Objective: This study aimed to analyze occupational stress management in psychologists from Metropolitan Lima who implemented teleconsultation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Qualitative research was conducted following a reflexive thematic analysis design, comprising 12 semi-structured interviews with psychologists working in public and private spheres. Results: The results show that the pandemic led to a labor demand that entailed a cognitive and emotional work burden, and different ways of managing stress were used, such as perception of control at work, while using emotional, instrumental, and informative social support. Conclusions: Psychologists seek to cope with occupational stress through the perception of control at work and their search for social support.

Introduction: The university stage constitutes a critical period for students’ academic, professional, and personal development; however, it also represents a demanding context in which personal, academic, and institutional factors converge and may jeopardize student persistence. Objective: The study aimed to analyze the relationships among academic burnout, online distractors, study satisfaction, and academic self-efficacy in university students from Metropolitan Lima. Method: An explanatory and cross-sectional design was used. A total of 529 university students (63.3% women), aged between 18 and 38 (M = 20.1, SD = 3.3), voluntarily participated. Academic burnout was assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory–Student Survey (MBI-SS) along with the Online Homework Distractors Scale (OHSD), the Scale of Specific Perceived Self-Efficacy of Academic Situations (EAPESA), and the Study Satisfaction Scale. Results: The results indicated that the proposed model demonstrated a good fit (χ2(1) = 1.40, p = .236, CFI = .998, RMSEA = .028, SRMR = .007), revealing that study satisfaction was influenced by emotional exhaustion (β= −.16, p < .001), academic efficacy (β= .28, p < .001), and online distractors (β= −.22, p < .001), as well as academic self-efficacy (β =.22, p < .001). Discussion: No sufficient evidence was found to support the presence of indirect effects.

Although certain factors limit students’ scientific production, one such factor, i.e., teacher authoritarianism during the preparation of research papers, has received little attention to date. Objective: To design and validate the Perceptions of Teacher Authoritarianism in Research Scale (PTARS). This research took the form of an instrumental study, in which 816 students and graduates from state and private universities located in the three regions of Peru participated voluntarily. The process by which the scale was constructed involved 10 stages, and the initial version of the scale consisted of 20 items. The data were subjected to descriptive analysis, exploratory factorial analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), alongside tests of measurement invariance and reliability. The re-specification of the exploratory three-factor model, excluding items 7, 8, and 11 due to factorial complexity, significantly improved the fit indices. This was reflected in a reduction of the RMSEA from 0.274 to 0.067 and an increase of the CFI to 0.997. Subsequently, in the confirmatory factor analysis, the final 10-item model (Model 5) demonstrated excellent fit (χ² = 47.81, RMSEA = 0.02) and high internal consistency (ω ≥ 0.90 for all factors). In the invariance analysis, the configural model showed no differences exceeding the established cut-off points (ΔRMSEA < .015; ΔCFI ≤ .010), supporting the stability of the model across different gender groups. This study represents an important step in the process of evaluating teacher authoritarianism during the preparation of research papers; therefore, the PTARS serves as a tool that, according to the results of this research, is both valid and reliable.

IntroductionPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been one of the major psychological consequences observed during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is essential to have valid and reliable instruments for its assessment.ObjectiveTo evaluate the internal structure and reliability of a brief SPRINT-E-based measure for screening post-traumatic stress symptoms in Latin American populations during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThis was an instrumental study using the Short Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Rating Interview (SPRINT-E) scale, administered to more than 6,000 participants across 12 Latin American countries. Descriptive statistics and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to evaluate the factorial structure and internal consistency of the instrument.ResultsItem 4 showed the highest mean score (M = 0.85) and the greatest dispersion (SD = 0.78). The CFA supported the original unidimensional 12-item model, which demonstrated satisfactory goodness-of-fit indices. The PTSD-COVID-19 scale showed a Cronbach’s α of 0.92 (95% CI: 0.91–0.92), indicating excellent internal consistency.ConclusionThe PTSD-COVID-19 scale showed acceptable evidence of internal structure and excellent internal consistency as a brief instrument for screening post-traumatic stress symptoms in Latin American adults during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introduction: The quality of training for qualified human resources in stomatology depends on the motivations of university students. However, in the Peruvian context, there are few studies that validly and reliably assess these motivations. Methods: Cross-sectional instrumental study, in which 627 male and female students enrolled in the dentistry program at a university in Peru voluntarily participated. The instrument validated was the scale of motivations for studying dentistry validated in Cuban students. It consists of seven items distributed across two dimensions. To determine content validity, Aiken's V coefficient was used; construct validity was determined using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA); reliability was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient; and measurement invariance was determined according to gender. Results: All items received a favorable evaluation from the judges (V > 0.70). The CFA managed to corroborate the original model of 2 factors. In this case, the goodness of fit indexes was adequate: chi(2)(2) = 29.294, p = 0.004, CFI = 0.902, RMSEA = 0.048 and SRMR = 0.020. The configurational invariance resulted in an acceptable adjustment chi 2(10) = 27.62, p = 0.00, CFI = 0.986, RMSEA = 0.059, SRMR = 0.045. Finally, the reliability of each dimension was very good (alpha > 0.80). Conclusions: The MEEP-7 scale showed adequate reliability and validity in Peruvian dentistry students. This makes it a valuable tool for selection, training, and professional evaluation processes in the field of dentistry.

