Ischemic stroke is one of the main causes of death and disability in adults, and obesity is one of the independent risk factors for ischemic stroke and prevention of obesity can reduce the probability of patients' first stroke.However, for patients who havealready hadan ischemic stroke, a higher body mass index(BMI)may be correlated with a lower mortality in patients with ischemic stroke, reduced recurrence of stroke, and improved functional prognosis, a phenomenon known as the obesity paradox.The obesity paradox suggests that obesity may be beneficial in ischemic stroke.Therefore, this paper reviews the relationship between primary and secondary prevention of obesity and ischemic stroke, with a focus on theobesity paradox.

第一恒磨牙异位萌出分为可逆性异位萌出和不可逆性异位萌出.第一恒磨牙异位萌出的临床危害主要是造成间隙丧失、牙弓长度减少等.本文通过3例推第一恒磨牙向远中开展间隙的病例,阐述第一恒磨牙异位萌出治疗方案选择的考量.

原发性牙齿萌出障碍(PFE)是一种比较罕见的牙齿萌出异常性疾病,它是由于萌出机制本身异常而导致的牙齿萌出障碍,而非其他局部或全身因素所致.发病机制尚不十分明确,可能与基因突变有关,甲状旁腺激素受体1(PTH1R)突变是已经被证实的病因之一.临床表现以牙齿萌出不全和后牙开牙合为主要特征,正畸牵引无效.因其具有明显的家族聚集性,基因遗传分析是必要的辅助检查手段,对PFE的筛查、诊断和治疗具有重要意义.目前PFE尚无较好的治疗方法,可摘局部义齿、种植义齿和外科手术治疗等是可以参考的治疗手段.该文将从PFE的发病机制、临床特征、诊断和治疗等方面的研究现状作一综述.

脑血管疾病是危害人类健康的重大疾病,全球每年约有1500万人患有脑卒中,约有500 万人死亡,是造成死亡的第二大病因,也是长期致残的主要原因[1] .脑卒中分为缺血性卒中和出血性卒中,其中缺血性卒中占全部卒中的73% ~86% [2] .对于缺血性卒中目前除了超早期静脉溶栓或血管内治疗外尚无有效治疗方法.近年来,外泌体因其独特的特点而受到广泛关注如低免疫原性、低毒性和生物降解性、穿越血脑屏障(Blood brain barrier,BBB)的能力等,在缺血性脑卒中的诊断预后及治疗中发挥重要作用.

:Ischemic stroke (IS) is the main cause of brain dysfunction ,including limb dysfunction ,aphasia and cogni‐tive impairment .Aspirin is the only antiplatelet drug for treatment and prevention of acute‐phase IS that has been proved by evidence‐based medicine .The present article made a review on related researches about prevention and treatment of IS by aspirin in recent years .

Objective:To evaluate the effect of resin infiltration on themicro-hardness of deciduous tooth enamelsurface. Method:Twenty-one extracted sound mandibular deciduous central incisor for dalay to obtain artificial subsurfacelesion. Then they were randomlydivided into 3 groups which included control group,demineralization group and resin infiltrationgroup.Each group contained 7 teeth.The micro-Vickers hardness test was used to investigate the change in hardnessof enamel. Result:The micro-hardness of enamel surface in control group and resin infiltration group was significantly higherthan that in demineralization group(P <0.01).The micro-hardness in resin infiltration group was obviously less than thatin control group(P <0.01). Conclusion:With the limitation of this study the micro-hardness of enamel decreased after demineralization.Infiltration of resin could significantly improve the hardness of demineralized enamel surface.

Objective:To compare effects of revascularization and apexification on treatment of apical periodontitis in immature dog premolar teeth.Method:Thirty immature premolar teeth from 3 dogs aged approximately 5-6 months were infected,and randomized into one control group and two experimental groups with ten teeth each.All teeth were radiographed after 4 weeks,8 weeks and12 weeks respectively,for comparison of the root continuing development.The animals were euthanized 12 weeks later,then sections were prepared routinely and the degree of hard tissue formation was evaluated histomorphically.Result:1.X-ray:Apical closure was found in three groups.The percentage of apical closure of experimental groups was better than that of control group(P 0.05),while there were no statistical differences between experimental groups(P 0.05).2.Histomorphical observation:Thickening of the cannal walls and elongation of the root in revascularization group and control group due to the apposition of newly generated cementum-like tissue termed herein intracanal cementum(IC).and moreover,bone-like tissue was observed in the canal space in two groups and was termed intracanal bone(IB).There were statistical differences between revascularization group and control group in the percentage of IC and IB(P 0.05).In apexification group,IB and IC were no found.Conclusion:The ability of wall thickening and root elongation of pulp revascularization was better than that of apexification.

