ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:Dihuang Yinzi (DHYZ) is a classic prescription in traditional Chinese medicine. Its therapeutic effect on Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been widely validated. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of DHYZ in AD treatment remain unclear and require further research. AIM OF THE STUDY:Elucidating DHYZ's promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis through the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway improves neuronal loss, mitochondrial damage, and memory deficits in AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Administering DHYZ by gavage to SAMP8 mice, after completing behavioral tests, the effects of DHYZ on hippocampal neuron loss and mitochondrial structural damage in AD model mice were assessed using Nissl staining and transmission electron microscopy. Western blot was used to detect the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis-related proteins PGC-1α, CREB, mitochondrial fusion protein MFN2, and mitochondrial fission proteins DRP1 and FIS1. At the same time, immunofluorescence (IF) was employed to measure the relative fluorescence intensity of mitochondrial fusion protein MFN1. After determining the optimal dose of DYHZ for treating AD, we conducted mechanistic studies. By intraperitoneally injecting SAMP8 mice with the AMPK inhibitor (Compound C) to inhibit AMPK protein expression and subsequently treating them with DHYZ, the impact of DHYZ on hippocampal neurons in AD model mice was evaluated using Nissl and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of AMPK, p-AMPK, SIRT1, PGC-1α, NRF1, and TFAM. In contrast, IF was used to measure the relative fluorescence intensity of PGC-1α, NRF1, and TFAM proteins in the hippocampal CA1 region. RESULTS:DHYZ significantly improved AD model mice's cognitive impairment and memory deficits and mitigated hippocampal neuron loss and degeneration. Additionally, it ameliorated mitochondrial morphological structures. DHYZ upregulated the protein expression of mitochondrial biogenesis-related proteins PGC-1α, CREB, and mitochondrial fusion proteins MFN1 and MFN2 while inhibiting the expression of mitochondrial fission proteins DRP1 and FIS1. Further studies revealed that DHYZ could upregulate the expression of the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway proteins and their downstream proteins NRF1 and TFAM. CONCLUSION:DHYZ promotes mitochondrial biogenesis by activating the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway, thereby improving memory deficits, neuronal loss, and mitochondrial dysfunction in AD.

为提高护理专业中医类课程的教学成效,提出基于精准教学思想结合BOPPPS模式进行教学改革的思路,并将其实施于线上线下的教学活动中.此种教学方式能够针对学生学习问题,精准制定教学方案,提高学习参与度和学习成绩,提高教学效率,提升教学效果,符合当前高等教育教学"以学生为中心""以问题为导向"的改革要求.

Objective: The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the therapeutic effects of Dihuang Yinzi decoction on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and provide a medical evidence-based clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Journals Full-text Database, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, Wan Fang database, and SinoMed database, to collect clinical randomized controlled trials of Dihuang Yinzi decoction in the treatment of AD. Strict literature screening was performed based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias assessment tool and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system recommendation-level method was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Review Manager 5.4 and Stata 17 software were used for data synthesis and processing, while GRADE Profiler 3.6 software was used to evaluate the quality of evidence for outcome indicators (risk ratio, standardized mean difference, and weighted mean difference). Results: A total of 11 studies involving 798 patients met the inclusion criteria. Dihuang Yinzi decoction, whether used alone or in combination with conventional Western medicine, demonstrated superior efficacy compared to conventional Western medicine alone in improving the clinical effective rate, TCM syndrome score, activity of daily living score, Mini-Mental State Examination score, and Hasegawa Dementia Scale score in AD treatment. Furthermore, it exhibited a favorable safety profile. However, the GRADE evidence quality rating for the included studies was low. Conclusions: Dihuang Yinzi decoction, either used alone or in combination with conventional Western medicine, shows promising results in enhancing cognitive and memory functions as well as the self-care ability of patients with AD. However, the low GRADE evidence quality rating highlights the need for focused advancements in the planning and execution of clinical randomized controlled trials during future research attempts.

目的 了解国内中医药院校开设中医类课程培养护理硕士专业学位(MNS)研究生的现状,为中医药院校培养具有中医特色的MNS研究生提供参考.方法 计算机检索PubMed、Embase、中国知网、万方、维普和中国生物医学文献网数据库,检索时限为2010 年1 月至2022 年11 月.收集中国中医药院校开设中医类课程的情况,从教学目标、教学方法、教学内容及考核方式等方面进行分析和总结.结果 共检索相关文献 751 篇,最终纳入 10 篇文献.涉及国内10 所中医药院校,其中,4 所院校明确课时数(24～120 课时);教学目标以学生扎实中医知识,操作可应用于临床为主;4 所院校明确2 种教学方法,即授课与讨论相结合方式和问题为导向参与式教学法;10 所院校开设的课程均不相同;多数院校采取理论考核与实践考核方式.结论 中国中医药院校在开设中医类课程培养MNS研究生方面取得了一定的效果,但对于培养护理专业人才仍需进一步完善课程设置.

