An intrinsically stretchable electrochemical patch is developed for continuous sweat chloride monitoring. Fabricated entirely from solution-processed materials, the patch features an in situ converted Ag/AgCl nanowire electrode and a compliant thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based reference membrane. It enables real-time, on-body analysis during exercise, offering a low-cost strategy for wearable biomonitoring.

As the primary functional constituent of royal jelly, 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA) exhibits potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-aging activities. However, its practical application in cosmetic formulations has been severely limited by poor aqueous and oily solubility. To overcome these drawbacks, a deep eutectic solvent composed of 10-HDA and matrine (designated HM-DES) was first prepared to improve its solubility. Furthermore, HM-DES was encapsulated into sodium hyaluronate-decorated liposomes named hyalurosomes (HA-HM-Lip) to further enhance its transdermal delivery efficiency. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR) verified that 10-HDA and matrine formed a stable, amorphous, homogeneous system through intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The optimized HA-HM-Lip formulation was prepared at a 10-HDA-to-matrine molar ratio of 10:8. Zeta potential measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the successful coating of sodium hyaluronate onto the liposomal surface. The resulting formulation exhibited excellent stability under various physicochemical stresses, including different temperatures, freeze–thaw cycles, dilution, and high-ionic-strength environments. In vitro transdermal permeation studies revealed that HA-HM-Lip significantly enhanced the deposition of 10-HDA in the stratum corneum, viable epidermis and dermis compared with free 10-HDA, HM-DES, and HM-Lip. Moreover, the HA-HM-Lip system efficiently scavenged DPPH and superoxide anion radicals. Cellular assays revealed that HA-HM-Lip not only reduced intracellular ROS levels in HaCaT cells and markedly suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6, and TNF-α), but also promoted HaCaT cell migration and effectively attenuated senescence in HFF-1 cells. In summary, the HA-HM-Lip nanodelivery system established in this study effectively improves the solubility and transdermal permeability of 10-HDA while enhancing its biological activities.

Stretchable electronics are poised to revolutionize smart wearables and biomedical implants, yet their progress is hindered by the lack of biocompatible and easily functionalized conductors. While silver nanowire (Ag NW)-based composites show promise, their cytotoxicity and chemical instability often require complex passivation with noble metal coatings. Here, we introduce a scalable in situ synthesis that directly converts a patterned blend of Ag NWs and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into a hierarchical core-shell architecture. The resulting material features a conductive nanocomposite core enveloped by a protective, CNT-rich shell, achieving high conductivity (5100 S/cm), stretchability (>200% strain), and carbon-like biocompatibility. Its broad electrochemical stability window permits direct electroplating of active materials required for physical and chemical sensing. We demonstrate the utility of this platform via soft electronic patches that conform to dynamic skins and organs. In a compelling in vivo application, these patches successfully recorded pathological electrograms and terminated arrhythmia via closed-loop pacing therapy on a rabbit heart. This work establishes a general strategy for creating biocompatible compliant conductors as a key enabler for stretchable devices in health monitoring, medical therapies, and human-machine interfaces.

ABSTRACT The hybrid integration of soft, deformable devices with rigid silicon‐based circuitry is essential for realizing next‐generation stretchable electronics capable of complex data processing and communication. A critical challenge in this field is the lack of a reliable and universal strategy for establishing robust electrical and mechanical interfaces between the disparate electronic platforms. Here, we introduce a soft, double‐sided conductive nanocomposite tape that serves as a universal bonding layer to overcome this interconnection bottleneck. Fabricated via a scalable spray‐deposition process, the tape consists of silver nanowires (Ag NWs) embedded in a tackified styrene–isoprene–styrene (SIS) elastomer matrix. The high‐aspect‐ratio nanowire fillers enable high electrical conductivity (∼10 4 S/cm) at minimal loadings, while preserving ample elastomer surface to ensure strong adhesion strength. This design enables rapid assembly at room temperature using a “press‐and‐peel” lamination procedure, eliminating the need for surface treatments or thermal bonding. The resulting modular assemblies maintain their integrity under large and repeated tensile deformations. We demonstrate the versatility of this approach by creating stretchable PCB cables, multi‐channel epidermal sensor patches, and soft LED displays. This work establishes a scalable and universally applicable strategy for modular assembly in complex stretchable electronic systems.

