Abstract Topicality of the research is due to the fact that the traditional medicine, its centuries-old experience and applicability in the modern system of health protection are of great interest among the general public and medical community. The aim of the work is to substantiate the system approach in the study of the traditional medicine experience. Materials and methods. Information analysis studies of the Tibetan, Mongolian and Buryat traditional medicine. Results. It has been established that the system approach combining basic scientific trends of determinism and stochastic vision of natural phenomena as a whole is a logical elimination of contradictions between the given directions and makes it possible to take into account general relations in the whole body. The elements of the system approach are in evidence in the traditions of healing; therefore, this approach will promote the understanding of common factors in the functioning of human body in various conditions. Conclusion. The system approach in the study of the traditional medicine experience makes it possible to reveal the essence of diseases treatment, create combined medical technologies for the treatment and prophylaxis of the diseases, to develop complex medicinal remedies and suggest them for the use in modern conditions.

Эмпирический опыт использования растений в традиционном питании номадов, способы их переработки и применения в пищевом рационе представляет интерес для детального изучения в качестве источников получения новых профилактических и лечебных средств. Несмотря на то, что у номадов основной пищей являются продукты животного происхождения, во времена климатических и социальных катаклизмов растительная пища выполняла роль основного ресурса, помогая кочевникам выживать в экстремальных условиях. Этот опыт изучается в разных аспектах: лингвистических (фитонимы), практических – дикие виды можно рассматривать как дополнительный ресурс для выведения новых сельскохозяйственных культур с разнообразным геномом, что отвечает задачам продовольственной безопасности к 2050 году. Цель данной работы – изучить номенклатуру пищевых растений флоры Бурятии, использовавшихся в традиционном питании тюрко-монгольских номадов Сибири и Монголии, и впоследствии ставших лекарственным сырьем в местной практике традиционной тибетской медицины.В пищевом рационе номадов Сибири и Монголии использовались 72 вида из 32 семейств флоры Бурятии, в том числе 7 деревьев, 6 кустарников и 59 травянистых растений. Съедобными частями являются листья - 27, стебли - 14, корни и корневища - 13, плоды - 12, цветы, соцветия - 9, семена - 9, побеги - 5, луковицы – 4-х, трава – 4-х, клубни – 3-х и древесина 2-х видов. Употребление в пищу съедобных растений было разнообразным: 11 видов употребляли в пищу в сыром виде, в качестве лакомств использовали 5 видов, готовили напитки и соки из 3 видов, добавляли в пищу в качестве ингредиентов супов, мясных блюд 28 видов, использовали как овощи для приготовления соусов 3 вида, в качестве приправы – 9 видов, как суррогат муки – 12 видов, заменителя чая - 9 видов, готовили масло из 2 видов. С распространением среди коренного населения традиционной тибетской медицины 53 пищевых видов флоры Бурятии использовались в качестве заменителей тибетского сырья. Съедобные растения из рациона тюрко-монгольских номадов, применявшиеся в местной практике традиционной тибетской медицины, могут послужить в будущем нетоксичным сырьем для получения новых лекарственных средств растительного происхождения для лечения и профилактики различных заболеваний. The purpose of this work is to study the nomenclature of wild edible plants of the flora of Buryatia, that were used in the traditional diet of the Turkic-Mongolian nomads of Siberia and Mongolia, and subsequently became medicinal raw materials in the local practice of traditional Tibetan medicine. It has been established that 72 species from 32 families of the flora of Buryatia, including 7 trees, 6 shrubs and 59 herbaceous plants were used in the diet of the nomads of Siberia and Mongolia. Edible parts are leaves – 27, stems – 14, roots and rhizomes – 13, fruits – 12, flowers, inflorescences – 9, seeds – 9, shoots – 5, bulbs – 4, grass – 4, tubers – 3 and wood of 2 species. The consumption of edible plants was varied: 11 species were eaten raw, 5 species were used as treats, drinks and juices from 3 species were prepared, 28 species were added to food as ingredients in soups, meat dishes, 28 species were used as vegetables, 3 species for cooking of sauces, 9 species as a seasoning, 12 species as a substitute for flour, 9 species as a substitute for tea, and 2 species for cooking of oil. 53 wild edible species of the flora of Buryatia were used as substitutes for Tibetan raw materials with the spread of traditional Tibetan medicine among the indigenous population. Edible plants from Turkic-Mongolian nomads diet used in the local practice of traditional Tibetan medicine can serve as non-toxic raw materials for obtaining new herbal remedies for the treatment and prevention of various diseases in the future.