以设计好线上教学,最大限度地发挥各平台优势;准确分析学生问题,制定出适宜精准的教学方案为基本出发点,以中医护理学课程为例,探讨线上精准教学的构建方案,确定多平台组合的"以学定教"线上精准教学方案.并从平台整合、学情分析、方案制定3个方面阐述其精准性表现,期为线上精准教学设计的探索与制定提供参考.

混合式教学,是一种将传统课堂面授教学和网络辅助学习相融合的新型教学模式,是线上与线下、集体授课与自主探究学习相结合的教学模式.微信因其即时方便、灵活智能、用户普及率高等优势,成为高等教育的重要网络媒介与载体.因此,将微信平台引入到中医护理学课程教学过程中,构建混合式教学模式,充分发挥传统课堂教学与微信平台教学的双重优势,能够提高学生对中医护理学课程的学习兴趣,提升教学质量,帮助学生建立中医辨证施护的思维和掌握中医特色护理的操作.

通过分析《理虚元鉴》一书的护理思想,得出绮石的虚劳护理理念法自《黄帝内经》,在具体的虚劳护理部分强调患者自护,撙防为要;抵御外邪,防其未然;守方用药,悉心呵护三方面的内容,体现了中医护理的整体观念和人本思想,对现代临床中医护理的实施有一定的指导意义.

目的 通过检测大鼠形态学、HPA轴及抗氧化能力,探讨地黄饮子对帕金森病肾虚证模型大鼠的干预机制.方法 将36只Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、干预组.模型组、干预组大鼠给予15 mg·kg-1·d-1氢化可的松溶液连续灌胃6周,模拟中医肾虚证模型.从造模第15天开始模型组、干预组大鼠颈背部皮下注射1.0 mg/kg的鱼藤酮溶液,连续注射4周,每周间隔一天,制备病证结合模型,同时干预组给予0.86 mL·100 g-1·d-1的地黄饮子水煎液灌胃4周.用ELISA、HE染色等方法,观察各组大鼠HPA轴变化、MAO、Lipo含量及黑质区形态学变化.结果 与正常组相比,模型组大鼠HPA轴功能亢进(P<0.01),MAO、Li-po浓度升高(P<0.01),黑质区多巴胺能神经元数目明显减少,胶质细胞增多,神经纤维结构疏松;与模型组相比,干预组大鼠HPA轴功能减退、MAO、Lipo含量降低(P<0.01),黑质区多巴胺能神经元数目明显增多,胶质细胞减少.结论 地黄饮子通过调控HPA轴功能,降低脑组织中MAO、Lipo含量,提高脑组织抗氧化能力,减缓DA神经递质降解速率,抑制黑质区多巴胺能神经元的损伤等对帕金森病肾虚证模型大鼠产生疗效作用.

Taoist culture in Pre-Qin period,which involves the scientific spirit and the thought of the simple dialectics,has a profound influence on the formation and development of ancient Chinese medicine.It embodies in many aspects.As for the cognition of life,it recognizes the physical "Qi" in the origin of life;as for the theory construction and interpretation,it reveals the laws of motion,change,circulation and transformation of all things in terms of Yin and Yang,which ends up as one of the core concepts in basic theory of Chinese medicine;as for reasoning the therapeutic principles,it emphasizes preventive treatment of disease,and highlights the spiritual accomplishments,and values both form and spirit;as for the humanistic concern,it emphasizes humanism and advocates valuing life and the equality of things.This thoughts inspire us to realize the ideal healthy state of "man is an integral part of nature" and keep the mental state of nihility and being indifferent to fame and gain.

Qi monism is one of the important philosophical thoughts in ancient China,which clarifies from the perspective of ontology that the material world is unified by Qi.Influenced by this thought,Chinese medicine develops this philosophical Qi from the medical point of view.It recognizes its materiality and primitivity,and refines its functionality and universal interconnectedness,resulting in the concepts of Qi movement and Qi transformation.From the perspective of Qi noumenon,this article analyses the development of Qi monism thought and its application in Chinese medicine,such as "As Qi flows around,everything begins","diverse Xiang are all unified by Qi","ascending,descending,exiting and entering exist in everything","the combination of Qi from heaven and Qi from earth is called people",and "Qi goes through the heaven and the earth and goes from the ancient time to the present time".In this way,we could expect to return to the authenticity thinking way of Chinese medicine and provide help for the interpretation of Chinese medicine.

Aim To research the synergistic effect of hyperlipoproteinemia and Aβ in the processing of Alzheimer′s disease.Methods Seventy SD rats were randomly divided into seven groups, and dealt with D-gal(hypodermic injection), hyperlipemia diet, microinjection into both side of CA1 section in hippocampus, independently.Morris water maze(MWM) test was used to evaluate the spatial memory impairments.Tau and tau(pThr181) pathology in the hippocampus were detected using Western blot and immunohistochemistry.Nissl′s staining was used to detect cell apoptosis.Results Aβ25-35-treated rats showed significant impairments of spatial memory in MWM test, especially in the group of D-gal+Aβ25-35+HLD(P<0.01).Furthermore, these rats treated with Aβ25-35, D-gal, and hyperlipemia diet, exhibited significantly increased phosphorylation of tau, particularly in the Thr181 site.Conclusion Hyperlipoproteinemia is the risk factor for older person, which could strengthen the toxic effect of Aβ, and promote phosphorylation of tau.

