现阶段我国企业在基础研究的经费投入上仍然处在一个很低的水平,与美国等一些发达国家相比更是有相当大的差距.在总R&D的投入方向上也存在严重的问题,研发经费主要投向试验发展领域,严重阻碍的企业进行基础研究的发展,这与我国现在的发展阶段与国情不相匹配,本文通过数据分析以及与他国的数据比较,发现存在的问题,并提出对策建议.

17世纪早期,在全球市场上可以观察到一般性经济下滑现象.这次衰退的规模与时间在各国存在差异,但可以认为它是自16世纪经济全球化开端以来一次严重的全球性衰退.中国的衰退自1596年左右已经开始,至1644年明朝覆没,持续时间约半个世纪.衰退的爆发是明神宗财政治理新形态——内官税收体制出台,以君主专制强力干预市场,国家与市场/社会博弈白炽化,造成市场严重破坏,这成为阻滞国家与社会转型的主要原因;而市场的衰败与17世纪全球危机白银供应链断裂有所关联,成为促发王朝鼎革诸多综合因素的枢纽.

明代北京鼎建,北京成为国家首都,南京作为陪都,这是明朝国家治理的一次重大决策,也是对中国古代国家治理体系的一次重大传承与调整.在中国古代建都史上,秦汉大一统王朝奠都长安,自隋至唐末,长安成为统一中国的首都达322年;继元朝之后,自明永乐至清末,北京成为统一中国的首都达490年.全国大一统格局是中国历史区别于西方历史的主要特征.中国都城独树一帜,在全球凸显了不同于其他文明的中华文明.本文以"内"与"外"为观察点,考察明永乐帝鼎建北京,及其如何谋划南北大一统对全国实行有效治理,又如何以北京作为丝绸之路的新起点与交汇点,重构丝路辉煌.这些探讨有助于我们对整体明史和全球视野下中外关系史的深入探讨与研究.

欣闻"冯玉雷长篇小说《野马·尘埃》首发式暨研讨会"即将召开,我由衷地感到高兴!虽然不克亲自前往祝贺,但却不能不在此写几句话,以表达我的衷心祝贺!为了冯玉雷先生对耿昇的深情厚谊,也为了他与耿昇同样怀有家国情怀赤子之心,为展现敦煌学——古代丝绸之路上中外文化交融的宏大历史进程,锲而不舍地做出的重要贡献.

关于海疆治理的研究,现有的视角,一是以军事史为主,集中在军将活动;二是从海防角度,关注国家政策与制度层面的沿海军事和行政机构设置及其海防实践;三是从社会史出发,聚焦沿海或岛屿地方士绅与普通居民生活环境.明朝海疆治理与危机应对中的地方官角色及其作用,长期以来成为一个缺失的视角.实际上,无论军将还是地方官,均守土有责,二者在战时的互动关系与作用,体现了明代海疆治理的整体特征.鉴于此,本文从两部《闽海纪事》入手,发掘利用新资料,考察嘉靖末年福建海疆治理与危机应对中的文武协同,彰显地方官的作用,以期有裨于推进明代海疆治理的基础性研究.

本文解析了英国大英博物馆、美国大都会博物馆等收藏、塞浦路斯出土的公元前300-100年的古希腊文明猪形陶俑拨浪鼓,同时探讨跨越两千年,乃至更遥远的中国古代儿童玩具"拨浪鼓"的形象演变和特征、作为东西方文明中具有共性和个性特征的中塞两国儿童玩具的发展过程,认为虽然在形式上发展各有差异,但却依附于共同的价值主体,是人类文化多样性的完美呈现."拨浪鼓现象"反映了古代人类文明发展的多元文化共生与交融.

敦煌壁画是丝绸之路上的艺术瑰宝,早已入列为世界非物质文化遗产.从敦煌石窟壁画中筚篥的出现,到河北石雕壁画中筚篥图像的遗存,构成西来之乐传播的重要轨迹,见证了丝绸之路音乐文化的发展传承进程.源自西亚波斯,从丝绸之路传入中国的筚篥,经历千余年的流变,形成今天京津冀民间音乐会——笙管乐的主奏乐器管子,2006年已列入中国首批国家级非物质文化遗产保护名录.这说明,中西乐器交流已浑然一体,成为丝绸之路上中外文明融合的典型范例.

河北廊坊霸州胜芳镇闻名遐迩的南音乐会,是冀中传统音乐文化笙管乐的代表之一.源自西亚波斯,从丝绸之路传入中国的筚篥,经历千余年的流变,成为胜芳镇音乐会主奏乐器——管子.筚篥见证了丝绸之路文化的发展传承进程,管子蕴含着极为重要的历史文化信息,体现了中外文明交融的鲜明特色.从丝绸之路文化视野探讨胜芳现象,论证胜芳镇兴起于明代,揭示来自域外的筚篥向管子的中国本土化重大转折——材质的变化也发生在明代,可以彰显中国传统文化是在中外文明交融中不断发展、更新有常的结果.这一认知,对于推动一带一路视野下京津冀区域文化研究,也有所裨益.

