Introduction In the San Mart & imath;n region, several studies have reported Cd concentrations in surface soils approaching the upper limit (UL), with mean values ranging from 0.27 to 1.351 mg & centerdot;kg-& sup1;.Methods Cadmium (Cd) transfer to Theobroma cacao (CCN-51) seedlings was evaluated under 12 factorial combinations of phosphate rock (RFP) and foliar zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) applications, using relative uptake (foliar Cd/soil Cd) as the primary response variable.Results The treatment showing the highest Cd uptake was T4, defined as RFP = 0 mg & centerdot;kg-1 and ZnSO4 = 527.80 mg & centerdot;plant-1, with a value of 53.12. The observed range in relative uptake was 33.08 units, indicating substantial variation among management combinations. At the factor-level analysis, the high RFP treatment (114.55 mg & centerdot;kg-& sup1;) was associated with an average reduction of approximately 26.5% in relative uptake and lower within-group variability compared to the 0 mg & centerdot;kg-& sup1; level. Interaction plots indicated that the effect of ZnSO4 on nutrient uptake depended on RFP level, with a descending response profile at high RFP concentrations. In parallel, soil correlation analyses identified available phosphorus and pH as the principal modulators of Cd transfer from soil to plant. Leaf-level principal component analysis showed that Zn and K were projected in the opposite direction to P2O5 and Cd, consistent with an ionic balance mechanism regulating Cd accumulation, and achieved an overall classification accuracy of approximately 81%, thereby confirming multivariate separability among treatments.Discussion Collectively, these integrated results support identifying T4 as the treatment with the highest Cd uptake within the evaluated set. Accordingly, the presence of Zn & sup2;+-Cd & sup2;+ antagonism can be asserted; however, its expression is strongly influenced by soil pH and, most critically, by the availability of phosphorus derived from RFP.
Quantitative polymerase chain reaction measurements of enterococci often include non-detects and numerical estimates below the lower limit of quantification; collapsing these analytically distinct records into a single quantitative outcome can obscure censoring. This study evaluated whether concurrent environmental conditions predict enterococci analytical states and whether predictive performance transfers to unseen sampling locations and laboratory batches. Record-level field and laboratory data from the United States National Coastal Condition Assessment 2020 included 897 eligible marine events and a secondary contrast of 420 Great Lakes events. Penalized logistic regression was evaluated using repeated five-fold cross-validation grouped first by stable location and then by complete analytical batch, with all preprocessing estimated within training folds. A secondary multinomial model retained non-detect, below-quantification estimate, and unflagged numerical states. In marine events, the environmental model reduced log-loss relative to a prevalence-only comparator by 7.58% under location-held-out validation and 6.94% under batch-held-out validation; corresponding areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.699 and 0.692, and 95% UNIQUE_ID-cluster bootstrap intervals for absolute improvement excluded zero in both schemes. The three-state model retained relative log-loss reductions of 7.21% and 5.11%, respectively. A prespecified boosting model did not improve batch-held-out performance and was not retained. Performance varied among regions and did not transfer robustly to Great Lakes batches. Concurrent environmental conditions therefore provided moderate predictive information about enterococci analytical states in sampled marine events, but performance remained insufficient for operational use and depended on analytical censoring, laboratory batch, and geographic domain.
La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar y desmitificar la identidad del ave pilco, un elemento heráldico del escudo de Huánuco, mediante un enfoque cualitativo y un diseño descriptivo-transversal. Para ello, se empleó una metodología de triangulación de datos, combinando el análisis documental e histórico de crónicas y escudos heráldicos con la corroboración de campo, a través de avistamientos documentados y registros en plataformas de ciencia ciudadana (eBird y Merlin). El estudio evaluó cinco versiones propuestas para el ave pilco: el paujil común (Mitu tuberosum), el colibrí gigante (Patagona gigas), el carpintero andino (Colaptes rupicola), el carpintero de selva alta (Campephilus melanoleucos) y el quetzal sudamericano (Pharomachrus auriceps y P. antisianus). Los resultados revelaron inconsistencias morfológicas en las primeras cuatro especies, que no se ajustaban a las descripciones históricas ni a las representaciones más precisas, como la del escudo de la Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán. Se concluye que el ave pilco es el quetzal crestado (Pharomachrus antisianus), debido a que su cresta de plumas dirigida hacia adelante sobre el pico amarillo coincide de manera precisa con la iconografía heráldica y su existencia actual en la selva alta de Huánuco está científicamente documentada. Este estudio contribuye a las ciencias sociales al revalorizar un símbolo cultural en peligro, fortaleciendo la identidad regional y proporcionando una base empírica para la formulación de políticas de conservación y protección del hábitat natural del quetzal, un ave sagrada para las culturas prehispánicas.
Contexto: Agricultural sustainability is fundamental to balancing productivity, rural well-being, and environmental conservation in high-diversity territories. Objective: To evaluate the sustainability level of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) and granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss.) production systems in Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru. Methodology: A quantitative, applied, non-experimental, cross-sectional, and descriptive study was conducted during 2023. From a population of 2,500 farmers, 345 producers were selected through probabilistic sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire adapted from the MESMIS framework, consisting of 38 social, economic, and environmental indicators, with an Aiken’s V of 0.81 and a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.80. Results: Global indices were 4.5 for coffee and 4.2 for granadilla, classifying both systems as moderately sustainable. The economic dimension showed the best performance, with scores of 4.9 and 5.7, respectively. The environmental dimension reached 4.3 for coffee and 2.9 for granadilla, indicating higher vulnerability in the latter crop. In the social dimension, deficiencies were identified in sanitation, water consumption from natural sources, low associativity, and the perception of lower female daily wages. Conclusion: Economic viability does not offset social and environmental gaps; it is necessary to strengthen rural sanitation, productive organization, technical assistance, wage equality, and conservation practices for soil, water, and vegetation cover.
Esta investigación tuvo como propósito determinar la relación entre la ejecución presupuestaria y la calidad del gasto en la Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva durante el periodo 2021-2025. El estudio tiene un enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo aplicada y nivel correlacional; su diseño fue no experimental, longitudinal y documental, de método hipotético-deductivo. La población estuvo conformada por 60 registros anuales de proyectos, de los cuales se seleccionó una muestra no probabilística intencional de 16 registros críticos que presentaban los niveles más bajos de ejecución. Los resultados descriptivos mostraron que, a pesar del crecimiento financiero evidente, los compromisos crecieron un 71% entre 2021 y 2025; la calidad del gasto arrastró deficiencias graves. Algunos proyectos estratégicos cerraron con 0% de eficacia, mientras que las variaciones en eficiencia llegaron a -83.5%, que muestra una brecha considerable entre la asignación de recursos y su traducción en resultados concretos. En el plano inferencial existe una correlación positiva muy fuerte y estadísticamente significativa entre la ejecución presupuestaria y la calidad del gasto, con coeficientes que oscilaron entre r = 0.884 y r = 0.894 (p < 0.01).