阿尔茨海默病(AD)属于中医老年呆病范畴,该病的西医学发病机制仍在探索中,尚无有效的治疗药物.中医认为年老,气血阴阳亏虚、脏腑功能减退是AD发病的根本原因,该病基本病机为肾虚髓空、痰瘀阻滞脑窍,临床所见证型以肾精亏虚证兼夹痰浊阻窍、瘀血阻络证为主,但具体证型随患者的年龄、体质等因素又各有差异,因此现有的辨证分型标准不能全部概括临床所见患者的证型.

Objective To observe Tau protein phosphorylation in rats with three typical patterns of senile dementia, analyzing and summarizing the specificity of phosphorylation.Methods We ligated and dissected the left and right carotid arteries at one week's interval with intraperitoneal injection of D-galactose to establish senile dementia model in rats.Those rats then received the intervention of excessive sexual and physical exertion, high-fat feeding milk and low temperature environment respectively to establish the rat models of senile dementia with three different patterns (group K: kidney deficiency and essence loss pattern;group P: retention of phlegm and turbid substance in orifices pattern;group C: congealing cold and blood stasis pattern).Blood lipid, blood rheology and serum testosterone were measured to identify whether those model was built successfully.Different positions of Tau phosphorylation sites were measured with Western blot method.Results In the Tau protein proline-rich region, compared with the diseased groups, phosphorylation level increased significantly at the sites of 205 and 231 in group P.This increase was also present at sites of 181, 205, and 231 in group K and 205, 231 and 262 in group C.At the C-terminal region, compared with the diseased group, phosphorylation level of P group and K group were significantly increased at the sites of 404, and the increase of group C was the highest among those groups.Conclusion There is specificity at the Tau protein phosphorylation sites in each typical senile dementia pattern.This study may reveal the scientific rationale for the presence of different patterns in the same disease.

Objective:To study the characteristic changes of tau protein phosphorylation in different syndrome types of Alzheimer's disease.Methods:Forty male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups:sham control group,disease control group,pattern of kidney essence deficiency group,and pattern of phlegm obstructing orifices group.Excepted sham control group,others wereinjected with D-gal (hypodermic injection),and injection of both side of CA 1 section in hippocampus with coagulated Aβ25-35 to create patterns combined with pattern of kidney essence deficiency model.Based on this,pattern of phlegm obstructing orifices group was fed with hyperlipemia diet to build the pattern.Morris water maze (MWM) test,Nissl's staining method,and Western blot method were used to observe the memory of study,the apoptosis of hippocampal neuron,as well as the specific site change of tau protein hyperphosphorylation in rats.Results:In morris water maze (MWM) test,the hiding and escaping period of rats in disease control group,pattern of kidney essence deficiency group,and pattern of phlegm obstructing orifices group were significantly longer than in sham control group.Time spent in the target quadrant was significantly decreased (P＜0.01).Times across the platform was also significantly decreased (P＜0.01).In Nissl's staining test,there were different levels of neuron apoptosis in disease control group,pattern of kidney essence deficiency group,and pattern of phlegm obstructing orifices group,compared with those in sham control group (P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Compared with disease control group,the apoptosis in phlegm obstructing orifices group was the most significant (P＜0.01).In Western blot test,the rats in pattern of phlegm obstructing orifices group exhibited significantly increased phosphorylation of tau protein in the Thr181 site of hippocampus tissue (P＜0.01).Conclusion:Hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in Thr181 site might be characteristic micro pathological change of AD pattern of phlegm obstructing orifices.

阴阳学说是我国古代哲学的重要内容,该学说被应用到中医学后得到了丰富和完善.近年学者对阴阳的研究多集中于对其物质实体的探索,并将其与现代哲学的矛盾相比较.但从阴阳概念的产生和演变,以及应用到医学中的阴阳来看,阴阳的本质并非物质实体,其与矛盾属于两种哲学体系中的概念.

通过对清末名医张生甫先生著作《虚劳要旨》进行整体分析和归纳,探赜其对虚劳病证的认知及其诊疗特色.其撰用内、难、金匮诸书,以劳倦、情志久伤脏腑阴阳气血为虚劳主要病因.诊治虚劳以甘温为大法,从五劳七伤立论,以心脾肾为大端,精研脉法,详论虚劳脉证,并在虚劳治疗中提出以情志相胜之法论治,注重静守调养对虚劳向愈的作用.其学术思想对虚劳病证及其他疾病的认知和诊疗具有一定的现实意义.

何梦瑶是清代著名医家,一生富于著述,尤以医学著作为丰,其中《医碥》为其代表性著作,故近代对《医碥》的研究较为丰富,而对其另一本妇科、儿科专著《三科辑要》则研究较少.故通过对《三科辑要》及相关文献的研究,探讨《三科辑要》的学术渊源及其特点,发现该书的内容主要源于《医宗金鉴》,而又兼采诸家之说,多有补充发挥,并能羽翼《医碥》,对《医宗金鉴》等经典医籍中的妇科和儿科知识在岭南地区的传播起到了积极的作用.