Аннотация.На основании анализа тибетского рецептурного справочника «Большой Агинский жор» выявлено 60 многокомпонентных прописей, применяющихся для лечения воспалительных заболеваний инфекционной этиологии.В составе прописей обнаружено 48 видов растений, из которых 25 являются фармакопейными в России, Китае и Монголии, 23не достаточно изученными, и представляют интерес в плане разработки новых эффективных антибактериальных и противовирусных средств.Нами выбраны три вида, произрастающие на территории Байкальского региона: Hypecoum erectum, Orthilia secunda и Gentianopsis barbata.В статье представлены данные литературы о химическом составе указанных растений, применении в народной и традиционной медицине и их фармакологических свойствах.Показано, что основными действующими веществами H. erectum являются изохинолиновые ature data on the chemical composition of these plants, use in folk and traditional medicine, as well as their pharmacological properties.It has been shown that the main active substances of H. Erectum are isoquinoline alkaloids, O. Secunda are simple phenols, G. barbata are xanthones and flavonoides.According to the literature, these biologically active substances exhibit the properties of antibiotics, and therefore, these plants are of undoubted interest for the development of new effective antibacterial and antiviral agents.

© Шантанова Лариса Николаевна доктор биологических наук

The role of Hsp70 and nitrogen oxide in realization of adaptogenic reactions and adaptogenic effect of the extract from Astragalus membranaceus (Fischer) Bunge containing such active substances as isoflavones (28-49 mg%) and triterpenes (52-98 mg%) has been studied on the model of acute emotional stress. The acute emotional stress was simulated by water immersion method. In the control group, the acute emotional stress caused erosive injury of the stomach mucosa, hypertrophy of the adrenal glands and involution of thymus followed by 47% increase of nitrate/nitrite concentration in the blood plasma, 15% decrease of the basal level of Hsp70 in thymus in vivo, 4.5 times increase of the Hsp70 level in leucocytes induced by heat shock in vitro (p <= 0.05). The course preventive administration of the extract from Astragalus membranaceus in experimental-therapeutic dose 50 mg/kg against the background of the acute emotional stress prevents the development of the "Selye's triad": involution of thymus (by 34%), erosive injury of the stomach mucosa (by 2.8 times) and hypertrophy of the adrenal glands (by 20%) (p <= 0.05). The increased resistance to emotional stress against the background of the course administration of the extract from Astragalus membranaceus is followed by activation of Hsp70 expression in thymus by 2.6 times (p <= 0.05) that is revealed in vivo. In leucocytes undergone the heat shock in vitro, the synthesis of Hsp70 is 4.5 times increased and against the background of the course administration of the Astragalus membranaceus extract, the induction is 66% decreased (p <= 0.05). The concentration of NO metabolites in the blood plasma of the experimental group was 44% decreased against the background of the course administration of the Astragalus membranaceus extract. The administration of the Astragalus membranaceus extract was followed by activation of NO system (by 54%) (p <= 0.05). We suppose that the activation of Hsp70 synthesis and prevention of stress-induced NO generation is the molecular-cell mechanism of adaptogenic effect of Astragalus membranaceus due to the presence of flavonoids in the extract: isoflavones - calycosin, calycosin-7-O-glycoside and formononetin capable to activate the expression of heat shock proteins, also they have the direct and indirect radical scavenging effect.

