + and NK cells.The main complications intrapulmonary organ were respiratory failure(80.7%). The main complications extrapulmonary organ were circulatory complications (55.3%). SAP was easily combined with other pathogenic infections.Streptococcus pneumoniae(22.9%)was the most common bacterial pathogen.Respiratory syncytial virus(10.0%)were the most common virus, in addition, mycoplasma pneumoniae(17.1%) was also common.Multivariable Logistic regression analysis showed that the decreasing ratio of CD4 + /CD8 + and NK cells, congenital heart disease and congenital airway dysplasia were the independent risk factors for mixed infection of SAP in children( P<0.05). Conclusion:The SAP patients could easily suffer from mixed infection and high fatality rate.Immune dysregulation is the important risk factors for mixed infection of SAP in children.So immunoregulatory treatment is very important.

目的:介绍体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)治疗创伤所致急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的经验。方法:回顾性分析湖南省儿童医院2019年4月至2019年11月间在ECMO辅助下成功救治2例创伤所致ARDS患儿的临床资料，包括2例患儿ECMO过程中的抗凝管理、流量监控、呼吸功能评定等，评估ECMO在创伤患儿中的使用效果。结果:2例患儿均为ARDS所致严重低氧血症。ECMO辅助时间分别为85 h和102 h，2例患儿在ECMO治疗期间全身使用肝素抗凝，肝素用量4～18 U/(kg·h)，ACT维持在138～187 s，APTT维持在50～180 s。其中病例1在ECMO撤机前7 h停用肝素，病例2肝素一直使用到ECMO撤机时。2例患儿均未出现ECMO相关的出血以及管道系统血栓形成等并发症。患儿出院后随访2～6个月均恢复良好。结论:在常规机械通气治疗无效的情况下，ECMO可以做为严重外伤所致ARDS的辅助治疗手段，可以提高此类患儿的存活率。在ECMO辅助治疗期间，全身使用小剂量肝素抗凝是安全的。

Objective:To retrospectively analyze the clinical application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in severe adenovirus pneumonia, and to evaluate the application value of ECMO in children with severe adenovirus pneumonia.Methods:Children diagnosed with severe adenovirus pneumonia and intervened with ECMO in the Hunan Children′s Hospital from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2019 were recruited in this study for analyzing.The gender, age, clinical manifestations, mechanical ventilation duration, ECMO duration, the length of hospital stay, complications and prognosis were collected and analyzed.Results:A total of 4 children were included in the study, involving 2 cases were successfully evacuated from ECMO.Finally, 3 children died, and 1 case survived.Three death cases had a longer than 18 days of duration from the onset to the start with ECMO.Their ventilator assist time before star-ting ECMO was 3-5 days, and ECMO intervention time was longer, with the maximum of 27.5 days.The survived case had an 11-day duration from the onset to the start with ECMO, and the ventilator assisted time and ECMO intervention time were 5 days, and less than 10 days, respectively.Conclusions:ECMO treatment for children with severe adenovirus pneumonia has a low success rate, but it is still the most important way to save children.Early application of ECMO can improve the prognosis of children with severe adenovirus pneumonia.

Objective:To investigate the relationships between different doses of vancomycin with blood drug trough concentration and renal dysfunction in children with severe infection in intensive care unit (ICU).Methods:100 children with severe infection treated with vancomycin from January 2018 to November 2018 in the Ⅱ Department of Critical Care Medicine of Hunan Children's Hospital were studied, according to the dosage, they were divided into high-dose group [15 mg/(kg·time), 57 cases] and low-dose group [15 mg/(kg·time), 43 cases]. At the same time, according to the condition of renal dysfunction, children were divided into normal renal function group (42 cases), mild injury group (43 cases), moderate injury group (15 cases). The blood drug trough concentration was measured, and its relationship with serum creatinine (Scr), serum urea nitrogen (BUN), and renal dysfunction was analyzed. At the same time, the therapeutic effects of different doses of vancomycin were evaluated.Results:The cure rate and blood drug trough concentration of children with severe infection in high-dose group were significantly higher than those in low-dose group ( P<0.05), and the time to reach effective blood drug trough concentration was significantly shorter than that in low-dose group ( P<0.05); the levels of serum Scr and BUN in low-dose group and high-dose group were significantly lower than those before treatment ( P< 0.05); the blood drug trough concentration and the proportion of reaching the target trough concentration in mild injury group were significantly higher than those in normal group and moderate injury group ( P<0.05); the dose of vancomycin in mild injury group and moderate injury group was significantly higher than that in normal group ( P<0.05), and the course of treatment in mild injury group and moderate injury group was lower than that in normal group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The high dose of vancomycin 15 mg/(kg/time) is effective in the treatment of ICU children with severe infection. the blood drug trough concentration and renal dysfunction should be monitored and individualized treatment plan should be formulated.