IntroductionWe live in a society marked by the speed and immediacy of digital systems that cause an inclination towards instant gratification. This trend is having a direct impact on university contexts, affecting how students approach their academic tasks.AimTo design and validate an instant gratification scale in the context of university academic tasks (GI-12).MethodAn instrumental study was conducted with an intentionally non-probabilistic sample of 1,145 university students from both sexes across the three regions of Peru. The instrument was developed in 10 stages following the recommendation of experts in the field. The first version consisted of 27 items with response options in a five-point Likert format. The analysis aimed to assess content-based validity, internal structure-based validity, and reliability.ResultsAll items proved to be clear, relevant, and representative (V > .70). The analysis with AFE suggested an underlying structure of two factors: avoidance of prolonged effort (F1) and search for immediate gratification and distraction (F2), composed of 12 items (KMO = .91, Bartlett = p ≤ .001), with factor loadings greater than the cut-off .40 (.42 and.81). Subsequently, the AFC corroborated this structure (RMSEA = .041, SRMR = .045, CFI = .968). Regarding its reliability, it achieved an Omega coefficient of 0.88 for the first factor and 0.79 for the second factor.ConclusionThe IG-12 presents its first psychometric evidence, which suggests that this tool is valid and reliable. In this way, it is the first measure with which the tendency to prefer immediate rewards over prolonged efforts required in the fulfillment of university academic tasks can be evaluated.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue diseñar y validar una escala para medir el aumento del atractivo facial autopercibido derivado del uso de mascarillas quirúrgicas. Se realizó un estudio instrumental transversal con 883 adolescentes en edad escolar de la región Puno, Perú, utilizando un muestreo intencional no probabilístico. La construcción del instrumento implicó la revisión de la literatura reciente, el desarrollo de ítems a través de un enfoque cualitativo y la realización de una validación preliminar de los ítems. Los análisis incluyeron análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y confirmatorio (AFC). En la revisión por expertos, todos los ítems obtuvieron puntuaciones favorables en cuanto a claridad, relevancia y representatividad (V > .70). Al aplicar el AFE (KMO = .83 y prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett, p < .001), la estructura subyacente identificó 5 ítems distribuidos en un solo factor. Esto fue corroborado mediante un AFC, donde se obtuvo un buen ajuste del modelo unifactorial (χ2 = 81.49, p < .01, gl = 5, TLI = .98, CFI = .99, RMSEA = .07, SRMR = .05). Además, todos los ítems presentaron cargas factoriales significativas (> .30). La escala desarrollada es un instrumento válido y confiable para evaluar en qué medida el uso de mascarillas quirúrgicas aumenta el atractivo facial autopercibido en adolescentes del sur del Perú.