В статье представлены результаты исследования стресспротективной активности экстрактов, полученных из корневищ и надземной части растения Rhaponticum uniflorumL., основными действующими веществами которого являются фитоэкдистероиды и флавоноиды. Разработанные экстракты - практически нетоксичные вещества. Их курсовое введение в экспериментально-терапевтической дозе 100 мг/кг оказывает стресспротективное действие при остром эмоциональном стрессе, уменьшая выраженность признаков триады Селье благодаря ограничению гиперактивации центральных стрессреализующих систем организма. Периферические механизмы адаптогенного действия экстрактов R. uniflorum связаны с ингибированием процессов свободнорадикального окисления. The article gives the research findings of the stress-protective activity of extracts derived from rhizomes and aerial part of Rhaponticum uniflorum L., in which phytoecdysteroids and flavonoids are the main active ingredients. The developed extracts are practically non-toxic substances. Their course administration in experimental-therapeutic dose 100 mg/kg has the stress-protective effect in acute emotional stress decreasing the manifestation of the Selye’s triad signs due to inhibition of hyperactivity of central stress-realizing bodily systems. Peripheral mechanisms of adaptogenic effect of the Rhaponticum uniflorum extracts are connected with inhibition of free radical oxidation processes.

Исторические исследования и археология 54Вестник БНЦ СО РАН Отечественная история

Background. Intensive physical exertion is one of the stress-factors leading to the decrease of non-specific resistance of the body,  significant increase in oxygen consumption followed by activation of  the lipid peroxidation and decrease of endogenic antioxidant system efficacy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the complex plant remedy on exercise tolerance of laboratory animals and to reveal mechanisms increasing physical endurance. Materials and methods. The experiments were carried out on white Wistar rats weighing 190-220 g. The physical endurance of the animals was estimated by recording time of weighted swimming to  complete exhaustion in the pool. The weighting was 7 % of the body  mass. The water solution of the dry extract derived from five  medicinal plants was introduced intragastrically to the animals of the experimental group at the dose of 100 mg/kg in the volume of 10  ml/kg for 7 days (once a day), an hour before testing. The content of ATP, lactic acid and pyruvic acid were determined in the skeletal  muscle homogenate; glycogen was determined in the liver  homogenate; in the blood serum there was estimated concentration  of malonic dialdehyde, the activity of catalase; the concentration of  reduced glutathione was determined in the whole blood and the  activity of superoxide dismutase was estimated in erythrocytes. Conclusion. The course introduction of the complex plant remedy to rats results in resilience to intensive physical exertion due to  optimization of energy metabolism, inhibition of free-radical  biomacromolecule oxidation processes and increase in endogenic antioxidant system activity.

Background. Intensive physical exertion is one of the stress-factors leading to the decrease of non-specific resistance of the body, significant increase in oxygen consumption followed by activation of the lipid peroxidation and decrease of endogenic antioxidant system efficacy.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the complex plant remedy on exercise tolerance of laboratory animals and to reveal mechanisms increasing physical endurance.Materials and methods. The experiments were carried out on white Wistar rats weighing 190-220 g. The physical endurance of the animals was estimated by recording time of weighted swimming to complete exhaustion in the pool. The weighting was 7 % of the body mass. The water solution of the dry extract derived from five medicinal plants was introduced intragastrically to the animals of the experimental group at the dose of 100 mg/kg in the volume of 10 ml/kg for 7 days (once a day), an hour before testing. The content of ATP, lactic acid and pyruvic acid were determined in the skeletal muscle homogenate; glycogen was determined in the liver homogenate; in the blood serum there was estimated concentration of malonic dialdehyde, the activity of catalase; the concentration of reduced glutathione was determined in the whole blood and the activity of superoxide dismutase was estimated in erythrocytes.Conclusion. The course introduction of the complex plant remedy to rats results in resilience to intensive physical exertion due to optimization of energy metabolism, inhibition of free-radical biomacromolecule oxidation processes and increase in endogenic antioxidant system activity.

