Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV) is a highly destructive plant virus that poses a significant threat to cassava cultivation. It causes severe symptoms, including distinctive leaf mosaic patterns and stunted plant growth. Here, transcriptome sequencing revealed that SLCMV infection induced widespread transcriptional reprogramming, with 10,164 differentially expressed genes-6910 up-regulated and 3254 down-regulated. Notably, the down-regulated genes were primarily associated with plant chloroplast components and photosynthesis pathways. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis confirmed the suppression of key genes involved in photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII). Further investigation revealed that SLCMV infection disrupted chloroplast ultrastructure and reduced total chlorophyll content, thereby inhibiting photosynthetic capacity in Nicotiana plants. Importantly, our findings highlighted the critical role of the SLCMV-encoded BC1 protein in repressing photosynthesis-related gene expression and attenuating overall photosynthetic activity. SLCMV-encoded movement protein BC1 down-regulates the expression of photosynthesis-related genes and disrupts chloroplast structure, ultimately leading to reduced photosynthetic activity.

N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a prevalent and functionally significant RNA modification regulating mRNA metabolism. While m6A modification in plant mRNA is well-characterized, its role in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) function has remained largely unexplored in plants. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of two recent findings that Arabidopsis rRNA N(6)-adenosine-methyltransferase 5 (METTL5) specifically mediates m6A deposition at position A1771 of the 18S rRNA—an event that plays a pivotal role in ribosome assembly and translation of stress-responsive genes.

Yucha is a traditional high-salt fermented fish product whose spontaneous fermentation often leads to unstable quality and excessive biogenic amines (BAs). In this study, two salt-stress domesticated BA-degrading strains, L. pentosus ZFM94 ale-N2 and S. epidermidis FCH210 ale-N8, were developed through adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) and evaluated for their biocatalytic potential during Yucha fermentation. Compared with the parental strains, both evolved strains showed improved salt tolerance, BA-degrading capacity and cell-envelope integrity under salt stress, while mutations in genes encoding rhamnose metabolism, D-alanylation of teichoic acids, and ABC transporters might contribute to the osmotic adaptation of ZFM94 ale-N2. In Yucha fermentation, mixed fermentation (MF) group exhibited lower total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), alleviated protein oxidation, and markedly decreased BAs accumulation compared with natural fermentation (NF), ZFM94 ale-N2 fermentation (LpF), and FCH210 ale-N8 fermentation (SeF) groups. At day 28, the MF group showed the most desirable volatile profile, characterized by enhanced levels of ethanol, 1-octen-3-ol, benzaldehyde, 3-ethyl-benzaldehyde, and acetic acid. In parallel, inoculated fermentation reshaped the microbial community toward dominance of beneficial taxa (Lactiplantibacillus, Weissella) and induced broad metabolomic reprogramming involving amino acid, nucleotide, lipid, and transport-associated pathways, thereby promoting the formation of umami amino acids, flavor nucleotides, and unsaturated fatty acids.

The cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major pest of numerous crops. Plant responses to cotton bollworm attack are generally attributed to two primary factors: physical wounding and components of insect oral secretions. Discriminating between these responses is critical for understanding plant defense and developing pest control strategies. In this study, we found that cotton bollworm infestation specifically upregulated the expression of NtNAC29 and NtNAC94, whereas mechanical wounding did not. Functional analyses revealed that silencing either gene promoted bollworm growth, whereas overexpression suppressed larval development. These results demonstrated that NtNAC29 and NtNAC94 had pivotal roles in enhancing plant resistance to bollworm. Further analyses showed that both NAC transcription factors regulated the expression of Cysteine Protease Inhibitor 8 (NtCPI8) by binding to specific sites within the NtCPI8-1 and NtCPI8-2 promoters. Consistently, NtCPI8 exhibited a similar defensive role, significantly inhibiting cotton bollworm growth as reflected by reduced larval weight gain and shorter body length. Overall, our findings suggest that tobacco plants recognize cotton bollworm attack and activate downstream defense responses, including the induction of NtNAC29 and NtNAC94. These transcription factors in turn upregulate NtCPI8 expression, thereby strengthening plant resistance against insect herbivory. Notably, this NAC-CPI regulatory module is conserved among different crop species, providing a promising target for improving crop protection against herbivorous insects.