人文社科类"全国优秀博士学位论文"获得者无疑是优秀人才,研究该群体特征对我国社会主义文化强国建设有着重要的现实意义。本文以2005～2011年度人文社科类"全国优秀博士学位论文"为样本,依托中国知网全文数据库,从获得者、导师、培养单位等角度进行研究,以揭示我国优秀人文社科类博士生的群体特征。

一、明代青花瓷的崛起:从"俗甚"到风靡社会 (一)青花瓷输出海外的证明 明代洪武年间有一本书叫《格古要论》,后来在天顺年间又有其增补版《新增格古要论》.该书记载:"青花及五色花者俗甚."由此可见,青花瓷在当时人眼里并非上品,也不可能流行于世.这是国内的情况. 明代青花瓷的崛起,是一个从"俗甚"到风靡社会的过程.而这个过程得从与海外的联系谈起.郑和下西洋,在15世纪初持续了28年,到达的国家和地区多达30多个,他到达的地区多在东南亚、南亚、西亚等地区.跟随郑和下西洋的通事马欢,在其所著的《瀛涯胜览》中记载,爪哇"国人最喜中国青花磁器",并记录了与五个国家的瓷器贸易.五国中除了爪哇国外,有瓷器交易的是占城国、锡兰国、祖法儿国和天方国.跟随郑和下西洋的费信,在其所著的《星槎胜览》中记载有瓷器交易的共28处,其中旧港记录了青、白瓷和大小瓷器2处.

Based on the classified questionnaire survey of the attitudes to and the assessment of the current academician system of Chinese Academy of Sciences conducted on three different scientist groups——academicians,tutors of Ph.D.students and doctoral students,this paper makes a statistical analysis of the survey results of different sample groups and reveals the differences in assessment of relevant issues on academician system of each sample group.The research finds that the group value judgments and behavior patterns of scientists often differ from status to status in scientific community,and one of the causes of those differences comes from interest-driven mechanism.Scientists of different status hold the different attitudes towards specific scientific institution,which will undoubtedly impact on the running of scientific society,hence worthy of further study.

The 16th century witnessed a transformation in China's finance and taxation characterized in the monetization of silver,which was recorded in the Fiscal Notes in the Reign of Wanli,issued in 1582.The circumstances of shipment,retention and convertion to silver of the land taxation therein are substantial for us to understand the structure and evolution of the financial system during and before the Wanli period of the Ming dynasty,and to study the development of land tax converting to silver and silver monetization.In the case of Shanxi Province,the proportion of silver monetization of land tax had reached 32% by the year 1578,which represented an obvious progress from the accidental and incidental nature of corresponding circumstances of the Jiajing period.Besides land tax,the other kinds of corvee,commercial tax and sundry tax were also collected in silver.Afterwards,with the general implementation of the Law of Uniform Taxation,silver monetization went still further.This trend in Shanxi in the beginning of globalization was in line with the megatrends of economic development at home and abroad.The process of silver monetization in the Ming dynasty was long and hard,yet irresistible.

Resource allocation is an important issue for the development of graduate education.An analysis is presented on the shortcomings in the Chinese system of graduate education resource allocation and related good international experience.An effective strategy is proposed for resource allocation in China's graduate education.

DG-series industrial electron accelerators of intermediate frequency transformer type have been successfully researched and developed in the Institute of Modern Physics,Chinese Academy of Science. The DG-2.5 accelerator with beam energy range of 1.0-2.5MeV,maximum beam power of 90 kW and length of extraction window up to 1000 mm,is suitable for many kind uses of the radiation technology. DG-1.2 accelerator,another type with beam energy range of 0.8-1.2 MeV and beam power of 50 kW,was also designed and constructed. The two accelerators have been tested with long-term operations. They were proved as E-beam irradiators of high reliability,very low malfunction rates and high efficiency.

The Ripple coefficient is one of the important factor for the stability of industrial high voltage electron accelerator.Accelerator can't work well when the ripple coefficient is high.The increment of the measured ripple values becomes very large with the increase of the accelerator load current.From the simulation with finite element method of high voltage generator,we found that the leakage magnetic field was the most important reason for the results of ripple measurement.The ripple was measured after changing the frame of the high voltage generator to suppress the leakage magnetic field.It can be concluded that the actual value is acceptable to the accelerator and the measured high ripple coefficient is not the reason of malfunction of this high power electron accelerator.