Washability is essential for textile electronics to meet the demands of daily use. In this preview, we highlight textile-based electrochemical biosensors that incorporate moisture-resistant nanoflakes into ion-selective membranes, leading to substantially improved sensitivity and durability. These devices are integrated into a textile wristband designed for analyzing sweat biomarkers. Notably, they retain over 90% sensing capabilities for sodium, potassium, and protons even after 20 simulated washing cycles. This study marks a significant advancement toward washable and durable textile electronics for real-world applications.

Hydrogels are soft, tissue-like solids with promising potential in biomedical engineering and stretchable electronics. These applications require hydrogels to be shaped into intricate structures and combined with other polymers. This study introduces hybrid hydrogels that use elastomer foams as templates for controlled synthesis. Essentially, TPU foams can be easily structured into diverse 2D or 3D shapes using laser ablation. After hydrophilic modification, these foams absorb hydrogel precursors and crosslink into delicate features of up to 1 mm resolution. The resulting hydrogel/elastomer hybrid exhibits excellent stretchability, capable of withstanding tensile strains exceeding 300 %. Additionally, the hybrid hydrogels can easily bind to conductive CNT nano- composites, creating bilayer electrodes for wearable applications. Tissue adhesive polydopamine-polyacrylamide hydrogels are used to achieve conformal attachment to the skin, achieving lower contact impedance than commercial Ag/AgCl gel electrodes. These electrodes are integrated with stretchable circuits to create multifunctional patches for electrical stimulation and biopotential recording. An integrated epidermal sensing armband captures multichannel biopotential signals from the forearm, recognizing hand gestures through machine learning to act as a human-machine interface. The foam-templated synthesis introduced in this study offers convenient access to structured hydrogels and hydrogel/polymer hybrids for various cutting-edge applications.

Biocatalysis, which involves using enzymes to address synthetic challenges of significance to humans, has rapidly developed into a pivotal technology for chemical innovation. Over the past decade, there has been a notable increase in the use of metalloproteins as catalysts for abiotic, synthetically valuable carbene and nitrene transfer reactions. This trend highlights the adaptability of protein-based catalysts and our growing ability to harness this potential for novel enzyme chemistry. This review focuses on the most recent advancements in metalloenzyme-catalyzed carbene and nitrene transfer reactions, including cyclopropanation, carbene Y–H and C–H insertions, Doyle-Kirmse reactions, aldehyde olefinations, nitrene azide-to-aldehyde conversions, and nitrene C–H insertion. A variety of protein scaffolds have been engineered to offer varied levels of reactivity and selectivity towards pharmaceutically relevant compounds. The application of these new catalysts in preparative-scale synthesis underscores their emerging biotechnological significance. Furthermore, insights into key intermediate and determining factors in stereochemistry are offering valuable guidance for engineering metalloproteins, thereby expanding the scope and utility of these non-natural activities.

Wearable therapy represents a research frontier where material science, electrical engineering, and medical disciplines intersect, offering significant potential for remote and portable healthcare. Unlike conventional approaches that rely on rigid materials, the ability to stretch is crucial for therapeutic devices to achieve enhanced mechanical adaptability. Moreover, the conformable integration of these devices into the body is pivotal in establishing reliable interfaces for long-term treatment. These emerging devices provide an attractive platform for developing new therapeutic protocols that do not disrupt daily activities. This review comprehensively overviews recent progress in stretchable and body-conformable electronics for wearable therapeutic applications. The discussion begins with the design and fabrication of these devices through structural designs and material innovation. The therapeutic mechanisms adopted by these devices are then systematically explored. Furthermore, the article delineates the crucial characteristics of wearable therapeutic devices, such as biocompatibility, secure skin attachment, and effective moisture management. This review article is poised to inspire innovative device designs and treatment protocols for future medical technology.