Aphids threaten many economically important crops by extracting plant sap and efficiently transmitting plant viruses. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying plant-aphid interactions, we performed mRNA, circRNA, and microRNA sequencing to investigate the response of tobacco plants to infestation by the aphid Myzus persicae. Our results revealed that aphid infestation significantly upregulated 1,091 genes and downregulated 407 genes. Notably, differentially expressed genes were enriched in several key pathways, including the MAPK signaling pathway, α-linolenic acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and plant-pathogen interactions. Analysis of circRNA expression identified 53 circRNAs with significant changes following aphid infestation. However, neither their predicted miRNA targets nor their host genes exhibited altered expression levels, suggesting that circRNAs may play previously uncharacterized roles in plant responses to aphid attack. Approximately 400 miRNAs were predicted in each library, with nearly two-thirds identified as novel. Among them, 22 miRNAs were differentially expressed in response to aphid infestation, but only 8 were predicted to target mRNAs, indicating a selective role of miRNAs in regulating gene expression during the aphid response. In summary, our findings shed light on the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms activated in tobacco during aphid infestation. Our findings provide a basis for future studies of aphid-responsive regulatory mechanisms in plants.

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a significant threat to tomato cultivation globally, transmitted exclusively by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. While previous research suggests that the TYLCV C2 protein plays a role in fostering mutualistic interactions between the virus and its insect vectors, the specific mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we show that the C2 protein interferes with the salicylic acid (SA) defence pathway by disrupting TCP7-like transcription factor-mediated regulation of TGA2 expression. Whitefly infestation increases the expression of TCP7-like transcription factors (TCP7-L1 and TCP7-L2), which subsequently trigger TGA2-dependent activation of BGL2 transcription, enhancing plant resistance to whiteflies. However, the TYLCV C2 protein interacts with these TCP7-like factors, reducing their binding affinity to the TGA2 promoter, which in turn suppresses BGL2 expression in the SA signalling pathway. These findings provide new insights into how TYLCV C2 modulates TCP7-like protein activity to impair SA-mediated defences, contributing to the mutualistic relationship between TYLCV and whiteflies. This work deepens our understanding of the complex regulatory networks underlying these virus-vector-host interactions.

Umami and bitter peptides generated by microbial metabolism are essential to the taste of low-salt fish sauce.

Living organisms are constantly exposed to various DNA damaging agents. While the mechanisms of DNA damage and DNA repair are well understood, the impact of these agents on RNA secondary structure and subsequent function remains elusive. In this study, we explore the effects of DNA damaging reagent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) on arabidopsis gene expression and RNA secondary structure using the dimethyl sulfate (DMS) mutational profiling with sequencing (DMS-MaPseq) method. Our analyses reveal that changes in transcriptional levels and mRNA structure are key factors in response to DNA damaging agents. MMS treatment leads to the up-regulation of arabidopsis RBOHs (respiratory burst oxidase homologues) and alteration in the RNA secondary structure of GSTF9 and GSTF10, thereby enhancing mRNA translation efficiency. Redox homeostasis manipulated by RBOHs and GSTFs plays a crucial role in MMS-induced primary root growth inhibition. In conclusion, our findings shed light on the effects of DNA damaging agents on RNA structure and potential mRNA translation, which provide a new insight to understand the mechanism of DNA damage.

genome.fasta is Vo narna-like virus complete genomo file. JPSH_1.fq.gz and JPSH_1.fq.gz are transcriptome sequencing raw data. JPSH.fq.gz is siRNA sequencing raw data. trinity.JPSH.Trinity.fasta is Trinity assembly result. trinity.nr.JPSH is DIAMOND-BLASTX result

Inflammation bowel disease (IBD) has emerged as a public health challenge worldwide; with high incidence and rapid prevalence, it has troubled billions of people and further induced multitudinous systemic complications. Recent decade has witnessed the vigorous application of food-borne probiotics for IBD therapy; however, the complicated and changeable environments of digestive tract have forced probiotics to face multiple in vivo pressures, consequently causing unsatisfied prophylactic or therapeutic efficacy attributed to off-targeted arrival, damaged viability, insufficient colonization efficiency, etc. Fortunately, arisen hybrid technology has provided versatile breakthroughs for the targeted transplantation of probiotics. By ingeniously modifying probiotics to form probiotics hybrid systems (PHS), the biological behaviors of probiotics in vivo could be mediated, the interactions between probiotics with intestinal components can be facilitated, and diverse advanced probiotic-based therapies for IBD challenge can be developed, which attribute to the intelligent response to microenvironment of PHS, and intelligent design of PHS for multiple functions combination. In this review, various PHS were categorized and their intestinal behaviors were elucidated systematically, their therapeutic effects and intrinsic mechanism were further analyzed. Besides, shortages of present PHS and the corresponding solutions have been discussed, based on which the future perspectives of this field have also been proposed. The undeniable fact is that PHS show an incomparable future to bring the next generation of advanced food science. [GRAPHICS]

