Discontinuous stratigraphy is often treated as an excavation and dating problem, especially in long-occupied coastal settlements where construction fills, refuse deposits, water-laid sediments, and reworked surfaces repeatedly overlap. This article argues that such deposits can instead reveal human action when read as outcomes of linked formation processes. Focusing on the Daxie site on China's eastern coast, this article develops a systemic approach that connects layer description with construction, maintenance, dumping, infilling, sealing, and reuse. Two case studies are examined: the construction, expansion, and integration of Qianshanyang-period salt-production platforms, dated to ca. 4400-4100 b.p., and a Song-Yuan waste disposal sequence in which an inherited depression was transformed through retaining walls, repeated dumping, post-depositional sorting and silting, and final leveling. Together, these sequences show complex stratigraphy as a material record of labor, spatial regulation, production, settlement management, coastal exchange, and long-term land use change.

The lower Yangtze River valley has widely been regarded as centres of rice domestication, tracing back to 10,000 cal a BP or even earlier in the late Pleistocene. Despite recent advances in both evidence of genetics and archaeology had shed light on the process of rice domestication, including its initiation, acceleration, and completion, the spatial pattern and intra-regional differences of rice domestication in the lower Yangtze River remain unclear. Here, rice bulliform phytoliths were selected as a proxy of the domestication trait and applied to Jingtoushan, Hemudu, Yushan and Xiawangdu sites, ranging from 8000 to 5000 cal a BP in the Ningshao Plain, along with accumulated phytolith data in the Jinqu Basin and Taihu Plain. Rice domestication in the lower Yangtze River exhibited a geographic mosaic pattern rather than the presumed synchronous process among different regions. Rice domestication was initiated during the Shangshan culture (10–8.5 cal ka BP) in the Jinqu Basin and increased rapidly, which reached even higher level than the subsequent Jingtoushan culture (8.3–7.8 cal ka BP) in the Ningshao Plain. During the middle Holocene, rice domestication in the Taihu Plain was generally higher than that in the contemporaneous Ningshao Plain which may finish hundreds of years later. In contrast to the accomplishment of rice domestication around 6000 cal a BP in the Taihu Plain, the delayed process of rice domestication in the Ningshao Plain may result from frequent marine inundation induced by sea-level fluctuation during the Jingtoushan and Hemudu cultures (7–5 cal ka BP).

鱼山遗址是宁绍平原河姆渡文化时期以来的重要遗存,其考古发现为探讨东部沿海地带长时间尺度的水稻驯化进程和人地关系提供了良好素材.高精度的植硅体分析表明,河姆渡时期以来水稻扇型个体呈现了变小稳定的趋势,并逐渐向中间型和长柄型演化,暗示先民是以种植粳型化的水稻为主;水稻扇型植硅体鱼鳞状纹饰的变化揭示了在河姆渡文化晚期,水稻的驯化基本完成.受海平面变化的频繁影响,该地的水稻驯化具有一定的滞后性,驯化的周期也有所延长.结合植硅体分析和多种研究成果,推断在河姆渡文化时期,鱼山遗址的稻作生产获得了较大发展;在河姆渡文化晚期,水稻逐渐成为先民植食性资源的主体;在滨海多变的环境背景下,鱼山遗址形成了以水稻种植为主,采集和渔猎并行的多元化生业模式.良渚晚期,伴随着水稻驯化的完成和生产工具的进步,推测出现了系统的水田耕作系统.商周时期,依托暖干的环境,稻作生产向集约化发展,为古越国的兴起奠定了基础.

方墩东周制盐遗址位于浙江省宁波市大榭开发区的大榭岛,出土了较多制盐陶器和少量日用陶器.制盐陶器均为放置在盐灶中以支撑煮盐器具的支臂和支脚,它们的制作可能已经有标准化倾向.结合遗址年代、位置、自然环境和文献记载来看,这是一处春秋晚期至战国早期由越国管辖的盐业生产聚落.

