Introduction In the San Mart & imath;n region, several studies have reported Cd concentrations in surface soils approaching the upper limit (UL), with mean values ranging from 0.27 to 1.351 mg & centerdot;kg-& sup1;.Methods Cadmium (Cd) transfer to Theobroma cacao (CCN-51) seedlings was evaluated under 12 factorial combinations of phosphate rock (RFP) and foliar zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) applications, using relative uptake (foliar Cd/soil Cd) as the primary response variable.Results The treatment showing the highest Cd uptake was T4, defined as RFP = 0 mg & centerdot;kg-1 and ZnSO4 = 527.80 mg & centerdot;plant-1, with a value of 53.12. The observed range in relative uptake was 33.08 units, indicating substantial variation among management combinations. At the factor-level analysis, the high RFP treatment (114.55 mg & centerdot;kg-& sup1;) was associated with an average reduction of approximately 26.5% in relative uptake and lower within-group variability compared to the 0 mg & centerdot;kg-& sup1; level. Interaction plots indicated that the effect of ZnSO4 on nutrient uptake depended on RFP level, with a descending response profile at high RFP concentrations. In parallel, soil correlation analyses identified available phosphorus and pH as the principal modulators of Cd transfer from soil to plant. Leaf-level principal component analysis showed that Zn and K were projected in the opposite direction to P2O5 and Cd, consistent with an ionic balance mechanism regulating Cd accumulation, and achieved an overall classification accuracy of approximately 81%, thereby confirming multivariate separability among treatments.Discussion Collectively, these integrated results support identifying T4 as the treatment with the highest Cd uptake within the evaluated set. Accordingly, the presence of Zn & sup2;+-Cd & sup2;+ antagonism can be asserted; however, its expression is strongly influenced by soil pH and, most critically, by the availability of phosphorus derived from RFP.
La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar y desmitificar la identidad del ave pilco, un elemento heráldico del escudo de Huánuco, mediante un enfoque cualitativo y un diseño descriptivo-transversal. Para ello, se empleó una metodología de triangulación de datos, combinando el análisis documental e histórico de crónicas y escudos heráldicos con la corroboración de campo, a través de avistamientos documentados y registros en plataformas de ciencia ciudadana (eBird y Merlin). El estudio evaluó cinco versiones propuestas para el ave pilco: el paujil común (Mitu tuberosum), el colibrí gigante (Patagona gigas), el carpintero andino (Colaptes rupicola), el carpintero de selva alta (Campephilus melanoleucos) y el quetzal sudamericano (Pharomachrus auriceps y P. antisianus). Los resultados revelaron inconsistencias morfológicas en las primeras cuatro especies, que no se ajustaban a las descripciones históricas ni a las representaciones más precisas, como la del escudo de la Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán. Se concluye que el ave pilco es el quetzal crestado (Pharomachrus antisianus), debido a que su cresta de plumas dirigida hacia adelante sobre el pico amarillo coincide de manera precisa con la iconografía heráldica y su existencia actual en la selva alta de Huánuco está científicamente documentada. Este estudio contribuye a las ciencias sociales al revalorizar un símbolo cultural en peligro, fortaleciendo la identidad regional y proporcionando una base empírica para la formulación de políticas de conservación y protección del hábitat natural del quetzal, un ave sagrada para las culturas prehispánicas.
Contexto: Agricultural sustainability is fundamental to balancing productivity, rural well-being, and environmental conservation in high-diversity territories. Objective: To evaluate the sustainability level of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) and granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss.) production systems in Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru. Methodology: A quantitative, applied, non-experimental, cross-sectional, and descriptive study was conducted during 2023. From a population of 2,500 farmers, 345 producers were selected through probabilistic sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire adapted from the MESMIS framework, consisting of 38 social, economic, and environmental indicators, with an Aiken’s V of 0.81 and a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.80. Results: Global indices were 4.5 for coffee and 4.2 for granadilla, classifying both systems as moderately sustainable. The economic dimension showed the best performance, with scores of 4.9 and 5.7, respectively. The environmental dimension reached 4.3 for coffee and 2.9 for granadilla, indicating higher vulnerability in the latter crop. In the social dimension, deficiencies were identified in sanitation, water consumption from natural sources, low associativity, and the perception of lower female daily wages. Conclusion: Economic viability does not offset social and environmental gaps; it is necessary to strengthen rural sanitation, productive organization, technical assistance, wage equality, and conservation practices for soil, water, and vegetation cover.
Over the last six decades, the extensive use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal nutrition has contributed to antimicrobial resistance and ultimately poses a risk to public and environmental health. Therefore, there is a growing interest in alternative strategies, such as plant extracts and essential oils, to address this issue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Morinda citrifolia leaf ethanolic extract (MCEE) on the intestinal health and performance of broiler chickens. A total of 360 Cobb 500 broilers were randomly distributed into groups C1, C2, S1, S2, and S3, with six replicates of 12 chickens each. C1 was fed the base diet (BD), and C2 was fed BD + 50 ppm zinc bacitracin (ZB). S1, S2, and S3 were supplemented with MCEE in daily doses of 5.62, 11.0, and 16.3 mg/kg BW, respectively, from 1 to 21 days of age. Hematological profiles and gut histology were assessed at 7, 14, and 21 days of age, while the abundance of microbiota in the ileum was measured at 21 and 28 days of age. Performance indices, including weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion rate, were evaluated at 7, 21, and 33 days of age. Data were analyzed using a general factorial arrangement. The abundance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus log (CFU/g) decreased in the three supplemented groups by 21 days of age, and these levels were maintained until 28 days of age. Additionally, in the three supplemented groups, the abundance of Lactobacillus sp. decreased by 21 days of age; however, it was re-established by 28 days of age. Villus height and crypt depth increased with age in the S2 group by 21 days of age. Performance indices improved during the fattening phase overall in chickens in group S2. In conclusion, a daily dose of 11.0 mg/kg BW MCEE in the diet improved performance indices by modulating gut microbiota and histology at 21 days in broiler chickens.
El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la producción científica global sobre forrajes y sistemas ganaderos sostenibles durante el periodo 2015 – 2025. Se realizó un análisis bibliométrico utilizando bases de datos indexadas (Scopus y Web of Science), aplicando criterios de selección y herramientas como VOSviewer y Bibliometrix para evaluar indicadores de productividad, coautoría, co-ocurrencia de palabras clave y redes de citación. Los resultados evidenciaron un crecimiento sostenido de la producción científica, con mayor contribución de países como Estados Unidos, Brasil y China. Las principales líneas de investigación se centraron en la eficiencia alimenticia, el manejo de pasturas, la mitigación de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y la sostenibilidad de los sistemas ganaderos. Asimismo, se identificó una tendencia creciente hacia enfoques interdisciplinarios. Se concluye que la investigación en este campo ha evolucionado significativamente, destacando áreas prioritarias y vacíos de conocimiento que orientan futuras investigaciones hacia sistemas ganaderos más sostenibles.