IntroductionMistreatment in thesis advising is a problem that affects the mental health of university students. As a measurement resource, the scale of mistreatment towards the thesis advisor (EMAT) evaluates this phenomenon from three dimensions: mistreatment by the advisor, the thesis jury, and the administrative staff.ObjectiveTo analyze the psychometric structure of the EMAT using network analysis to examine the interactions among the dimensions of academic abuse in the thesis advising process.MethodologyThis research belongs to the instrumental design, crosssectional, and was carried out in 514 Peruvian university students, selected through intentional nonprobabilistic sampling. The psychometric properties were evaluated through Exploratory Graphic Analysis (EGA) and bootstrap procedures (bootEGA), using the R software.ResultsA solid and stable three-dimensional structure was evidenced. From the bootEGA, items with low replicability were eliminated, which allowed the identification of three clearly differentiated communities: mistreatment by the advisor, the thesis jury, and the administrative staff, with high levels of stability (replication ≥.94). Finally, robust loads were observed in each dimension, supporting the scale's structural validity and reliability.ConclusionThe EMAT presents a stable three-dimensional structure to evaluate abuse towards the thesis advisor, constituting a psychometrically solid tool for the identification and prevention of these situations in the university environment.

Introducción. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar si la dependencia emocional y autoestima predicen el bienestar psicológico en estudiantes universitarios peruanos Método. Se desarrolló un estudio de diseño predictivo y de corte transversal. Se contó con la participación voluntaria de 465 estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Tarapoto, de los cuales 252 (54,2%) eran varones, cuyas edades oscilaron entre 17 y 37 años (M = 21,26 y DS = 2,90). Para la medición de las variables, se utilizó; la escala de dependencia emocional de Lemos y Londono validada por Ventura y Caycho (2016); escala de autoestima de Rosenberg (EAR) y la (2018) y escala de Bienestar psicológico (BIEPS-A). Resultados. Los resultados muestran que la dependencia emocional y autoestima predicen significativamente el bienestar psicológico (c2(50) = 180.1, p < .001, CFI = .934, RMSEA = .079, SRMR = .072). Discusión y conclusiones. La dependencia emocional y autoestima predicen el bienestar psicológico.

Introducción la calidad de la formación de recursos humanos calificados en estomatología depende de las motivaciones que presentan los universitarios. Sin embargo, en el contexto peruano son escasos los estudios que evalúan de manera válida y confiable estas motivaciones. Métodos estudio instrumental de corte transversal, donde participaron voluntariamente 627 alumnos de ambos sexos inscritos en la carrera de estomatología de una universidad en Perú. El instrumento objeto de la validación fue la escala de Motivaciones para Estudiar Estomatología, validada en estudiantes cubanos. Consta de 7 ítems distribuidos en 2 dimensiones. Para determinar la validez basada en el contenido se recurrió al coeficiente V de Aiken, la validez del constructo se determinó mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC), la confiabilidad mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach y la invariancia de medición según el género. Resultados todos los ítems recibieron una evaluación favorable por parte de los jueces (V > 0,70). El AFC corroboró el modelo original de 2 factores, en este caso, los índices de bondad de ajuste fueron adecuados: χ2(2) = 29,294; p = 0,004; CFI = 0,902; RMSEA = 0,048 y SRMR = 0,020. La invariancia configuracional resultó en un ajuste aceptable: χ2(10) = 27,62; p = 0,00; CFI = 0,986; RMSEA = 0,059; SRMR = 0,045. La fiabilidad de cada dimensión fue muy buena (α > 0,80). Conclusión la escala MEEP-7 mostró una confiabilidad y validez adecuadas en estudiantes de Estomatología peruanos. Esto la convierte en una herramienta valiosa para procesos de selección, formación y evaluación profesional en el área de la estomatología.

BackgroundThesis advisee mistreatment is a phenomenon that has been increasingly documented in recent years. With the emergence of validated instruments, it is now possible to measure not only its prevalence but also its association with the mental health of the university population.ObjectiveTo analyze the relationship between thesis advisee mistreatment and depression, anxiety, and stress in university students and graduates.MethodsThis was an explanatory study in which 514 undergraduate students and graduates from the three regions of Peru participated voluntarily. Data were collected using the Thesis Advisee Mistreatment Scale (EMAT) and the DASS-21 scale. Structural equation modeling was performed to analyze the relationship.ResultsThe latent factor mistreatment, defined by the advisor (λ = 0.91), the committee (λ = 0.96), and the administrative staff (λ = 0.83), showed significant standardized associations with stress (β = 0.59), anxiety (β = 0.59), and depression (β = 0.61). In this regard, mistreatment explained 35% of the variance in stress (R2 = 0.349), 35% in anxiety (R2 = 0.346), and 38% in depression (R2 = 0.377).ConclusionMistreatment perpetrated by all authority figures involved in the thesis process showed positive and strong associations with mental health problems. These findings suggest that a climate of persistent threat affects the confidence of university students and graduates who are working on a thesis, activating mechanisms of uncertainty and worry that, if sustained over time, could derive into symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress. On the other hand, given the cross-sectional design of the study, causal inferences cannot be drawn, for which reason longitudinal studies are recommended in order to establish the temporal directionality of these relationships.