Existing humidity sensors are often large in size and complex in structure due to the limitations of the power supply form. Traditional self-powered humidity sensor devices also often require complex preparation processes or have a narrow humidity response range and a low maximum voltage response, which significantly limits their application range. Herein, a paper-based fully printed flexible self-powered humidity sensor (FSHS), based on electrochemical principles, is proposed for the first time. This innovative sensor, combined with conventional screen-printing technology, enables the integration of low-cost, customizable, 2D, and non-contact humidity sensing devices. The anode ink, cathode ink, and sensing layer are printed on the paper as planar interdigital electrodes to form a FSHS with self-powered and humidity sensing functions. This sensor features a simple preparation process, a wide response range (11 %-95 % RH), ultra-high voltage response (1.03 V), excellent longterm stability, rapid response/recovery times, and excellent linearity between voltage response and humidity. It demonstrates exceptional flexibility, with virtually no change in voltage under extreme bending conditions. Additionally, this FSHS can be made into various shapes/patterns, making it ideal for wearable respiratory detection devices, non-contact buttons, and energy storage in specialized circumstances.

Stretchable electronics offer a promising body-integrated platform for next-generation biomedical devices. However, a significant barrier to their therapeutic efficacy lies in the absence of an efficient transdermal delivery modality. This study presents a stretchable electronic patch equipped with porous microneedles, specifically designed for the wearable treatment of cancer. This electronic patch incorporates an MXene heater that maintains stable temperatures when subjected to tensile deformations. Additionally, a textile dressing component utilizes embedded phase change carriers that enable the on-demand release of anticancer medications through electrothermal activation. The porous microneedles, produced via 3D printing, are engineered to effectively penetrate the epidermis, thereby facilitating successful drug delivery. Complementing these features are a flexible circuit and a compact battery, which together form an untethered wearable system capable of executing remote treatment commands from a smartphone. The combination of chemothermal therapy through electronic control has demonstrated substantial efficacy in inhibiting the growth of subcutaneous tumors. These advancements underscore the substantial potential of stretchable electronics for personalized wearable therapies that permit uninterrupted daily activities.

Gallium-based liquid metals hold promises for applications in stretchable electronics and beyond. However, these materials often encounter notable resistance increases during stretching and have negligible permeability to gases and liquids. This study presents an in situ structural transformation mechanism to create stretchable and permeable liquid metal micromeshes with strain-insensitive resistance. These micromeshes are fabricated by spin-coating liquid metal onto microfiber textiles and subjecting them to several stretching cycles. Consequently, the micromeshes transform from a smooth finish to wrinkled textures due to the growth in their oxide nanoskins. The distinct microstructure alters the stretching-relaxing mode to folding-unfolding, thereby minimizing fluctuations in resistance. The practical significance of this development is demonstrated through the fabrication of wearable heaters and LED matrices using transformed liquid metal micromeshes. Moreover, when integrated into Janus textiles featuring unidirectional water transport, these micromesh conductors act as sensing electrodes capable of acquiring high-fidelity biopotentials, even during intense sweating. These advancements highlight the capability of ambient air as a powerful reactive environment for tailoring the properties of microscale liquid metals.

Green tea is valued both for its distinctive flavor and its high levels of bioactive polyphenols. As consumer interest in product authenticity and quality continues to grow, there is a pressing need for simple and reliable methods to evaluate tea quality in a practical setting. In this work, we developed a colorimetric sensor array based on a single chromogenic probe, 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), for discriminating tea polyphenols and assessing green tea quality, including type, freshness, and adulteration. The system employs bimetallic platinum-palladium nanoparticles (B-PtPdNPs) with high oxidase-mimicking catalytic activity, which enables efficient oxidation of TMB under ambient conditions without additional oxidants. The strong catalytic performance facilitates the generation of distinct absorption peaks at 370, 450, and 650 nm, allowing multi-channel spectral responses that reflect the redox behavior of different tea polyphenols. To enhance portability and practical application, the colorimetric changes were captured via smartphone imaging, and RGB values were extracted for data analysis. Combined with linear discriminant analysis, this approach enabled accurate classification of five major polyphenols, their mixtures, and several green tea samples varying in type and storage history. The system also effectively identified adulterated Biluochun tea. This work demonstrates a robust and user-friendly strategy that integrates nanozyme catalysis and smartphone-based RGB analysis, offering a promising platform for on-site evaluation of tea quality and authenticity.