The effect of preventive administration of the complex phytopreparation "tetraphyton" has been studied in experiments on rats. Tetraphyton developed on the base of Tibetan formula is the dry extract derived from species of plant material: roots of Inula helenium L., roots of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, fruits of Elletaria cardamomum (L.) Maton, offshoots of Caragana spinosa (L.) Wall. ex Hornem., characterized for the content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids. The preventive course introduction of tetraphyton in a dose 100 mg/kg for 7 days before experiment increases the potential for physical performance, increasing overall physical endurance against a background of intense physical exertion by 73 % (p < 0.05), prevents fatigue. It is shown that increase in the physical performance of rats in the experimental group is due to increase in the efficiency of the energy supply system in skeletal muscles and myocardium: a significant increase in the content of ATP (by 13 % and 2.5 times); decrease in lactate and pyruvate content (by 33 and 30 %; p < 0.05); increased glycogen content in the liver by 23 %, blood glucose by 19 %. The increase in catalase, SOD, and gSh levels (5 %, 19 %, 79 %; p < 0.05) indicates an increase in the power of the antioxidant defense of the organism and causes the cytoprotective effect of tetraphyton, confirmed by a decrease in fermentemia (lactate dehydrogenase, kreatinphosphokinase - 49 % and 43 %; p < 0.05). The main molecular-cellular mechanisms of the actoprotective action of the phytoadaptogen is the inhibition of the lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and a significant increase in the capacity of the endogenous antioxidant enzyme system that promotes the preservation of the integrity of skeletal muscles and the myocardium. This is due to the presence of phenolic compounds in the chemical composition that have direct antiradical action and increase the power endogenous antioxidant system.

Изучены адаптогенные свойства растительного средства «Кардекаим», представляющего собой сухой экстракт из сырья Inula helenium L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Elletaria cardamomum (L.) Maton., Caragana spinosa (L.) Wall. ex Hornem. и содержащего в качестве действующих веществ фенольные соединения и терпеноиды. Курсовое превентивное введение кардекаима в дозе 100 мг/кг в течение 7 дней перед острым эмоциональным стрессом оказывает выраженное стресс-протективное действие, препятствуя развитию признаков «триады Селье»: инволюции вилочковой железы (40 %), язвенным повреждениям слизистой оболочки желудка (в 5 раз) и в меньшей степени — гипертрофии надпочечников (p ≤ 0,05), полученный эффект не уступает препарату сравнения — экстракту элеутерококка. Показано, что повышение резистентности к стрессу под влиянием кардекаима сопровождается активацией синтеза белков теплового шока (Hsp-70), не связанной со стресс-индуцированной генерацией NO.

The aims of the present work were to analyze histological and morphometric changes in the brain in rats subjected to restraint stress and to evaluate the neuroprotective action of an Astragalus membranaceous extract (AE). Experiments were performed on three groups of Wistar rats (six per group): group 1 consisted of intact rats, group 2 of controls, i.e., animals subjected to restraint stress for 18 h, and group 3 of animals given p.o. AE (50 mg/kg) for seven days and subjected to restraint stress. The level of stress-induced brain injury was assessed morphometrically, on the basis of the proportions of unaltered neurons, hyperchromic shrunken neurons, and neurons with signs of dystrophy in layers III–V of the cerebral cortex and hippocampal field CA1, per unit area. Restraint stress in rats led to clear neuron damage in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. AE limited stress-induced neuronal injury: the proportion of hyperchromic shrunken neurons in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus decreased by factors of 3 and 4.6, respectively, from the level seen in controls.

The results of studies on the adaptogenic properties of Fornicium uniflorum L. extracts has been given in the present article. The aim of the study was to evaluate stress-protective activity of extracts from Fornicium uniflorum L. at immobilization stress in white rats. The dry extract from Fornicium uniflorum rhizomes has stress protective properties in 18-hour immobilization stress simulated in white rats. It has been revealed that the given plant remedy prevents from the development of the "Selye's triad" signs: hypertrophy of renal glands, involution of immune competent organs (thymus and spleen), as well it prevents heavy destructions in the stomach mucosa.

The present work reviews the evolution of the traditional medicine in Buryatia; the contribution of Oriental medical schools and the Russian experience of herbal treatment were emphasized. This convergence process was developed in virtue of the geopolitical situation of the Republic. The evolution of the tradition and contribution of ethnic medical schools was schematically presented in the article. The aim of the work was to substantiate the originality of the Buryat traditional medicine. The data elucidating the pervasion of Eastern traditions due to the influence of Buddhism and the experience of the Russian settlers are given in the article. Peculiarity of the traditional medicine in this region involves the use of indigenous plants, original formularies and healing technologies. Approach to health and illness, principles of diagnostics and specific methods of treatment remain common to Eastern medical traditions. The article provides insight into the main findings of the study of this tradition. They include such aspects as the translation of written sources, development of new technologies and methods for the treatment and prevention of some diseases, new medicinal preparations and health-improving means recommended for practical use. Besides, there have been discussed the prospects for integration of rational methods and means from the array of the traditional medicine of Buryatia with modern medical and pharmaceutical technologies.