Human activity has transformed the Earth’s landscapes pervasively for thousands of years, and the most important anthropogenic alteration was the clearing of forests and the establishment of agriculture. As a center of rice domestication and early population growth, the lower Yangtze River has been extensively transformed in the Holocene. However, the timing, extent, and process of deforestation and its relationship with the intensification of rice cultivation remain controversial. Here, four representative archaeological sites ranging from 8,100 to 4,300 cal a BP, that is, Jingtoushan, Hemudu, Yushan, and Xiawangdu sites, were selected for detailed palynological analysis, and evidence of anthropogenic deforestation and subsistence strategy were also synthesized to investigate dynamic human–forest interaction. Although natural vegetation had already been altered at the Jingtoushan site around 8,000 cal a BP, it was more likely to be the management of acorns by limiting burning to open habitats and increasing yield. As the subsistence shifted from acorn exploitation toward rice cultivation after 6,000 cal a BP, real deforestation for agriculture may occur at the Yushan and Xiawangdu sites due to conflict on labor input and land use. However, these deforestations were just confined to the archaeological sites at local scale, and no consistent vegetation change occurred at regional scales induced by human activities until the last 3,000 years.

宁波北仑大榭遗址是宁绍地区一处新石器末期的岛屿聚落遗址,相当于良渚文化晚期和钱山漾时期.动物考古研究结果表明,当地先民的生计以"渔猎为主、饲养为辅".先民采用多样的狩猎手段获取各类鹿类动物、野猪、猕猴等野生动物,可能存在饲养猪的行为.鲻鱼、棘鲷属、硬头海鲶以及一部分软骨鱼等近海鱼资源的利用也是大榭的生计特色之一,体现了沿海地区因地制宜的生计策略.大榭遗址代表了新石器时代末期长江下游地区中小型村落的典型生业经济.本研究一方面为认识该地区的生计方式补充了新的材料,另一方面,也为探索中小型聚落的生业研究作出了尝试.

本文以宁波镇海乌龟山遗址出土鱼骨为研究对象,鉴定结果显示,乌龟山遗址出土鱼类有鸟鳢、鲤、鲶属、花鲈、鲻、棘鲷属、鲨形总目、鲼亚目,可能还包括石首鱼科.从河姆渡文化晚期到良渚文化时期,乌龟山先民适应了依山滨海的地理环境,在利用以鸟鳢为主的淡水鱼资源基础上,利用多种近岸海鱼,这种鱼类资源利用方式在宁绍平原滨海地区的河姆渡文化遗址中有一定代表性.研究根据出土鱼类的栖息环境和生活习性细化了以往对长江下游地区先民获取鱼类资源的笼统认识,将该地区新石器时代鱼类资源利用方式分为三种:以利用淡水鱼类为主;既利用淡水鱼类又利用近海鱼类;以利用近海鱼类为主,这是史前先民对陆地淡水资源和海洋资源不同程度的适应和开发造成的结果.

长江下游地区是南方稻作农业的起源中心之一,该地区的史前人类对于中国南方人群的遗传贡献不容忽视,然其古DNA数据尚属空白.通过成功获取大榭遗址一期小型墓葬出土人骨中的2个样本的线粒体基因组序列,发现大榭古人的母系遗传类型分别属于单倍群M7b下的两个支系M7b1a1、M7b*.检索已发表的古代各地区/考古文化的线粒体数据均未出现大榭古人的遗传类型,这一现象可能和缺乏长江流域稻作人群的古DNA数据有关.通过对大榭古人与现代各语系人群的谱系比较,大榭古人可能与侗台语人群的祖先有关,在一定程度上支持部分良渚古人可能沿海岸线南下的说法.