Diverse models have been long explored to impel the progress of food science, while Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) models applied in food toxicology and food function evaluation received vigorous advances recently. With multifaceted advantages such as short lifespan, apparent phenotypes and well-recognized genetic background, C. elegans is becoming a driving model organism in food science. In this review, we comprehensively reviewed the research progress of C. elegans models based on the literature published in past two decades, and systematically categorized the methods of C. elegans models' construction, summarized the applications of nematodes in food toxicology, mainly involved in microbial contamination, food additives, pesticide residues, heavy metals, food packaging, and physical pollution. C. elegans models' exploitations for functional foods assessments were also exemplified, and biological properties included anti-oxidant, anti-aging, anti-obesity, anti-glucotoxicity, anti-neurodegenerative and immunoregulation. Research gaps between present shortcomings and future orientations have been further discussed. We believed that this review would inspire ideas and strategies for further nematodes model's exploration and multi-models-cooperation in food science.

The application of low-salt fish sauce is limited by its tendency to spoil easily and inadequate flavor generation. Herein, a salt-tolerant Tetragenococcus halophilus 2MH-3 strain with strong abilities of enzyme production and biogenic amine degradation was utilized as a starter for the production of low-salt fish sauce. Bacterial community analysis revealed discrepancies in microbiota between low-salt fish sauces fermented with (Th group) or without 2MH-3 (LF group). Staphylococcus was the primary genus in the Th group at 1 M fermentation (47.42 %), followed by Psychrobacter (10.82 %), while Tetragenococcus swiftly ascended to the dominant status with a relative abundance of 5.88 % after 3 M fermentation. Conversely, the abundance of Tetragenococcus throughout the LF fermentation period was no significant change. In Th group, 118 volatile components were detected with 21 high-concentration flavor compounds being the primary flavor components (OAV ≥ 1), which were basically produced by Alkaliphilus, Psychrobacter, Tetragenococcus, Bacteroides and Staphylococcus based on the co-occurrence heatmaps after PLS-DA evaluation. Furthermore, the co-occurrence network map demonstrated that the decrease in key biogenic amines such as histamine, putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine, the increase in bacterial diversity, as well as the increase in 21 core volatile flavor compounds (OVA ≥ 1.0), were mainly caused by the addition of T. halophilus 2MH-3 in the low-salt fish sauce. Therefore, T. halophilus 2MH-3 could be utilized as an underlying microbial starter in the industrialization of fish sauce.

Dear Editor, Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),a complex syndrome char-acterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract,is considered a global health problem,especially prevalent in western developed countries and with accelerating incidence in the developing world over the last decade.1 To date,the primary etiology of IBD remains elusive.Accumulated evidence suggests a significant connection between intestinal inflammation and mito-chondrial dysfunction.2,3 Abnormalities in the structure and function of mitochondria have been observed in IBD patients and experimental models.4 However,the pathophysiological roles of various mitochondrial components in IBD are mainly unknown,necessitating the development of novel animal models to delineate pathogenic genes and unravel related mechanisms.

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important nonprotein amino acid that extensively exists in nature. At present, GABA is mainly obtained through chemical synthesis, plant enrichment, and microbial production, among which microbial production has received widespread attention due to its safety and environmental benefits. After using microbial fermentation to obtain GABA, it is necessary to be isolated and purified to ensure its quality and suitability for various industries such as food, agriculture, livestock, pharmaceutics, and others. This article provides a comprehensive review of the different sources of GABA, including its presence in nature and the synthesis methods. The factors affecting the production of microbial-derived GABA and its isolation and purification methods are further elucidated. Moreover, the main physiological functions of GABA and its application in different fields are also reviewed. By advancing our understanding of GABA, we can unlock its full potential and further utilize it in various fields to improve human health and well-being.

Teichoic acid (TA) is a weakly anionic polymer present in the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria. It can be classified into wall teichoic acid (WTA) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) based on its localization in the cell wall. The structure and biosynthetic pathway of TAs are strain-specific and have a significant role in maintaining cell wall stability. TAs have various beneficial functions, such as immunomodulatory, anticancer and antioxidant activities. However, the purity and yield of TAs are generally not high, and different isolation methods may even affect their structural integrity, which limits the research progress on the probiotic functions of TA. This paper reviews an overview of the structure and biosynthetic pathway of TAs in different strains, as well as the research progress of the isolation and purification methods of TAs. Furthermore, this review also highlights the current research status on the biological functions of TAs. Through a comprehensive understanding of this review, it is expected to pave the way for advancements in isolating and purifying high-quality TAs and, in turn, lay a foundation for contributing to the development of targeted probiotic therapies.