Objective To evaluate the effects of the Oriental Preadjusted Appliance-KOSAKA applied in Angle class Ⅱ division 1 malocclusion with bimaxiliary extraction treatment and discuss the mechanism and application.Methods 22 cases aged 15～23 years old with Angle class Ⅱ division 1 malocclusion were chosen and treated with the Oriental Preadjusted Appliance-KOSAKA.Cephalometric analysis was performed before and after the treatment.Results In the sagittal direction,U1-NA and U1-SN were reduced 14.26° and 10.32°,U1-NA(mm) were reduced 4.16mm,U1-L1 were increased 17.06°,there were significant differences in these changes(P0.05).but the changes of SNA、SNB、ANB、L1-NB and L1-MP were no significant(P0.05).In the vertical direction,the changes of SN-MP and Y axis were no significant(P0.05).Conclusion The Oriental Preadjusted Appliance-KOSAKA is effective for Angle class Ⅱ division 1 malocclusion.

Objective:To study the distribution and initial endondontic K-file of the root canal and pride a scheme that may be useful for looking for root canals and selection of appropriate instruments.Method:A total of 169 primary molars were selected.Root canal accessibility index was calculated according to initial file size.Result:Maxillary first molars had three canals,maxillary second molars had three or four canals,mandibular first molars had two or three or four canals,and mandibular second molars had three or four canals.The CAI of primary first molar canals were lower than that of second molars.Conclusion:A single canal is more accessible than other canals and primary second molars are more accessible than first molars.

Objective To evaluate the effects of the Oriental Preadjusted Appliance-KOSAKA applied in Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion with extraction treatment and discuss the mechanism and application.Methods 15 cases aged 14～23 years old with Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion were chosen and treated with the Oriental Preadjusted Appliance-KOSAKA.Cephalometric analysis was performed before and after the treatment.Results In the sagittal direction,SNA and ANB were increased by 1.46° and 1.32°,and there were significant differences in these changes,while the changes of SNB were not significant.U1-NA and U1-SN were increased by 4.44° and 8.49°,U1-NA were increased by 2.09 mm,L1-NB and L1-MP were reduced by 5.64° and 5.51° and L1-NB were reduced by 2.14 mm. There were significant differences in these changes.In the vertical direction, the changes of SN-MP and Y axis were not significant.Conclusions The Oriental Preadjusted Appliance-KOSAKA is effective for Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion.

Objective To compare the effects in reinforcing the upper first molar anchorage with Nance-TPA-double molars band combined anchorage and with facebow.Methods Twenty-four cases aged 15~26 years with Angle class Ⅱ division 1 malocclusion were chosen and divided into 2 groups.Combined anchorage and facebow were used respectively to reinforce the upper first molar anchorage.Cephalometric analysis was performed before and after the treatment.Results In the sagittal direction,U6A-RL and U6S-RL were increased 1.13 mm and 1.64 mm in combined anchorage group,while 0.95 mm and 1.34 mm in facebow group,but all less than 1/3 of the extraction space.The changes of mesial inclination of the molar were not significant(P>0.05).U1A-RL and U1E-RL were reduced 2.38 mm and 4.96 mm in combined anchorage group,while 2.69 mm and 5.04 mm in facebow group.Reduction of axial inclination of the incisors were 15.22° and 13.15° respectively,and that of maxillary protrusion were 1.25 mm and 1.50 mm,there was significant difference in these changes(P<0.05).In the vertical direction,the changes of molar extrusion,MP-SN and ALFH/AFH were not significant(P>0.05).Conclusion The combined anchorage can provide maximum anchorage as same as traditional facebow,and can be accepted easily by patients.