鱼山遗址位于浙江省宁波市镇海区,为一处以河姆渡和商周地层为主体的遗址.本次对鱼山遗址开展采样、浮选工作,获得了大量河姆渡时期、良渚时期和商周时期的植物遗存,包括水稻、菱角、芡实、橡子、葫芦等可食性植物资源遗存,以及近20种其他乔木类和杂草类遗存.根据浮选结果显示可知,在河姆渡文化时期,生业模式经历了一个以采集狩猎为主逐渐依赖农业的转变,对植物资源的利用也由野生植物资源逐渐转向以水稻为主.而商周时期,水稻则占据最主要的地位,遗址以种植水稻为单一的农业模式.鱼山遗址植物考古发现,为探讨河姆渡文化时期宁绍平原的植物资源利用模式提供了新的证据,也填补了长江下游商周时期植物考古研究的空白.

本文对宁波镇海鱼山遗址出土铜器及庶来遗址采集铜俑的填充金属进行了合金成分、金相及铅同位素比值分析.结果显示,鱼山遗址出土铜器材质以铜锡(铅)合金为主,合金化程度较高;成型工艺以铸造为主,部分器物可能经历过铸后加工.庶来遗址采集铜俑的填充物材质为铅金属.经分析的样品的铅同位素比值均处于先秦时期青铜器的常见范围内,相似同位素比值的铜器年代多处于春秋中晚期至战国早期.镇海与同时期中原及江汉等地区在金属资源的利用上似存在密切联系,铜器生产和流通反映出的区域关系值得关注.

姚江-宁波平原是新石器河姆渡文化核心分布区,大量考古与古环境研究成果为深入探讨本地区7000年来的人地关系,尤其是新石器遗址文化间歇事件的原因创造了有利条件.本文通过对鱼山遗址地层记录的详细研究以及与区域多个遗址地层的空间对比,并对照该区自河姆渡文化一期以来古人类遗址的时空迁移过程,总结新石器文化演进中的海侵事件,并分析其与文化间歇的内在联系,初步认识如下:1)鱼山遗址从山麓到平原,地层记录存在明显差别,因此需要在不同的古地理位置获取剖面进行对比,才能重建更完整的古环境演变过程.2)鱼山遗址记录了2次海水入侵事件,分别发生于6300 ～ 6000 cal.a B.P.和4500～3400 cal.aB.P.,这两次事件与区内其他遗址文化层堆积中普遍叠压的自然淤积层或文化层缺失现象具有良好对应关系;研究区另有部分遗址在5400～ 5300 cal.aB.P.也存在海水入侵迹象.3)新石器遗址时空分布呈现阶段性变化,河姆渡文化一、二期,遗址数量少,增幅小,主要分布于山麓缓坡地带,反映海水入侵造成研究区土地资源的局限性.河姆渡文化三、四期的遗址数量显著增加,且向开阔平原地带扩散,表明较稳定的海平面使研究区平原成陆面积增大,古人类对海岸带的利用快速扩张.良渚末期,遗址大幅度减少,直至商周才重新增多,反映持续的海水入侵制约古人类活动强度.上述遗址时空迁移特征反映海岸带古人类活动对环境变化的快速响应.

The eastern coastal zone of China is densely populated and widely recognized as a center of rice domestication, which has undergone dramatic sea-level fluctuation during the Holocene epoch. Hemudu culture is distributed mainly in the eastern coastal area and was once presumed as a mature agricultural economy based on rice, making it an ideal case for examining the remarkable human-environment interaction in the Lower Yangtze River. Though numerous studies have been conducted on the cultural evolution, ecological environment, and rice domestication of Hemudu culture, the impact of sea-level fluctuation on human settlement and food production remains controversial. In this study, we report high-resolution pollen, phytolith, and diatom records, and accurately measured elevation from the Yushan site, which is the closest site of Hemudu culture to the modern coastline. Based on the data gathered, we suggest that the Hemudu culture and subsequent Liangzhu culture developed in the context of regression and were interrupted by two transgressions that occurred during 6300-5600 BP and 5000-4500 BP. The regional ecological environment of the Yushan site alternated between intertidal mudflat and freshwater wetlands induced by sea-level fluctuations in the mid-late Holocene. Though rice was cultivated in the wetland as early as 6700 BP, this cultivation was subsequently discontinued due to the transgression; thus, full domestication of rice did not occur until 5600 BP in this region. Comprehensive analysis of multiple proxies in this study promote the understanding of the relationship between environmental evolution, cultural interruption, and rice domestication.

