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Contemporary challenges of globalization and climate change highlight the urgent need to identify legal mechanisms that stimulate sustainable development. The concept of ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) has acquired a pivotal role as an integrative framework that aligns business economic interests with environmental and social responsibility. Within this context, particular attention is drawn to environmental innovations that reduce the carbon footprint, promote the rational use of resources, and enable the transition towards a circular economy. This article examines the role of ESG in shaping a favorable environment for the development and implementation of such innovations, with a particular focus on European legal experience. The European Union stands out as one of the leading regions in institutionalizing ESG principles, introducing directives on non-financial reporting, sustainable finance, and corporate responsibility. These instruments not only enhance the transparency of business practices but also create additional incentives for innovative activity in the field of environmental technologies. By analyzing the European experience, it becomes possible to outline prospects for its adaptation within national legal systems, which, in turn, would enhance economic competitiveness, foster integration into international markets, and contribute to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Thus, ESG serves not only as a criterion for evaluating corporate activity but also as an essential legal instrument for supporting environmental innovation, ensuring a balance between economic, social, and environmental interests.
The flexicurity model reflects a modern approach to labour market regulation, integrating labour relations flexibility, a high level of social protection and active State policies. The work substantiates the relevance of the topic in the conditions of labor market instability in connection with a full-scale war, economic recession, migration and outflow of labor force. It was determined that the described factors make it necessary to find effective models of legal regulation capable of ensuring the adaptability of the labor market and at the same time guaranteeing proper social protection of the population. Approaches to understanding the concept of flexicurity in the works of scientists are analyzed. The content of the Danish model is revealed as the most effective example of implementation, based on a combination of a flexible labor market, a developed social insurance system and an active employment policy. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of key Danish legal acts that ensure the functioning of the flexicurity model, as well as the role of state authorities in its implementation. The main principles of flexicurity formulated by the European Commission are outlined. A comparative analysis was carried out with the current state of labor legislation and the labor market of Ukraine, which made it possible to single out the main problems, in particular, limited flexibility of contractual relations, insufficient development of the lifelong learning system, relatively low effectiveness of active employment policy and weak social protection. Further emphasis is placed on institutional barriers, namely the low level of social dialogue, a significant share of shadow employment and limited budgetary resources, which make comprehensive reform difficult. The need to systematically update labor legislation taking into account the principles of flexicurity by regulating non-standard forms of employment, increasing the role of active labor market policy and improving the social insurance system is substantiated. It is summarized that the application of this model can become a key tool for increasing the efficiency of the labor market and economic stability in the conditions of European integration and post-war recovery of Ukraine. It is summarized that the application of this model can become a key tool for increasing the efficiency of the labor market and economic stability in the conditions of European integration and post-war recovery of Ukraine.
The article is devoted to the problem of development of critical thinking. The essence of critical thinking is investigated and its meaning is rethought as an evaluation stage of intellectual action. The value of critical thinking in comparison with analytical is clarified. The definitions and conditions of critical thinking, the difference between critical thinking and non-critical thinking are analyzed. An increase in the quality of thinking in critical thinking, carried out according to logical norms, has been found out. The reflexive nature of critical thinking as thinking of the highest order, its difference with respect to understanding, is determined. The stage of critical thinking is characterized as metacognition, which causes effective communication. The importance of critical thinking in curbing egoism is investigated, thanks to developed intellectual abilities, conscious use of criteria of objectivity and truth. The special importance of critical thinking in overcoming logical errors, making the right decisions is noted. The difference between critical thinking and analytical thinking, as well as the stages of critical thinking, is determined. Developed opinion on the meaning of understanding in critical thinking, the use of hermeneutic logic as a tool for understanding and interpretation. Established features of strong and weak criticism, «blind» or «unreasonable» criticism, «false refutation», etc. The connection between logical methods and emotional intelligence is clarified; practical, creative and emotional critical thinking. The actual tasks in the development of critical thinking in the system of logical education in higher education for increasing the level of development of intellectual abilities and educational tasks for improving the critical approach in the analysis of scientific texts, critical thinking, in particular, in the context of hybrid warfare, as metacognition and anti-trolling tool are indicated. It focuses on intellectual virtues in critical thinking. Perfect criticism is characterized by intellectual courage, which involves intellectual freedom and courage, intellectual independence and sincerity, intellectual perseverance, adherence to intellectual standards, trust in reason and faith in truth. Intellectual virtues oppose egocentrism and intellectual arrogance, intellectual limitation, and false points of view in communication.
