This study investigates prosocial lying in children, focusing on their use of polite and altruistic lies in interactions with peers and adults. Despite its significance in moral development, the distinction between polite and altruistic lies remains underexplored, particularly spontaneous altruistic lies and polite lies among peers. Our research, conducted with children aged 7, 9, and 11 years, investigates how these lies are employed across different social contexts. The findings reveal that polite and altruistic lies are driven by distinct motivations and exhibit unique developmental patterns. Children are more likely to use polite lies with adults, while altruistic lies show consistent frequencies across recipient types. These findings highlight the essential differences between children’s polite and altruistic lies, offering new insights into their moral and social development.

Empathy may play a role in the development and maintenance of social anxiety, but the relationship between empathy and social anxiety in children remains unclear. The present study investigated the relationships between the three constructs of empathy (i.e., cognitive empathy, positive empathy, and negative empathy) and social anxiety in childhood, examined the moderating role of mother-child conflict and peer rejection and explored gender differences in the moderating effects. The participants were 670 children aged 9 and 12 years and their mothers. Children completed self-reports of empathy and social anxiety, mothers reported mother-child conflict, and peer rejection was measured using peer nomination. Cognitive empathy and positive empathy were negatively associated with social anxiety, and negative empathy was positively associated with social anxiety. The positive effects of high positive empathy on social anxiety existed only in children with low mother-child conflict and low peer rejection. The positive effects of high cognitive empathy on social anxiety were found only in girls with low peer rejection. The results of this study indicate that different constructs of empathy may increase or decrease the risk of social anxiety in children, and a negative interpersonal environment may offset the positive effects of empathy on social anxiety.

Along with the rapid urbanization in China, the phenomenon of outward expansion of the suburban outer circle gradually emerged, and the urban expansion as an urbanization process is closely related to the construction of public transportation infrastructure. Based on the public transportation data of Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2009-2017, the article uses the nonparametric DEA-malmquist method to calculate the public transportation supply efficiency of different cities to explore the impact of externalities of urban expansion on urban public transportation supply efficiency in China. The heterogeneity analysis of the impact of urban expansion on public transportation supply efficiency in different regions is also conducted. The article is innovative in that it focus on urban expansion as a direct influence mechanism on urban transportation supply and focus on urban public transportation infrastructure development; it takes cities as the research object for empirical analysis, avoiding the estimation bias that may be caused by previous related studies taking provincial level or individual cities or regions as the research object; it uses the instrumental variable method to overcome the endogeneity problem caused by reverse causality or omitted variables, and to provides clearer identification of causality. The results of the study,（1） the phenomenon of urban expansion is significantly present in the central-western and eastern regions of China, while urban expansion is less pronounced in the northeastern region and has the least internal variation;（2） in general, urban expansion is conducive to the improvement of urban bus supply efficiency;（3） after controlling for the omitted variables bias and endogeneity problems, the result still imply that the most cites’ public transport supply is exacerbated in the process of urban expansion, and the regional sample analysis indicates that impact effect is obviously different in different regions of China.

大都市人口发展具有内在的规律.随着经济社会发展和现代化,出现了人口不断向城市集聚,这就是我们所说的"城市化".随着城市规模进一步扩大,进而出现"郊区化",部分城市也会出现"逆城市化"或"再城市化".之所以会是这样,其中最重要的是集聚与分散力量在发生作用.

揭示区域旅游经济增长的时空演化特征并探究其影响因素有助于丰富区域旅游经济发展理论,也可为京津冀地区旅游协同发展政策的制定提供科学依据.在初步构建京津冀地区旅游经济增长时空演化研究框架及多因素分析模型的基础上,运用基尼系数、核密度曲线、双变量局域自相关等方法,从旅游空间的规模、等级和形态变化等方面考察京津冀地区2001-2019年旅游经济增长的空间格局及演化过程,并基于面板多元回归模型和空间计量模型对其影响因素进行深入剖析.结果表明:①京津冀地区旅游经济增长的空间格局从双核心逐渐转为多核心,旅游区域中心城市和部分旅游节点城市逐步成为旅游经济增长的主要载体,京津冀旅游协同发展初见成效.②京津冀地区旅游经济增长的时空演化过程大体可分为3个阶段:高速增长下的双核心极化缓解阶段;中速增长下的双核心向多核心转变阶段;快速增长下的多核心形成阶段.③影响京津冀地区旅游经济增长的主要因素有人均GDP、星级饭店的数量、到北京/天津高速公路距离、旅游发展政策和旅游大事件等,其中人均GDP对旅游经济增长有显著的空间溢出效应.④影响核心枢纽城市、旅游区域中心城市和节点城市的旅游经济增长因素有一定差异,星级饭店数量、旅游大事件和PM25浓度对核心枢纽城市和旅游区域中心城市旅游经济增长有较大影响,城市道路面积、到北京/天津高速公路距离、旅游发展政策、旅游大事件、年末实有出租车数量、PM2.5浓度等则是影响旅游节点城市旅游经济增长的主要因素.