Coastal flooding catastrophes have affected human societies on coastal plains around the world on several occasions in the past, and are threatening 21st century societies under global warming and sea-level rise. However, the role of coastal flooding in the interruption of the Neolithic Liangzhu culture in the lower Yangtze valley, East China coast has been long contested. In this study, we used a well-dated Neolithic site (the Yushan site) close to the present coastline to demonstrate a marine drowning event at the terminal stage of the Liangzhu culture and discuss its linkage to relative sea-level rise. We analysed sedimentology, chronology, organic elemental composition, diatoms and dinoflagellate cysts for several typical profiles at the Yushan site. The field and sedimentary data provided clear evidence of a palaeo-typhoon event that overwhelmed the Yushan site at ∼2560 BCE, which heralded a period of marine inundation and ecological deterioration at the site. We also infer an acceleration in sea-level rise at 2560–2440 BCE from the sedimentary records at Yushan, which explains the widespread signatures of coastal flooding across the south Yangtze coastal plain at that time. The timing of this mid-Holocene coastal flooding coincided with the sudden disappearance of the advanced and widespread Liangzhu culture along the lower Yangtze valley. We infer that extreme events and flooding accompanying accelerated sea-level rise were major causes of vulnerability for prehistoric coastal societies.

位于浙江省宁波市大榭岛的大榭遗址,是迄今所发现的中国最早的史前海盐业遗址,与一般遗址沉积地层不同,其主体区系人工堆筑土台.本研究在遗址发掘过程中,采集了泥质和砂质2种类型堆土、废弃陶器堆中的白色硬化物和盐灶坑表层白色硬化物,同时采集本岛自然堆积物,进行了粒度、无机元素地球化学和重矿物分析,以探讨堆土的原料构成、古人的制盐工艺及制盐活动对堆土地层产生的影响.研究结果显示:来自盐灶遗迹附近的7个泥质堆土样品,其中5个具有陆相元素富集特征,但是后期受海水影响,另外2个显示滩涂盐泥特征;废弃陶器堆中的白色硬化物元素组成与盐泥相似,盐灶坑表层白色硬化物具高Ca、Sr、Ba含量,推测是烧煮卤水产生的沉淀物.砂质堆土的粒度和重矿物组成显示其属于河流冲积物,且具强烈的化学风化特征,推测其原始地层不仅限于全新统.该研究显示了钱山漾文化时期古人利用岛屿上的潮上带、山麓黄土、河流冲积物等原材料在滩涂营建土台,并在土台上利用“淋卤煎炼”工艺从事制盐活动.

大榭遗址位于浙江省宁波大榭开发区(宁波市北仑区大榭街道)下厂村.2016年4月至2017年12月,宁波市文物考古研究所等单位联合对其实施了大规模的考古发掘,不仅发现了目前我国最早的史前时期的海盐业遗存,也为浙东地区史前文化发展序列与人海关系研究提供了新的素材和新的视角.

The Yushan site is located at Hetou Village, Jiulonghu town in Zhenhai, Ningbo, Zhejiang province, 7.3 kilo meters west to the present-day coastline. Ningbo Municipal Institution of Cultural Relics in association with other institutions conducted the first stage excavation on the site during 2013-2014. The excavation revealed cultural remains from the Hemudu Culture, Liangzhu Culture, Shang and Zhou period and Tang and Song period. Among others, the slit deposited between the second and third stages of Hemudu Culture, the late stage of LiangzhuCulture, and the Shang and Zhou provides valuable materials for the study of the cultural features and interrelations between human and the land of the coastal regions from the prehis?toric to the Shang and Zhou times.

梁带村M502墓室四角出土的西周木俑是西周考古中的首次发现,意义重大。对其进行及时、精心的清理与修护是一项十分紧迫和重要的工作,在工作过程中积累的一些经验或许对今后保护同类文物起到良好的示范作用。