Objective To investigate the effects of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on the cerebral water content and thrombin in the rats with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and explore its mechnism for treating ICH. Methods SD male rats were randomly divided into blank group, sham operation group, model group and treatment group, and time points of 6, 24, 48, 72 h and 7 d were observed. ICH rat model was induced by collagenase and heparin in saline solution injected into caudate nucleus. The treatment group was injected PNS intraperitoneally once a day, and the cerebral water content was assessed by dry-wet weight method. Both content of fibrinogen (FIB) and thrombin clotting time (TT) in 48 h were measured. Results The cerebral water content of model group increased at every time point compared with blank group and sham operation group (P<0.05). The cerebral water content of treatment group was significantly decreased at every time point except for 6 h compared with model group (P<0.05). FIB of treatment group decreased compared with model group (P<0.05), while TT of treatment group was not significantly decreased (P>0.05). Conclusion PNS may play a role in treating ICH by decreasing cerebral water content, FIB and TT of ICH rats.

Objective: To investigate the effects of Panax notoginseng saponins( PNS) on the cerebral edema and thrombin in the rats with cerebral hemorrhage( ICH). Methods: In present study,200 SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: blank control,sham control,model and PNS treatment groups. ICH was induced by stereotactic injection of the collagenase Ⅳinto the right caudate nucleus.PNS or saline was injected intraperitoneally once a day after ICH,and the neurologic impairment was assessed by nMSS method for 5time points: 6 h,24 h,48 hour,72 h and 7 d. Both content of serous fibrinogen( FIB) and Fibrinogen clotting time( FIBs) were measured. Results: The score of mNSS increased from 6h( P < 0. 05) following ICH,and peaked at 48h,then returned to the normal on the 7th day,and the PNS decreased cerebral water content significantly at every examined time points except for 6 h( P < 0. 05).Moreover,both serous FIB and FIBs increased obviously at 48 h after ICH( P < 0. 05). The PNS inhibited the increase of both content compared with that in model group( FIB P = 0. 017,TT P = 0. 028). Conclusion: In rats,the score of mNSS started from 6h following ICH with a peak at 48 hours,and then decreased gradually,accompanied by the elevation of FIB and FIBs at 48h. PNS can effectively alleviate the score of mNSS via the inhibition of coagulation cascade pathway.

Objective: To study the effect of early use of Panax notoginseng saponins ( PNS) on the pathomorphological brain tisssues, ICAM-1and TNF-α in rats with cerebral hemorrhage( ICH) . Methods: SD rats were randomly divided into sham group,model group and PNS group,and ICH models were made with collagenase Ⅶ injected into the rats’caudate nucleus. The morphological changes in the brain were observed. ICAM-1 and TNF-α in the serum were measured by the method of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA) . Results: The region around the hematoma infiltrated by inflammatory cells was observed by HS staining,and PNS significantly reduced the brain edema andameliorated disorderly arrangement of nerve fibers; On the 7th day after ICH,the level of ICAM-1 and TNF-α in the serum was still higher in the model group compared with that in the sham group,and the administration of Panax notogin-seng saponins down-regulated ICAM-1( P<0. 05) and TNF-α. Conclusion: Panax notoginseng saponins can alleviate the pathomorpho-logical brain tissues of cerebral hemorrhage,and it could inhibit the release of ICAM-1 and TNF- α so as to protect the neurons.

阿片类物质成瘾是由于机体反复与阿片类物质接触引起的慢性复发性脑病,多年来中医研究认为单纯任何脏腑的失调都不能全面而准确的解释成瘾症状的"复杂性"、"顽固性""反复性",本研究从气血津液辨证出发,采用引证法、类比法等,试探讨阿片类物质成瘾与痰的关系.研究认为,痰可由阿片类物质作用于人体形成,由于阿片辛香燥烈,易耗损元气,损伤脏腑,使机体水液代谢失去动态平衡,水湿潴留,酿成病理产物"痰";痰致病症状的广泛性导致了阿片类物质成瘾临床表现的复杂性;"顽痰"、"老痰"是阿片成瘾长期存在、迁延不愈的重要原因;"宿痰""伏痰"是阿片成瘾遇诱因引触反复发作的原因所在.