The aim of the study was to analyze histologicaland morphometric changes in the brain of ratssubjected to immobilization stress and to assessthe neuroprotective effect of the extract ofAstragalus membranaceus (AE). The work wascarried out on Wistar rats that were divided into 3groups (6 animals in each): group 1 — intact rats;group 2 — control animals subjected toimmobilization stress for 18 h; group 3 — ratstreated orally with AE (50 mg/kg) for 7 days andthen subjected to immobilization stress. The levelof stress-induced brain damage was assessed bya morphometric method, by measuring theproportions of morphologically intact neurons,hyperchromatic shrunken neurons and neuronswith the signs of degeneration in layers III–V of thecerebral cortex and CA1 region of thehippocampus in the standard area of the section.Immobilization stress in rats led to a clearlypronounced neuronal damage in the cerebralcortex and hippocampus. AE was found to limit thestress-induced neuronal damage in the cerebralcortex and the hippocampus: the proportion ofhyperchromatic shrunken neurons was reduced 3and 4.6 times, respectively, compared to control.

Quality of sperm and some parameters of LPO reflecting primary and end stages of oxidation and levels of α-tocopherol and total antioxidant activity were studied in ejaculate samples from 130 men (mean age of 24 years) living in Ulan-Ude, Buryatia Republic. All participants took a part in survey and were examined by an andrologist. The observed peculiarities of LPO and antioxidant defense in Russian men, such as decreased level of substrate supply for the processes of LPO and α-tocopherol, attest to specificity of metabolic processes and development of compensatory reactions of the organism under physiological conditions. LPO processes were more active in Buryat men, which can indicate exposure of cell membranes to toxic oxygen species. However, the observed in these patients significant increase in α-tocopherol concentration reflects adequate functioning of the adaptive and protective mechanisms of the body.

В связи с сохраняющимся ростом заболеваний щитовидной железы актуальным является поиск средств растительного происхождения, обладающих тиреотропным действием. В этом аспекте перспективным является разработка комплексного растительного средства на основе экстракта лапчатки белой. Разработано комплексное растительное средство, в состав которого входят сухие экстракты лапчатки белой, шлемника байкальского и родиолы розовой. В настоящей работе проведена оценка влияния комплексного растительного средства «Тиреотон» на течение экспериментального гипотиреоза у белых крыс линии Wistar. В результате проведенного исследования установлено, что «Тиреотон» в дозе 50 мг/кг оказывает выраженное влияние на тиреоидный статус при экспериментальном гипотиреозе, повышая уровень гормонов щитовидной железы крыс тироксина в 2,2 раза, трийодтиронина на 47 % и уменьшая уровень тиреотропного гормона на 50 % по сравнению с данными в контрольной группе животных.

The experiments were carried out on white Wistar rats. The dry extract from Rhaponticum uniflorum L. roots was administered to the animals at the doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg for 7 days before testing. The behavior of animals was observed with the use of the tests "elevated plus maze" (EPM) and "dark/ light chamber". Under the influence of the extract from Rhaponticum uniflorum L. at the doses of 100, 150 and 250 mg/kg the number of entries into the open branch of EPM rises to 2,0-3,0 times and staying period in them rises 3,1-4,1 times in comparison with the control. The test "dark/light chamber" has shown that the number of entries of the experimental animals into the light bay of the "dark/light chamber" and the period of staying in it is 2,0 times increased.

The aim of the research was to define anticonvulsive effect of the dry extract from Paeonia anomala L. and comparison with its liquid dosage form. Convulsions in male SVA rats weighing 18-20 g were induced by single dosing of pentylenetetrazol, strychnine nitrate and thiosemicarbazide in a dose of DL1gg Animals of the trial group had single intragastric introduction of peony extract solution in a dose of 150 mg/kg 1 hour before the introduction of above mentioned medicines. As the result it was found that dry extract of Paeonia anomala L. had evident anticonvulsant effect.