Based on social cognitive theory of social class and the empathy-altruism hypothesis, social status has a negative effect on altruistic sharing and empathy may be one of the underlying social cognition mechanisms. The current study comprehensively examined the relationship between social status, including both objective (i.e., income and education) and subjective (i.e., subjective wealth, power, and prestige status) aspects, and altruistic sharing, as well as the mediating role of empathy (i.e., cognitive empathy, positive empathy, and negative empathy) in China. The participants were 1,712 Chinese adults (63

中蒙旅游合作意义重大,现实可行,但也面临诸多挑战.中蒙旅游合作是推进陆上丝绸之路和万里茶道建设的重要途径,双方政府十分重视,合作方式日益丰富,互访人数不断增加,合作愿望越来越强烈.但因毗邻地区旅游资源相似性较大,历史文化关系复杂,旅游合作需要巧妙施策,有序推进,包括减免旅游签证程序,加强文化交流和人才交往,共建共享民族文化品牌,创新旅游合作空间模式等.

Predicting the response of vegetation to climate change through mathematical methods is an important way to understand ecosystem condition changes in ecologically vulnerable regions. We took the Sanjiangyuan region, one of the most sensitive areas to climate change, as the study area to construct a simpler calculation and higher resolution (suitable for regional scale study) nonlinear method to predict the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) under climate change by combining the delta downscaling method and backpropagation artificial neural network. We first used the delta downscaling method to downscale the coarse-resolution climate element data of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (Phase 6) (CMIP6) to 0.08333° (regional scale). By analysing the relationship between NDVI and climate elements, we found that NDVI has the highest correlation with annual total precipitation, annual mean temperature, variation range of precipitation and temperature, etc. Then, we used these impact factors to train the back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) and predict the NDVI in 2030 and 2060 under the SSP1–2.6 scenario and SSP5–8.5 scenario. The simulated results show that the BP-ANN can be used to construct the nonlinear relationship between NDVI and the impact factors on different scales. In the future, NDVI will increase under both the SSP1–2.6 scenario and the SSP5–8.5 scenario. The western part of the study area has the highest altitude, the ecosystem is more vulnerable, and the changes will be the most intense. This study is expected to provide a reference for understanding the impact of climate change on vegetation in national parks in plateaus and to provide a simpler NDVI prediction method for the evaluation of environmental quality under the impact of climate change with NDVI as one of the parameters.

Although empathy is typically an adaptive characteristic of children, extreme empathy alone or in combination with a negative environment may contribute to a risk of depression. The present study comprehensively investigated the associations between the three constructs of empathy and depression in children, as well as the potential moderating effect of peer relationships (i.e., social preference) on this association. A total of 1223 children (mean age = 10.50 ± .93 years) completed questionnaires on empathy and depression, and social preference was nominated by their peers. Cognitive empathy and positive empathy exerted a positive quadratic effect on depression, while negative empathy had a positive linear association with depression. For children with a low social preference, all three empathy constructs were positively quadratically correlated with depression, extremely high and low empathy were associated with increased depression, and moderate empathy was associated with the lowest level of depression. For children with a high social preference, higher positive empathy was associated with lower depression.