目的:研制出三七分散片,并考察其人参皂莓类饷体外溶出度。方法:以CMS-Na为崩解剂,采用内外加入法,以淀粉作出粘合剂,并通过正交试验法优选出三七分散片的最佳工艺处方。结果:按照优选出的工艺处方制得的三七分散片能在3分钟内完全崩解,且均匀性实验能通过20目筛,同时溶出度也明显优于三七片。结论:处方合理,工艺可行,制成的分散片符合质量标准要求。

目的探讨终末期肾衰透析患者自体动静脉内瘘闭塞原因及预防。方法回顾分析25例终末期肾衰透析自体动静脉内瘘闭塞的年龄、性别、原发病因及相关性,同期35例终末期肾衰透析患者为对照组。结果女性患者动静脉内瘘闭塞形成的机率高于男性。血栓组收缩压和舒张压均明显低于对照组(P<0.05),穿刺血肿(2.2±0.8)次/月高于对照组(P<0.05)。糖尿病患者血栓形成机率较高。结论终末期肾衰透析患者血压过低、过度超滤和不适当的穿刺易导致血栓形成。

Objective To compare the occurrence of postoperative pain after applying three different root canal sealers in root canal treatment.MethodsA total of 162 teeth were randomly divided into three groups:group A using zincoxide engenol(ZOE)b+gutta-perrcha,group B using Cortisomol sealer +gutta-perrcha and group C using AH Plus+gutta-perrcha.The occurrence of postoperative pain was evaluated by VAS value ruler after root canal filling.ResultsThe difference in pain among the three groups were statistically significant after treatment.Both the group B and group C caused less pain than the group A.Group A showed the most severe reaction.ConclusionThe root canal therapy using Cortisomol sealer can significantly reduce pain.

Objective:To evaluate the effects of the Oriental Preadjusted Appliance-KOSAKA applied in Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion and discuss the mechanism and application. Method:16 cases aged 14～23 years old with Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion were chosen and treated with the Oriental Preadjusted Appliance-KOSAKA. Cephalometric analysis was performed before and after the treatment. Result:In the sagittal direction,SNA and ANB were increased 1.36° and 1.32°,there were significant differences in these changes(P<0.05).but the changes of SNB were no significant(P>0.05). U1-NA and U1-SN were increased 4.77° and 13.05°,U1-NA(mm) were increased 3.13 mm,L1-NB and L1-MP were reduced 6.12° and 6.68°,L1-NB(mm) were reduced 2.22 mm,there were significant differences in these changes(P<0.05). In the vertical direction,the changes of SN-MP and Y axis were no significant(P>0.05). Conclusion:The Oriental Preadjusted Appliance-KOSAKA is effective for Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion and suitable for Oriental(Chinese).

目的探讨中药义齿黏膜调理剂的临床应用。方法随机选取117例初戴全口义齿1周的患者,采用自制义齿黏膜调理剂,用吸光度法测定全口义齿对熟花生米咀嚼效率的变化。结果经配对t检验,患者使用义齿黏膜调理剂后咀嚼效率显著改善(P<0.05)。结论中药义齿黏膜调理剂具有增强咀嚼功能的效果。

We developed the multimedia-assisted teaching courseware for Child Mucosal Diseases and applied it in teaching activity.The questionnaire among the student showed an overemphasis on flowery design and overdependence on multimedia-assisted teaching courseware.In order to improve the quality and effectiveness of teaching,multimedia-assisted teaching should be combined with various teaching methods.

目的观察金属预成冠修复儿童乳磨牙大面积缺损的临床意义。方法临床选择33例患儿的42颗大面积缺损的乳磨牙进行金属预成冠修复,定期复查一年半,测定预成冠粘戴前后的牙龈指数,评价其效果。结果经过一年半的观察,除1例出现冠脱落外,其余41颗患牙不锈钢预成冠固位良好,粘戴预成冠后牙龈指数较戴冠前稍有增加,但无显著性差异,并且咬合关系及邻接关系恢复良好。结论金属预成冠修复儿童乳磨牙大面积缺损的临床效果佳,值得大力推广。

Objective To investigate the rubella virus infection among the pregnant women in Harbin in 2000.Methods The special IgM antibody of rubella in serum of 60 pregnant women who has pregnancy 8～24 weeks were detected by ELISA.Results The positive rate of 21 normal control group was 4.76%,while 17.95% in the group of women with abnormal pregnant history,there was a notable difference between two groups(P<0.05).Conclusion The infection of rubella is one important cause of abnormal pregnancy.It is very important for reducing the child with congenital rubella syndrome by examining the infection rubella in early pregnancy.

我们将近3年急诊就诊的180名牙外伤儿童的表现情况进行多元回归,并分析了儿童牙外伤时牙齿表现为牙脱位和牙折断的情形与年龄的关系,现报告如下.