Drug addiction,a main problem in modern society,for its complex and difficult symptoms,especially the drug-craving,is difficult to be cured.Drug-craving refers that abusers sustained a strong and unquenchable desire for drugs,the core mechanism of which is the abnormal motivation of abusers to drugs.The formation of abnormal motivation lies in two aspects:formation of ulterior motives and reduction to control the improper motive,from the above two aspects,by analogy,citing and deductive method,the study deduced that in Traditional Chinese Medicine the formation of drug-craving is closely related to and kidney,the formation of ulterior motives is due to the disorder of liver controlling dispersion,and the reduction to control the improper motive is because of the imbalance of liver managing deliberation and kidney controlling aspiration.

Objective: To analyze the effect and mechanism of liver-smoothing therapy and kidney-nourishing therapy to morphine-induced conditioned place preference.Methods: Morphine was injected to set up the conditioned place preference model in rats,Obersiver 5.0 Behavioral Software was used to analyze the time of staying in morphine-paired compartment,and real time PCR was used to detect the mRNA of NR2B.Result: The morphine model group,compared to the control group,the time of staying in morphine-paired compartment were significantly up regulated(P0.01),and the mRNA of NR2B in nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex were up regulated as well(P0.01 and P0.05).Compared to the morphine group,in the liver-smoothing therapy group,both the time of staying in morphine-paired compartment and mRNA were significantly reduced(P0.05),but in the kidney-nourishing therapy,only the time of staying in morphine-paired compartment were significantly reduced(P0.01).Conclusion: ①The morphine-induced conditioned place preference can be regulated by both liver-smoothing therapy and kidney-nourishing therapy.②The regulating mechanism of liver-smoothing therapy to morphine-induced conditioned place preference may be related to the level of mRNA of NR2B in nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex.③The regulating mechanism of kidney-nourishing therapy to morphine-induced conditioned place preference should not be related to the level of mRNA of NR2B in nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex.

Objective To study the influences of Shuganjieyu Formula on the protein expressions of glutamate receptor 1(GluR1) and glutamate receptor 2(GluR2) in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens in rats during morphine conditioned place preference period.Method The protein expression changes of GluR1 and GluR2 were detected quantitatively by applying Western blot method.Result The protein expressions of GluR1 and GluR2 increased significantly in the morphine group compared with the control group(P0.01).The protein expressions of GluR1 and GluR2 decreased significantly in the Shuganjieyu Formula group compared with the morphine group and the difference was significant statistically.Conclusion The protein expressions of GluR1 and GluR2 in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens increased in the rats of the morphine group,which participated the formation of morphine dependence.Shuganjieyu Formula has a significant down-regulation effect on the protein expressions of GluR1 and GluR2 and intervenes the formation of morphine dependence.

Psychological dependence of Opioid, the key of drug addiction, refers to the strong desire and the Compulsive tendency for drugs, which has become the research focus in substance dependence. Focus on the synaptic plasticity in reward center, the review summarize and analyze the neural anatomy and pathology of Psychological dependence of Opioid.

Objective:To explore the effect of Humen Heji on the conditioned place preference(CPP) of rats induced by morphine and the level of brain derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) in the nucleus accumben area(NAc).Methods:Morphine was injected to set up CPP model in rats.Low,middle and high doses of Humen Heji were used for CPP intervention.Obersiver 5.0 Behavioral Software was used to analyze the time of rats staying in morphine-paired compartment,and Western blot was used to detect the level of BDNF.Results:In the morphine model group,compared with the control group,the time of staying in morphine-paired compartment and the BDNF level were significantly up regulated(P0.001).Treated with Humen Heji in middle or high doses,the staying time and the BDNF level in rats were both reduced(P0.01).Conclusion:Humen Heji can suppress the acquisition of place preference induced by morphine.The mechanism may be related to the decrease of BDNF level in the NAc.

Clinical thinking is a process of understanding and rational application of the learned medical knowledge and experience,and it is an important part in cultivation of student' s clinical thinking.Correct or incorrect process of thinking directly affects accurate diagnosis.It is important to know the factors that affect clinical thinking,which is significant to teaching,scientific research and clinical practice.Five factors that affect clinical thinking are raised in the paper,for example,limitation of disease names,mechanical analogy of conception,prescription formulated based on Western medicine,static prescribing a formula,and regardless of acute and chronic conditions.