经济地理学的适宜性理论认为,经济适宜性和自然适宜性对人才分布具有决定性作用,但是伴随着人均收入水平的提高,人文适宜性对人才的吸引力有逐步增强的趋势.研究利用全国层面的城市—人才数据对人文适宜性的人才集聚效应进行了验证.研究发现:经济和自然适宜性依然对人才分布具有决定性作用,但人文适宜性也已成为中国城市吸纳人才的一个有利因素;电影院、文化馆等具有国情特色的人文适宜性设施对人才的区域分布具有显著而稳健的影响;人文适宜性是人才集聚的原因而非结果;随着人文适宜性相关设施的存量不断积累,其吸纳人才的能力和规模不会边际递减,反而有累积递增的倾向.研究建议,在人文适宜性塑造时应突出"中国特色",打造"经济—自然—人文"三位一体的品质城市,以吸引人才集聚.

新冠疫情后复杂的国内外形势对中国区域创新发展提出了新要求,但目前国内传统区域创新理论对知识创造与传播的空间规律认识不足,亟需新的理论方法和政策工具.文章引入了近年来在西方受到广泛关注的区域知识基础理论,其强调区域知识差异化和动态演化的视角对中国有重要借鉴意义.文章首先梳理了区域知识基础的概念内涵,其次从多维特征、演化动力、演化路径三个方面构建理论框架分析了一个地区知识演变的一般规律,剖析了区域知识的规模、结构、质量特征,提出了技术关联和区域制度是影响区域知识演化的主要动力,区域知识基础在二者驱动下表现出"路径依赖——路径锁定——路径突破"的复杂过程,最后探讨了如何运用区域知识基础理论指导中国区域创新政策制定.

在创新驱动的发展背景下,城市和区域发展离不开创新型人才,而创新型人才集聚与城市适宜性密切相关.在梳理创新型人才和城市适宜性概念内涵基础上,剖析了城市适宜性对创新型人才集聚的影响机理,并从自然、经济、社会、休闲等方面综述了城市适宜性对创新型人才集聚的影响;分析了芝加哥城市适宜性对创新型人才集聚影响的典型案例;从前瞻性视角提出研究展望,并对中国城市创新型人才吸引方面提出了案例启示.

The contradiction between social economy and water environment has become increasingly prominent, and the analysis of urban water metabolism system (UWMS) represents a problem-solving approach from the perspective of the entire flow process. However, a comprehensive UWMS model that considers both physical and virtual water flows is currently lacking. This paper presents an innovative application of an ecological network model of the UWMS-integrated metabolic process of physical and virtual water in Xining during the 2002–2018 period. By analysing and screening the metabolic characteristics, metabolic structure and metabolic relationships, the sustainability of the UWMS is evaluated in depth, and the main causes and critical compartments of the unhealthy metabolic process are identified. The findings show that the UWMS in Xining maintains a moderate level of robustness (the average R = 0.48) with limited metabolic efficiency. Since 2012, the water management policies in Xining have been significantly strengthened, contributing to a slight increase in robustness by improving the water use efficiency and metabolic structure. The integrated metabolic process is unhealthy because the metabolic structure is not reasonable, and the systematic metabolic relationship tends to be antagonistic due to the network mutualism index dropping to 1.0 during 2016–2018. We conclude that efficient irrigation management, more infrastructure projects for the sewer network, wastewater treatment and recycling could provide effective support to enhance the coordinate development of the social economy and water environment in Xining.

Burial of organic carbon (OC) in rift lakes on plateau is an important part of the global cycle. It is affected by natural and anthropogenic factors. In this study, we selected the sediment records of 7 rift lakes on the Yunnan Guizhou Plateau to study spatial-temporal variation, sources and driving factors of organic carbon burial since 1850. The analysis of the temporal and spatial trend of carbon burial shows that the TOC concentration, TOC flux, C: N and mass accumulate rate have increased significantly since 1850. Co-occurrence network analysis indicated that a strong correlation between the TOC concentration and silty. TOC concentration were identified as core genera due to their high concentration. Carbon isotope tracing results show that before 1950, endogenous OC input played a dominant role, and after 1950, the proportion of exogenous OC increased. Canonical correlation analysis indicated that after 1950, agriculture intensification and population increase become one of the factors affecting the carbon burial of lakes in this area. The result of this study indicate that anthropogenic factors have become the main factors promoting carbon burial in rift lakes on the plateau.