In the context of increasing anthropogenic pressure on natural ecosystems and the growing number of violations in the field of natural resource use, the issue of the effectiveness of legal mechanisms for compensation of environmental damage has become particularly relevant. The practice of compensation for environmental damage in Ukraine remains insufficiently effective, which necessitates a doctrinal understanding of the legal nature of such damage and the methods for its assessment. The purpose of the article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the legal regulation of compensation for damage caused by violations of environmental protection legislation, as well as to identify problems of law enforcement and substantiate directions for improving the relevant legal mechanism. The article reveals the legal nature of environmental damage as a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that encompasses both direct losses of natural resources and secondary socio-economic consequences. It analyses the regulatory and legal foundations of environmental damage compensation and the specific features of applying civil law mechanisms for damages in the f ield of environmental relations. The key approaches of judicial practice to determining the amount and procedure of compensation for environmental damage are summarized. The study identifies the main problems of legal regulation, including the difficulty of proving causation, the imperfection of existing methodologies for calculating environmental damage, and the limited effectiveness of mechanisms aimed at ecosystem restoration. The necessity of improving national legislation with due regard to European approaches to environmental liability is substantiated. It is concluded that increasing the effectiveness of the compensation mechanism requires strengthening evidentiary standards in environmental damage disputes, modernizing methodologies for environmental damage assessment, and prioritizing restorative measures alongside monetary compensation. The results of the research may be used by legislators, environmental control authorities, courts, lawyers, and scholars in improving law enforcement practice and developing environmental protection policies. The article reflects the results of a comprehensive study of the issues and peculiarities of legal regulation of compensation for damage caused by violations of environmental protection legislation, some preliminary results of which have been partially presented in other publications of the authors.
Проаналізовано результати емпіричного дослідження вуличної насильницької злочинності, проведеного методом експертного опитування працівників Національної поліції України, прокуратури, Служби безпеки України, адвокатури, судової системи та пробації. З’ясовано найпоширеніші сценарії епізодів вуличного насильства, охарактеризовано осіб, які найчастіше зустрічаються серед вуличних правопорушників та серед потерпілих від вказаної групи правопорушень. Зауважено певну сталість «портрету» вуличного насильницького злочинця, що є більш архаїчним, порівняно з більш сучасним проявом – «онлайн» криміналітету. Наведено міркування щодо просторово-часової та сезонної динаміки вуличної насильницької злочинності, а також фактор впливу психоактивних речовин на неї. З’ясовано фахову думку щодо непрямого впливу Закону України «Про забезпечення участі цивільних осіб у захисті України» від 03.03.2022 № 2114-IX на динаміку вуличної насильницької злочинності. На основі відповідей експертів наведено проблемні аспекти досудового розслідування. Узагальнено найпоширеніші причини недопустимості доказів та пов’язані з питаннями кваліфікації складнощі. Наведено думку експертів щодо впливу введення комендантської години на рівень вуличного насильства, а також стабілізаційних відключень вуличного освітлення. З’ясовано, які загальносоціальні, спеціально- кримінологічні заходи та індивідуально-профілактичні методи могли б потенційно знизити рівень вуличного насильства. Висвітлено думку фахівців щодо валідності урбаністичної профілактики вуличної злочинності, зокрема дієвість ключових положень «теорії розбитих вікон», CPTED, контраверсійної методики планування громадського простору «ворожа архітектура». З’ясовано думку експертів щодо ефективності систем «Розумне місто», «Безпечне місто» з огляду на оперативний досвід інтегрування. Зауважено певні розбіжності між результатами опитування та офіційними статистичними даними Генеральної прокуратури. Підтверджено гіпотезу про значення просторового середовища міста як детермінаційного фактора вуличної злочинності.