This study addresses the use of ChatGPT as a psychometric scale applied to university students, a topic of great relevance in the current academic and technological landscape. Given the rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) and its increasing integration into educational environments, it is essential to examine how students interact with AI-powered tools. The research employed a quantitative methodology, incorporating both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to determine the factor structure of the scale. In addition, reliability measures such as McDonald's omega and Cronbach's alpha were used to assess internal consistency. The results demonstrated strong validity and reliability, indicating that the scale is a robust tool to assess the use of ChatGPT in academic contexts. One of the key contributions of this study is its empirical evaluation of ChatGPT through a robust psychometric analysis. By applying well-established validation methods, this research ensures that the proposed scale is reliable and valid for use in educational settings.

IntroductionExtortion has become a growing problem for public security in Latin America, especially in Peru, where an increase in the rate of victims of extortion has intensified citizens’ fear.ObjectiveThe objective was to explore the relationship between worry about the possibility of being a victim of extortion and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress.MethodsA cross-sectional explanatory study was conducted with 1222 Peruvian adults (59.25% men; average age = 26.51 years) from the three regions of Peru (coast, mountains, and jungle), selected through intentional non-probabilistic sampling. Participants completed the Concern about Becoming a Victim of Extortion Scale (BECS; 8 items) and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-13). With the data, a structural equation model with the WLSMV estimator was used to test the hypothetical model.ResultThe structural model demonstrated an adequate adjustment (CFI = 0.986, TLI = 0.984, RMSEA = 0.067, SRMR = 0.036). In this case, worry about being a victim of extortion showed a large, direct, and significant effect on stress (β=0.553, R²=0.306) and anxiety (β=0.519, R²=0.269). At the same time, it had a moderate, direct, and significant effect on depression (β=0.427, R²=0.182).ConclusionConcern about the possibility of being a victim of extortion is significantly associated with higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression in the sample studied. These findings are preliminary and require replication in probabilistic samples before generalizing them to the Peruvian population.

Since the cold war, the population have not felt so much fear about the outbreak of the Third World War, sensation revived with the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. The aim is to validate a test in Latin America that measures fear perception and concern about a world war. It is an instrumental study using Google Forms. It obtained 1684 participants in eight countries in Latin America. The creation of the first instrument was based on previous questionnaires that measured fear in the face of unexpected events, and other specific questions were added in the context of the war. Subsequently, the entire validation process was carried out. It was calculated the values of skewness, kurtosis, and communalities. Exploratory factor analysis showed that two factors were generated, confirmed by the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin test (KMO = 0,962) and Barlett’s test (19558.5; df = 78; p = 0.000). Confirmatory factor analysis yielded seven items in two factors (χ2 = 139,85, df = 13, p = 0.001; RMR = 0.050; GFI = 0.980; CFI = 0,990; TLI = 0.980; and RMSEA = 0.080). The global Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92 (for factor 1 = 0.98, and factor 2 = 0.88). The final instrument with seven questions allows to measure adequately general fear (factor 1), and physical and mental repercussions due to the possibility of the outbreak of a world war (factor 2).

The objective of this study is to analyze the evidence of validity, factorial invariance, and reliability of the Emotional Fatigue Scale in Peruvian university professors. Instrumental and cross-sectional design research was carried out, with the participation of 604 Peruvian university professors from the three regions of the country (Coast, Highlands, and Jungle) and with ages ranging from 21 to 65 years (M = 44.27 and SD = 9.15), who were selected with the intentional non-probabilistic sampling method. The descriptive analyses of the items were adequate and the polychoric correlation matrix with which the confirmatory factor analysis was performed was adequate. The results show a one-dimensional structure of 9 items, because item 10 had to be eliminated [chi(2)(27) = 98.7, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.993, RMSEA = 0.067 y SRMR = 0.029]. The resulting factor loads are between 0.57 and 0.93 and the internal consistency is adequate (omega = 0.95). It was also found that the scale presents evidence of invariance according to sex, age, and working hours and of convergent validity with the scales of psychological distress (r = 0.64, p < 0.001) and life satisfaction (r = -0.46, p < 0.001). In conclusion, the ECE-PU is a brief measure that has adequate psychometric properties and is useful to assess emotional exhaustion in Peruvian university professors.