创新型人才,作为重要的生产要素,其规模和质量决定了城市发展的核心竞争优势,深刻影响着城市社会经济的发展.文章基于城市适宜性理论,构建了城市适宜性理论模型和创新型人才集聚影响因素的综合指标体系,探讨了中国创新型人才集聚的时空格局及影响机理.研究发现:①我国形成了以各省省会城市和直辖市为聚点,“中心—外围”模式的创新型人才空间分布格局.东部地区是我国创新型人才的主要集聚区,中部地区则是我国创新型人才集聚的薄弱区.西部地区的创新型人才增速较快,创新型人才在向东部地区集聚的同时,也呈现了向西部地区流动的迹象.东北地区的创新型人才总体增长最为缓慢,且主要城市的创新型人才集聚度占全国排名呈下降趋势.②经济适宜性是影响我国创新型人才集聚最主要的因素.而其中,专利授权量和第三产业规模与创新型人才集聚的相关性最高.③社会适宜性和休闲适宜性对创新型人才集聚的影响分居第二和第三位,而其中教育、医疗等基础设施,以及博物馆、公园绿地面积等休闲因素也成为影响创新型人才集聚的主要要素.基于此,建议各城市在增强经济活力的同时,关注创新型人才的人文需求,加大基础设施和休闲设施的投入,打造吸引创新型人才集聚的强磁场.

城市住房租赁市场是建立“租购并举”多元化住房体系的重要内容.本文运用地理加权回归(GWR)模型从局部尺度探讨了不同空间位置租金价格影响因素的作用机理.结果 发现:GWR模型考虑了变量的空间非平稳性,显著优于OLS模型,更能有效刻画租金价格影响因素的作用机理;房屋面积、房龄、卧室数量、就业可达性、地铁站、公交站、三甲医院、重点小学显著影响住房租金价格,且影响关系随空间位置变化而不同,设施资源越是稀缺的地方,其对租金的影响强度越高;相比于公园等“生活品质型设施”的可达性,租户更看重房屋本身的居住条件、就业可达性及地铁学校等“生活便利性设施”的可达性.

The long-term use of wetlands stresses wetland ecosystems and leads to degradation and C loss. This study explored an optimal remote sensing-multivariate linear regression model (RS-MLRM) for estimating wetland soil organic carbon (SOC) by using a combination of the measured SOC and above ground biomass (AGB) from 273 samples, textural features, spectral information, and a vegetation index calculated from Landsat-8 images using the Ningxia Basin of the Yellow River as the study area. To derive the optimal predictor model for SOC, these variables were regressed against the measured SOC. These were used to predict SOC and evaluate the contribution of wetland restoration and conservation projects to soil carbon sequestration and sinks on the Ningxia Basin of the Yellow River in early (2000 and 2005), intermediate (2010), and recent (2015) years. The results show that from 2000 to 2015, the project-induced contribution to C sequestration was 20.49 TC, with an annual sink of 1.37 TC. This accounted for 54.06% of the total wetland ecosystem C sequestration on the Ningxia Basin of the Yellow River. Moreover, there was a significant success of restoration and conservation projects regarding C sequestration. These restoration and conservation projects have substantially contributed to CO2 mitigation in the arid area.

文章梳理了创新型人才集聚影响因素的相关研究,并在城市适宜性视角下综述了自然、经济、社会、休闲等适宜性对创新型人才集聚的影响,发现已有研究中存在着宏观和静态的分析较多,微观和动态的研究较少;研究区域和研究内容过于集中,缺乏全面和系统地分析等问题,并从前瞻性视角提出研究展望.

This paper took Ulaanbaatar as a case study and selected data from 2002 to 2016 to understand the complex relationship between urbanization and the livelihood levels of urban residents. The results showed that the urbanization of Ulaanbaatar was fast unfolding, while the livelihood levels of urban residents were not simultaneously improved but were in a state of constant fluctuation. A distributed lag model was conducted to investigate the impact of urbanization on the livelihood levels of urban residents. The results confirmed that urbanization has an obvious lag effect on livelihood levels, and with the urbanization development, it could improve public services and labor wages at a lag of 3 years, better healthcare at a lag of 2, 3, and 4 years, increase healthcare and cultural services at a lag of 2 years, and gradually improve the residents’ livelihood levels in the long run. We concluded with an overview of how our analysis can offer useful insights to policy makers and urban planners.