Terpenes, representing one of the most extensive classes of natural products, hold significant value in the fields of pharmaceuticals, fragrances, and biofuels. Extracting these compounds from natural sources is often environmentally unsustainable, and the structural diversity found in nature is inherently limited. Metabolic engineering using microbial hosts offers a scalable and sustainable alternative, utilizing optimized biosynthetic pathways—such as the mevalonate (MVA) and the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways—to achieve high-yield production of natural terpene scaffolds. This review focuses on the various strategies in developing microbial cell factories, ranging from enhancing precursor supply to optimizing terpene synthase systems. A new and promising frontier is the increase in structural diversity of terpenes by integration of non-biological chemical transformations into engineered biosynthetic pathways. We discuss the use of artificial metalloenzymes such as engineered cytochrome P450 variants that catalyze non-natural carbene transfer reactions (cyclopropanation). The merging of synthetic biology and synthetic chemistry goes beyond the normal synthesizing capabilities found in nature, which may pave the way for the design of “non-natural” terpenoids that contain new additions and better capabilities.

Flexible strain sensor-based smart textiles have promising applications in wearable devices. However, most existing smart textiles suffer from complex fabrication processes and inadequate control over the patterning and uniform deposition of conductive materials, which significantly hinder their commercialization. Herein, we propose a ternary composite ink system (graphene nanoplatelets/carbon black/PEDOT:PSS , G-C-P ink) by utilizing the synergistic effect of three different conductive components. This system exhibits superior rheological properties, enabling uniform deposition of patterned sensors on textile substrates through high-resolution screen printing. The synergistic interplay of ternary conductive materials overcomes the limitations of single/dual materials and endows the strain sensors with ultrahigh sensitivity (gauge factor = 1628 at 155-200% strain), broad working range (0-200% strain), and robust durability (>5000 cycles). Furthermore, stretchable interconnects based on silver fractal dendrites were integrated to extend the sensor array. Both sensors and interconnects were directly screen-printed onto the textile, achieving seamless compatibility with industrial textile manufacturing processes. Integration with printed circuit boards enabled a smart textile glove, demonstrating promising applications in gesture recognition and object-grasping recognition. This work establishes a scalable manufacturing paradigm for high-performance smart textiles and provides new possibilities for the commercialization of smart wearable textile systems.

Electronic tattoos present appealing forms of wearable devices operated directly on the skin. Although twodimensional transition metal carbides (MXenes) are promising material choices, their films are susceptible to fracturing when subjected to tensile deformations. This study presents electronic tattoos comprising MXenes and liquid metal microcapsules fabricated by spray deposition onto the skin. The resulting nanocomposite has a low sheet resistance of approximately 2.2 Omega/sq. and can be repetitively deformed to 50 % strain. The enhanced deformability is attributed to the release of liquid metal from the microcapsules upon stretching, facilitating the repair of cracks in the nanocomposite layer. In addition, the nanocomposite conforms to the skin, sticks well, and moves with the body. It is also resistant to friction and sweat, making it suitable for various applications. A bifunctional electronic tattoo has been further developed, showcasing its capability to acquire biopotential signals and deliver electrical stimulation. Our study effectively improves the deformability of MXene-based nanocomposites for electronic tattoos, achieving seamless device integration in the body.

Stretchable transparent electrodes are crucial components for deformable electronics. While solid-state electrodes struggle to achieve significant stretchability, liquid metal electrodes have emerged as a potential alternative. However, their widespread application has been limited by their complex fabrication and reduced performance when stretched. This study introduces stretchable transparent electrodes composed of liquid metal in serpentine micromesh patterns. These electrodes are constructed cost-effectively to show high optical transmittance and low sheet resistance. They can endure 800% strain with limited variations in resistance due to the serpentine design. A transparent proximity and touch sensor is combined with soft pneumatic actuators to enable a deformable haptic interface. Additionally, transparent heaters are prepared to conform to the curvilinear body surface, allowing for thermotherapy on subcutaneous tumors while concurrently monitoring the skin's responses. Liquid metal serpentine micromeshes represent promising transparent electrodes for stretchable devices and systems.