Our study aimed to discuss the correlation between microbial community succession and flavor formation during fast fermentation of three fish sauces, i.e., fermentation with Qu (FQ), insulation fermentation with Qu (IFQ) and insulation fermentation with enzyme (IFE), at the early (3M), middle (5M) and late (7M) stages. A total of 83 flavor compounds were identified in three samples, ethanol, 2-furanmethanol and 3,5-dimethyl-pyridine had the highest content in FQ sample, while oleic acid, decane and 2,5-octanedione were the key flavors in IFQ and IFE samples. During FQ fermentation, Halanaerobium was the predominant genus at the early stage, and its relative abundance declined gradually after 7M of fermentation. Halanaerobium, Staphylococcus and Lactobacillus were the dominant genera at 3M of IFE sample, but Tetragenococcus quickly occupied the dominant position after 7M. Acinetobacter played a dominant role during the fermentation of IFQ sample. Redundancy analysis showed that Tetragenococcus might promote the quality formation of IFQ and IFE, while Halanaerobium and Synechococcus led to the quality deterioration of FQ. Furthermore, Paenibacillus, Acetobacter, Lactobacillus, Tetragenococcus, Bacillus, Staphylococcus and Halanaerobium comprised the core microbiota responsible for the flavor generation in IFE group. These results provide new insights into the flavor formation of different fast-fermented fish sauces.

Plants respond to herbivore attack by emitting complex mixtures of volatile compounds to repel herbivores or attract predators and parasitoids. In this study, however, we revealed that tobacco green leaf volatiles (GLVs) were beneficial compounds for whitefly adaptation to host plants. Our study indicates that GLVs are closely associated with plant susceptibility to whiteflies. Whitefly infestation elevated the transcript of the hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) gene, one gene responsible for catalyzing the synthesis of C6 or C9 aldehydes from fatty acid hydroperoxides. Overexpression of HPL increased the emission of GLVs (hexanal, 1- hexanal, trans-2- hexanal and cis-3- hexanal) and resulted in improved performance for whiteflies. Exogenous application of GLVs promoted whitefly survival and fecundity and increased the plant's attraction to whiteflies. Thus, our study provides new insights into the role of the HPL pathway and GLVs in influencing herbivore adaptation to host plants.

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has been applied in multifield scientific studies with a long history and well-explained mechanisms. Based on systematic background, this model organism has been led to food science for about two decades, mainly contributing to food toxicology and nutrition evaluation. Given the unique characteristics of the transparent body, clear life cycle, short lifespan, simple culture technique, easy observation, simplex living conditions, large embryos and offspring for sufficient sample volume, clear genome background, and well-established mutants, C. elegans model is becoming a driving force in food science with high sensitivity, efficiency, accuracy, and profundity, as it combines the advantages both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we survey the state-of-the-art methods to build C. elegans models in food science. Regarding the nematodes in food science, we discuss their necessity and essentiality while analyzing the pros and cons. Potential challenges are summarized and the corresponding solutions are provided. Furthermore, futural developing trends and perspectives are envisioned. This review would provide useful information and inspiration for worms’ exploration and exploitation in the near future.

高盐、亚硝酸盐含量超标是榨菜生产中常见的问题.筛选降亚硝酸盐乳酸菌,评价其对发酵榨菜性能的影响,是提高榨菜安全和品质的有效方法之一.通过初步筛选,获得多株具降亚硝酸盐能力的乳酸菌菌株,其中植物乳杆菌ZJ316、LZ227和ZFM228有较强的亚硝酸盐降解能力,降解率高于93％.植物乳杆菌ZJ316在榨菜汁培养基中(含4％NaCl)产酸能力最强,产酸速度最快,培养24 h的发酵液pH值降至4.10,可滴定酸度达0.14％.GC-MS分析表明,植物乳杆菌ZJ316在发酵过程中能产生丰富的醇类和酸类化合物,可赋予榨菜优良的发酵风味.榨菜汁培养基中,植物乳杆菌ZJ316对亚硝酸盐的降解率为95.23％,最适耐受范围0～3.60 mg/mL.植物乳杆菌ZJ316具有较好的应用潜力,可望应用于榨菜食品的生产.