El bienestar financiero ayuda a reducir el estrés y mejorar la calidad de vida. Ante la escasez de instrumentos validados en Perú, se tuvo como objetivo analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Financial Distress/Financial Well-Being Scale en trabajadores de la sierra peruana. Bajo un estudio de diseño instrumental, participaron voluntariamente 1.059 trabajadores de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 65 años. Los participantes fueron reclutados de tres ciudades del sur peruano: Cuzco, Arequipa y Puno. Como resultados, todos los ítems fueron evaluados favorablemente por los jueces expertos. La estructura interna se validó mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio, con el que se confirmó el modelo original: CFI = .992, RMSEA = .063, SRMR = .027, teniendo cargas factoriales entre .34 y .79, y una fiabilidad muy buena (ω = .82). También la escala demostró ser invariante según género y tipo de trabajo, con correlaciones significativas con otros instrumentos que miden el estrés financiero, el bienestar general y la satisfacción con la vida, lo que da cuenta de su validez convergente. En conclusión, la Escala de Bienestar Financiero traducida y adaptada al contexto peruano (EBF-Per) es una medida breve, válida y confiable para trabajadores peruanos, por lo que puede ser útil en investigaciones orientadas a evaluar el nivel de bienestar financiero.

El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar el grado de influencia de la comunicación familiar y autoconcepto familiar sobre la satisfacción con la vida en estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Juliaca. Se empleó un diseño predictivo transversal y un muestreo no probabilístico. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 823 estudiantes universitarios. El 56,3% eran mujeres, cuyas edades oscilaban entre 17 y 38 años (M = 22,02 y DS = 4,82). Se utilizó Escala de comunicación Familiar (FCS), Escala de autoconcepto AF5 de García y Musitu (ECT) y Escala de satisfacción con los estudios (EBSE). Los resultados muestran que el modelo propuesto tuvo un buen ajuste c2(186) = 781.8, p < .001, CFI = .974, RMSEA = .062, SRMR = .040, evidenciando que la comunicación familiar (b = .22, p < .001) y el autoconcepto familiar (b = .52, p < .001) influyen sobre la satisfacción con la vida. Se concluye que la comunicación familiar y el autoconcepto familiar influyen en la satisfacción con la vida en estudiantes universitarios.

Objective to analyze the factorial structure of the Future Expectations Scale (FES), invariance, and validity based on the relation with other variables for Peruvian university students. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study with an instrumental design was used. The FES was administered virtually and distributed on social networks to 708 university students aged 18–35 years (mean = 21.30 years; SD = 4.20). A confirmatory factor analysis, invariance, and validity based on the relation with other variables of the FES was performed. Results The results confirmed the four-factor structure of the FES (χ 2 (59) = 247.1, p < .001, CFI = .983, RMSEA = .075, and SRMR = .039). Moreover, it can be used on individuals of both genders and is reliable (ω > 0.80). Conclusion The evidence of validity was also obtained based on the relation with other variables. The FES is a valid, reliable, and sex-invariant instrument for Peruvian university students.

There is still much resistance, myths, beliefs, and misconceptions regarding the seeking of mental health services for diagnosis and treatment. The objective was to validate an instrument to determine why Peruvian workers would not seek mental health professionals. In an instrumental study, literature was searched, and mental health professionals were asked about the most common reasons for not attending consultations. An expert panel undertook exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA), which were applied to a large population. Descriptive and instrumental statistics were used for the data. The 20 experts gave excellent ratings to the initial questions. In the pilot (250 people), it was confirmed that all questions had saturations >0.40. The item modification technique was also performed, eliminating six questions. With the CFA in 1312 respondents, it was seen that the goodness-of-fit indices were not adequate for three questions, then the index modification technique was used, achieving a satisfactory factorial structure model (χ2 = 61.497; df = 9; p < 0.001; RMR = 0.015; TLI = 0.984; CFI = 0.990, and RMSEA = 0.067). A scale of six questions was validated to measure the most important reasons why Peruvian workers do not want to attend mental health consultations.