Inflammatory responses play a central role in coordinating biomaterial-mediated tissue regeneration. However, precise modulation of dynamic variations in microenvironmental inflammation post-implantation remains challenging. In this study, the traditional β-tricalcium phosphate-based scaffold is remodeled via ultrathin MXene-Ti3C2 decoration and Zn2+/Sr2+ ion-substitution, endowing the scaffold with excellent reactive oxygen species-scavenging ability, near-infrared responsivity, and enhanced mechanical properties. The induction of mild hyperthermia around the implant via periodic near-infrared irradiation facilitates spatiotemporal regulation of inflammatory cytokines secreted by a spectrum of macrophage phenotypes. The process initially amplifies the pro-inflammatory response, then accelerates M1-to-M2 macrophage polarization transition, yielding a satisfactory pattern of osteo-immunomodulation during the natural bone healing process. Later, sustained release of Zn2+/Sr2+ ions with gradual degradation of the 3D scaffold maintains the favorable reparative M2-dominated immunological microenvironment that supports new bone mineralization. Precise temporal immunoregulation of the bone healing process by the intelligent 3D scaffold enhances bone regeneration in a rat cranial defect model. This strategy paves the way for the application of β-tricalcium phosphate-based materials to guide the dynamic inflammatory and bone tissue responses toward a favorable outcome, making clinical treatment more predictable and durable. The findings also demonstrate that near-infrared irradiation-derived mild hyperthermia is a promising method of immunomodulation.

Stretchable electroluminescent devices represent an emerging optoelectronic technology for future wearables. However, their typical construction on sub-millimeter-thick elastomers has limited moisture permeability, leading to discomfort during long-term skin attachment. Although breathable textile displays may partially address this issue, they often have distinct visual appearances with discrete emissions from fibers or fiber junctions. This study introduces a convenient procedure to create stretchable, permeable displays with continuous luminous patterns. The design utilizes ultrathin nanocomposite devices embedded in a porous elastomeric microfoam to achieve high moisture permeability. These displays also exhibit excellent deformability, low-voltage operation, and excellent durability. Additionally, the device is decorated with fluorinated silica nanoparticles to achieve self-cleaning and washable capabilities. The practical implementation of these nanocomposite devices is demonstrated by creating an epidermal counter display that allows intimate integration with the human body. These developments provide an effective design of stretchable and breathable displays for comfortable wearing.

Compliant materials are crucial for stretchable electronics. Stretchable solids and gels have limitations in deformability and durability, whereas active liquids struggle to create complex devices. This study presents multifunctional yield-stress fluids as printable ink materials to construct stretchable electronic devices. Ionic nanocomposites comprise silica nanoparticles and ion liquids, while electrical nanocomposites use the natural oxidation of liquid metals to produce gallium oxide nanoflake additives. These nanocomposite inks can be printed on an elastomer substrate and stay in a solid state for easy encapsulation. However, their transition into a liquid state during stretching allows ultrahigh deformability up to the fracture strain of the elastomer. The ionic inks produce strain sensors with high stretchability and temperature sensors with high sensitivity of 7% °C-1. Smart gloves are further created by integrating these sensors with printed electrical interconnects, demonstrating bimodal detection of temperatures and hand gestures. The nanocomposite yield-stress fluids combine the desirable qualities of solids and liquids for stretchable devices and systems.

Stretchable electronics are crucial enablers for next-generation wearables intimately integrated into the human body. As the primary compliant conductors used in these devices, metallic nanostructure/elastomer composites often struggle to form conformal contact with the textured skin. Hybrid electrodes have been consequently developed based on conductive nanocomposite and soft hydrogels to establish seamless skin-device interfaces. However, chemical modifications are typically needed for reliable bonding, which can alter their original properties. To overcome this limitation, this study presents a facile fabrication approach for mechanically interlocked nanocomposite/hydrogel hybrid electrodes. In this physical process, soft microfoams are thermally laminated on silver nanowire nanocomposites as a porous interface, which forms an interpenetrating network with the hydrogel. The microfoam-enabled bonding strategy is generally compatible with various polymers. The resulting interlocked hybrids have a 28-fold improved interfacial toughness compared to directly stacked hybrids. These electrodes achieve firm attachment to the skin and low contact impedance using tissue-adhesive hydrogels. They have been successfully integrated into an epidermal sleeve to distinguish hand gestures by sensing muscle contractions. Interlocked nanocomposite/hydrogel hybrids reported here offer a promising platform to combine the benefits of both materials for epidermal devices and systems.