Objective: To investigate the syndromes of chinese medicine of drug abusers under rehabilitation through labor. Methods: A self-designed questionnaire about the syndromes of chinese medicnine was used to evaluate 100 drug abusers and 100 normal subjects , and the results of the two group were compared. The datas were also compared between men and women. Results: There are a lot of symptoms in drug abusers under rehabilitation through labor, involving renal deficiency, deficiency of vital energy, hyperactivity of cardiac fire, phlegmatic hygrosis and stagnation of blood, and the syndromes of stagnation of blood is more serious in women group. Conclusion: To the drug abusers under rehabilitation through labor, we should pay more attention to the five kinds of syndromes, renal deficiency, deficiency of vital energy, hyperactivity of cardiac fire, phlegmatic hygrosis and stagnation of blood. For the treatment of chinese medicine to the group, we should invigorate the kidney, reduce excessive heart fire, eliminate phlegmatic hygrosis and activate blood. And to the women, the activation of boold is the most important.

Objective To study on the symptomatological characteristics of exercise-induced fatigue to lay a foundation for TCM classification and diagnostic criterion of exercise-induced fatigue.Methods The intensive training was given to 130 healthy soldiers,who were tested with Table of Rating of Perceived exertion and TCM Syndrome Questionnaire of Exercise-Induced Fatigue before and after the training.Univariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the correlation between TCM syndromes and diseases.Results The training had remarkable influences on the objects.There were 22 TCM syndromes manifested in the objects,and among them 10 syndromes,including qi deficiency,liver depression and qi stagnation,spleen insufficiency and liver deficiency had significant correlation statistically with exercise-induced fatigue.Conclusion The characteristics of TCM symptomatology of exercise-induced fatigue are shown as the disease positions are mainly in the liver,spleen,kidney and heart,and disease features are mostly related to deficiency,qi stagnation,blood stasis,fire and phlegm.

肌营养不良是一组原发于肌肉组织的遗传病,临床上缓慢起病,表现为进行性加重的骨骼肌萎缩与无力。这类病的社会危害性大,且能稳定遗传,将长期危害人类健康。西医在基因治疗尚未突破前,目前用的各种药物均有一定局限性或副作用。目前中医各家治疗本病,理论上尚难统一,治疗还是以改善临床上肌肉功能为主,尚不能根本上完全治愈。"五脏阴阳"辨证纲领和"三维守恒"治疗法则的提出,将极大地提高中医治疗肌营养不良的疗效。

Objective:To investigate the changes of NR2A and NR2B in nucleus accumben area(NAc) and prefrontal cortex(PFC)of rats with morphine-induced conditioned place preference(CPP).Methods:Morphine was used to establish rat CPP model,after which 5 rats selected in each group were perfused for detection with immunohistochemistry,and the NAc and PFC of another 3 rats were removed,and the cell membrane extracted for Western blot.Results:In the rats with morphine-induced CPP,significant differences in NR2B were observed in both PFC(P0.05) and NAc(P0.01).Immunohistochemistry indicated that positive expression of NR2B increased,and Western blot suggested the quantity of the NR2B protein up-regulated too in both PFC(P0.05) and NAc(P0.01).But there was no change in NR2A.Conclusion:In the model of CPP,the NR2B subunit of NMDAR is up–regulated in both NAc and PFC which are intimately related to rewarding effect,but not NR2A,which means NR2B plays an important role in psychic dependence on morphine.

Objective:To study changes of CaMK Ⅱ and NOS positive neurons in nucleus accumbens of rats with morphine-induced conditioned place preference(CPP). Methods:Using immunohistochemistry method to observe CaMK Ⅱ and NOS positive neurons' morphology and numbers. Results:CaMK Ⅱ and NOS positive neurons increased significantly(P0.01)in morphine induced CPP rats compared with that in normal control group. Conclusion:The increased CaMK Ⅱ and NOS positive neurons in nucleus accumbens of morphine induced CPP rats involves in the formation of morphine psychological dependence.

This paper is to give a brief introduction to the situation of AIDS epidemiology as well as its treatment with modern medicine in China and state the necessity and urgency of using traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) to treat AIDS.By reviewing the advance of TCM research on etiopathogenisis and pathogenesis of AIDS,we could conclude that it's generally believed that the exogenous cause of AIDS is attacking of evil qi while the endogenous cause is of vital qi;therefore its is deficiency mingling with excess,involving organs such as the liver,spleen and kidney.With reviewing the theoretical development of TCM by our research group,this paper focus on the creative theory,including the five-zang-yin-yang syndrome differentiationand the therapeutics of three dimensional conservation.The zang-fu differentiation,which is the essence of TCM therapeutics,and the eight-principle differentiation,whose main body is yin and yang.The above two diagnostic methods can be reduced into the five-zang-yin-yangsyndrome differentiation.We also propose that each zang-organ has its main function,among which the spleen,liver and kidney have the most significant influence.That's the basis of therapeutics of three dimensional conservation.